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Belcher R, Sim D, Meykler M, Owens-Walton J, Hassan N, Rubin RS, Malik RD. "O" no: a Reddit analysis of orgasmic dysfunction. Sex Med 2023; 11:qfad061. [PMID: 38053613 PMCID: PMC10695429 DOI: 10.1093/sexmed/qfad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Female Reddit users frequently discussed potential causes of orgasm difficulties and its implications on mental health and relationships. Aim This study aimed to evaluate the experiences of women discussing orgasms on the Internet site Reddit. We sought to qualitatively analyze the topics that arose in users' discussions to better understand the potential causes of orgasm difficulties and its implications on quality of life. Methods Posts on the subreddit r/TwoXChromosomes containing the keywords "orgasm" and "climax" were included in the dataset. Posts and their associated comments were qualitatively analyzed using the grounded theory approach. Two independent researchers coded each thread to identify dominant themes and emergent concepts. Outcomes The most frequently coded primary topics included: (1) orgasm (32.2% [n = 337]), (2) psychological (17.8% [n = 186]), (3) relationships (15.4% [n = 161]), and (4) treatment (10.7% [n = 112]). Results Qualitative analysis of 107 threads and approximately 6300 comments resulted in 5 major categories: psychological aspect of orgasms, difficulty orgasming with partners, partners' responses to orgasmic dysfunction, types of orgasms, and treatments for orgasmic dysfunction. Preliminary themes included (1) the presence of an emotional component or history of trauma related to orgasmic difficulty, (2) difficulty orgasming with a partner regardless of ability to orgasm during masturbation and a variety of stimulation required to orgasm, (3) mixed partner responses to orgasmic dysfunction, (4) the definition of a normal orgasm, and (5) self-motivated treatment for orgasmic dysfunction, including clitoral stimulation devices and masturbation techniques. Notably, few posters discussed their orgasmic dysfunction with healthcare providers. Clinical Translation The study reveals insights into the possible causes, psychosocial implications, and treatment of orgasm difficulties from a patient perspective, and can guide future research on female orgasms in a more precise, patient-oriented direction. Strengths and Limitations The anonymous nature of the forum allowed for insight into sensitive topics related to female orgasms and sexual trauma. Limitations include the demographic distribution of Reddit users, which was primarily younger women in their 20s and 30s, which restricts generalizability. Conclusion Reddit provides a medium for individuals with orgasm difficulties to discuss their experiences. Posts addressed users' inability to orgasm, their mental health and relationships, the stimulation required for orgasm, and treatments for orgasmic dysfunction. Interestingly, very few posts discussed healthcare, potentially suggesting that women do not classify their orgasmic dysfunction as a health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Belcher
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Danielle Sim
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Marcella Meykler
- School of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, United States
| | - Jeunice Owens-Walton
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States
| | - Naeemul Hassan
- College of Information Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, 20742, United States
- Philip Merrill College of Journalism, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Rachel S Rubin
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington DC 20057, United States
| | - Rena D Malik
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Newport Beach, California 92663, United States
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Henry ML, Gandhi A, Lawrence JA, Wilson TR, Sheth S, Hameed F, Rosenzveig A, Ulusan S, Meykler M, Schroeder L, Mares AC. SUPPORTING ASPIRING ACADEMIC CARDIOLOGISTS: THE ROLE OF THE ACC MEDICAL STUDENT LEADERSHIP GROUP. J Am Coll Cardiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(23)02789-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Belcher RE, Sim D, Meykler M, Owens-Walton J, Hassan N, Rubin RS, Malik RD. A qualitative analysis of female Reddit users' experiences with low libido: how do women perceive their changes in sexual desire? J Sex Med 2023; 20:287-297. [PMID: 36763942 DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The true prevalence of low sexual desire among women is disputed among researchers due to the complex nature and presentation of women's sexual problems. AIM To qualitatively analyze the aspects of libido/sexual desire frequently discussed by Reddit users and compare them with the current understanding of female sexual well-being and sexual desire disorders. METHODS By using the Reddit application programming interface, the TwoXChromosomes subreddit was queried for posts with the keywords libido and sex drive. Posts that were deleted or unrelated to themes of libido/sex drive were excluded. A total of 85 threads-63 queried from the keyword libido and 22 from sex drive-and approximately 2900 comments were qualitatively analyzed per the grounded theory approach. Five independent researchers read and coded each thread to identify dominant themes and emergent concepts. OUTCOMES Outcomes of interest included codes related to sexual dysfunction, libido, orgasm, masturbation, types of sex, psychology, relationships, intimacy, treatment, medications, and health care. RESULTS Posters were primarily heterosexual women in their 20s and 30s. The code categories with the highest frequency were relationships (22.7%, n = 272), libido (22.2%, n = 210), psychological (20.2%, n = 191), medications (7.29%, n = 69), and intimacy (6.0%, n = 57). Users frequently described a decrease in libido secondary to medications, particularly antidepressants and hormonal birth control. Many users discussed the challenges of navigating a relationship with low sexual desire and the resulting sexual distress. Posters described feelings of sadness, anxiety, and guilt due to their low desire. Additionally, users discussed the role that sex plays in relationships, whether as a way to develop intimacy between partners or to achieve orgasm. Finally, posters expressed dissatisfaction with health care addressing their concerns surrounding sexual desire. