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Mahadevaraju S, Fear JM, Akeju M, Galletta BJ, Pinheiro MMLS, Avelino CC, Cabral-de-Mello DC, Conlon K, Dell'Orso S, Demere Z, Mansuria K, Mendonça CA, Palacios-Gimenez OM, Ross E, Savery M, Yu K, Smith HE, Sartorelli V, Yang H, Rusan NM, Vibranovski MD, Matunis E, Oliver B. Dynamic sex chromosome expression in Drosophila male germ cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:892. [PMID: 33563972 PMCID: PMC7873209 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Given their copy number differences and unique modes of inheritance, the evolved gene content and expression of sex chromosomes is unusual. In many organisms the X and Y chromosomes are inactivated in spermatocytes, possibly as a defense mechanism against insertions into unpaired chromatin. In addition to current sex chromosomes, Drosophila has a small gene-poor X-chromosome relic (4th) that re-acquired autosomal status. Here we use single cell RNA-Seq on fly larvae to demonstrate that the single X and pair of 4th chromosomes are specifically inactivated in primary spermatocytes, based on measuring all genes or a set of broadly expressed genes in testis we identified. In contrast, genes on the single Y chromosome become maximally active in primary spermatocytes. Reduced X transcript levels are due to failed activation of RNA-Polymerase-II by phosphorylation of Serine 2 and 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharvani Mahadevaraju
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Justin M Fear
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Miriam Akeju
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Brian J Galletta
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mara M L S Pinheiro
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila C Avelino
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diogo C Cabral-de-Mello
- Instituto de Biociências/IB, Departamento de Biologia Geral e Aplicada, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, 13506-900, Brazil
| | - Katie Conlon
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stafania Dell'Orso
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Zelalem Demere
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kush Mansuria
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carolina A Mendonça
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Octavio M Palacios-Gimenez
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Department of Organismal Biology, Systematic Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, 75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eli Ross
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Max Savery
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin Yu
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Harold E Smith
- Genomics Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Vittorio Sartorelli
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells and Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Haiwang Yang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nasser M Rusan
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maria D Vibranovski
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, SP 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Matunis
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Brian Oliver
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Kidney and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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