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The study findings-namely, the impact of medications on sexual health, the interaction of sexual desire and mental health, and cited examples of inadequate sexual health care-can help guide sexual well-being research, diagnosis, and public policy. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS Using Reddit as a data source allowed for the analysis of women's experiences outside the preestablished concepts of female sexual desire. Limitations to the study include the potential for posts to be deleted by moderator guidelines, the young demographic distribution of Reddit users, and the popularity-based structure of subreddit threads. CONCLUSION Our results emphasize the psychosocial aspects of sexual desire and the need to redefine sexual problems to encompass the complex nature of female sexual well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Belcher
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Danielle Sim
- School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Marcella Meykler
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Jeunice Owens-Walton
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - Naeemul Hassan
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Rachel S Rubin
- Department of Urology, Georgetown University, Georgetown, Washington, DC 20007, United States
| | - Rena D Malik
- Department of Urology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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Belcher R, Sim D, Meykler M, Owens-Walton J, Hassan N, Rubin R, Malik R. “O” No: A Reddit Analysis of Orgasmic Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sood MR, Abdelmoneim SS, Dontineni N, Ivanov A, Lee E, Rubin M, Vittoria M, Meykler M, Ramachandran V, Sacchi T, Brener S, Klem I, Heitner JF. Descending Aortic Distensibility and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2022; 18:653-665. [PMID: 36065283 PMCID: PMC9440722 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s359632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aortic distensibility (AD) is an important determinant of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. There is scant data on the association between AD measured within the descending thoracic aorta and CV outcomes. Objective We evaluated the association of AD at the descending thoracic aorta (AD desc) with the primary outcome of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke or coronary revascularization in patients referred for a cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) study. Methods 928 consecutive patients [(mean age 60 ± 17; 33% with prior cardiovascular disease (CVD))] were evaluated. AD desc was measured at the cross-section of the descending thoracic aorta in the 4-chamber view (via steady-state free precession [SSFP] cine sequences) and was grouped into quintiles (with the 1st quintile corresponding to the least AD, i.e., the stiffest aorta). Cox proportional-hazards regression analysis were performed for the primary outcome. Results A total of 315 patients (34%) experienced the primary outcome during a median (25% IQR, 75% IQR) follow-up of 5.0 (0.56, 9.3) years. A decreased AD was significantly associated with hypertension, diabetes, renal disease, and dyslipidemia (p <0.0001). A primary outcome occurred in 43% of patients with AD desc ≤ median compared to 25% with AD desc > median, p <0.0001, and in 44% of patients with AD desc in the 1st quintile compared to 31% with AD desc in the other quintiles (p = 0.0004). Event free survival was incrementally reduced amongst quintiles (p <0.0001). However, AD desc ≤ median was not an independent predictor of the primary endpoint after multivariable adjustment in the overall population [adjusted HR 1.09 (95% CI:0.82–1.45), p = 0.518] or in the subgroup analysis of patients with or without prior CVD. Conclusion In this real-world cohort of 928 patients referred for CMR, AD desc is not an independent predictor of CV outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Sood
- Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai South Nassau, Oceanside, NY, USA
- Correspondence: Michael R Sood, Division of Cardiology, Mount Sinai South Nassau, Oceanside, NY, USA, Email
| | | | - Nripen Dontineni
- Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ernest Lee
- Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michael Rubin
- Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michael Vittoria
- Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Marcella Meykler
- Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | | | - Terrence Sacchi
- Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sorin Brener
- Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Igor Klem
- Duke University, Raleigh Durham, NC, USA
| | - John F Heitner
- Division of Cardiology, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Division of Cardiology, New York University-Langone Health, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Hamo CE, Abdelmoneim SS, Han SY, Chandy E, Muntean C, Khan SA, Sunkesula P, Meykler M, Ramachandran V, Rosenberg E, Klem I, Sacchi TJ, Heitner JF. OUTpatient intravenous LASix Trial in reducing hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (OUTLAST). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253014. [PMID: 34170908 PMCID: PMC8232441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospitalization for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) remains a major source of morbidity and mortality. The current study aimed to investigate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of outpatient furosemide intravenous (IV) infusion following hospitalization for ADHF. METHODS In a single center, prospective, randomized, double-blind study, 100 patients were randomized to receive standard of care (Group 1), IV placebo infusion (Group 2), or IV furosemide infusion (Group 3) over 3h, biweekly for a one-month period following ADHF hospitalization. Patients in Groups 2/3 also received a comprehensive HF-care protocol including bi-weekly clinic visits for dose-adjusted IV-diuretics, medication adjustment and education. Echocardiography, quality of life and depression questionnaires were performed at baseline and 30-day follow-up. The primary outcome was 30-day re-hospitalization for ADHF. RESULTS Overall, a total of 94 patients were included in the study (mean age 64 years, 56% males, 69% African American). There were a total of 14 (15%) hospitalizations for ADHF at 30 days, 6 (17.1%) in Group 1, 7 (22.6%) in Group 2, and 1 (3.7%) in Group 3 (overall p = 0.11; p = 0.037 comparing Groups 2 and 3). Patients receiving IV furosemide infusion experienced significantly greater urine output and weight loss compared to those receiving placebo without any significant increase creatinine and no significant between group differences in echocardiography parameters, KCCQ or depression scores. CONCLUSION The use of a standardized protocol of outpatient IV furosemide infusion for a one-month period following hospitalization for ADHF was found to be safe and efficacious in reducing 30-day re-hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine E. Hamo
- Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sahar S. Abdelmoneim
- Division of Cardiology, Brooklyn New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Seol Young Han
- Division of Cardiology, Brooklyn New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Chandy
- Division of Cardiology, Brooklyn New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Cornelia Muntean
- Division of Cardiology, Brooklyn New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Saadat A. Khan
- Division of Cardiology, Brooklyn New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Prasanthi Sunkesula
- Division of Cardiology, Brooklyn New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Marcella Meykler
- Division of Cardiology, Brooklyn New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Vidhya Ramachandran
- Division of Cardiology, Brooklyn New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Emelie Rosenberg
- Division of Cardiology, Brooklyn New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Igor Klem
- The Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Terrence J. Sacchi
- Division of Cardiology, Brooklyn New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - John F. Heitner
- Division of Cardiology, Brooklyn New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abdelmoneim SS, Rosenberg E, Meykler M, Patel B, Reddy B, Ho J, Klem I, Singh J, Worku B, Tranbaugh RF, Sacchi TJ, Heitner JF. The Incidence and Natural Progression of New-Onset Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 2021; 7:1134-1144. [PMID: 33933413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to characterize the natural progression and recurrence of new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) during an intermediate-term follow-up post cardiac surgery by using continuous event monitoring. BACKGROUND New-onset POAF is a common complication after cardiac surgery and is associated with an increased risk for stroke and all-cause mortality. Long-term data on new POAF recurrence and anticoagulation remain sparse. METHODS This is a single-center, prospective observational study evaluating 42 patients undergoing cardiac surgery and diagnosed during indexed admission with new-onset, transient, POAF between May 2015 and December 2019. Before discharge, all patients received implantable loop recorders for continuous monitoring. Study outcomes were the presence and timing of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence (first, second, and more than 2 AF recurrences), all-cause mortality, and cerebrovascular accidents. A "per-month interval" analysis of proportion of patients with any AF recurrence was assessed and reported per period of follow-up time. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to calculate the time to first AF recurrence and report the first AF recurrence rates. RESULTS Forty-two patients (mean age 67.6 ± 9.6 years, 74% male, mean CHADS2-VASc 3.5 ± 1.5) were evaluated during a mean follow-up of 1.7 ± 1.2 years. AF recurrence after discharge occurred in 30 patients (71%) and of those, 59% had AF episodes equal to or longer than 5 minutes (median AF duration at 1 month was 32 minutes [interquartile range 5.5-106], whereas median AF duration beyond 1 month was 15 minutes [interquartile range 6.3-49]). Twenty-four (80%) of the 30 patients had their first AF recurrence within the first month. During months 1 to 12 follow-up, 76% of patients had any AF recurrences (10% had their first AF recurrence, 43% had their second AF recurrence, and 23% had more than 2 AF recurrences). Beyond 1 year of follow-up, 30% of patients had any AF recurrences (10% had their first AF recurrence, 7% had their second AF recurrence, and 13% had more than 2 AF recurrences). Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, the median time to first AF recurrence was 0.83 months (95% confidence interval: 0.37 to 6) and the detection of first AF recurrence rate at 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months was 57.1%, 59.5%, 64.3%, 64.3%, 67.3%, and 73.2%, respectively. During follow-up, there was 1 death ([-] AF recurrence) and 2 cerebrovascular accidents ([+] AF recurrence). CONCLUSIONS In this study of continuous monitoring with implantable loop recorders, the recurrence of AF in patients who develop transient POAF is common in the first month postoperatively. Of the patients who developed postoperative AF, 76% had any recurrence in months 1 to 12, and 30% had any recurrence beyond 1-year follow-up. Current guidelines recommend anticoagulation for POAF for 30 days. The results of this study warrant further investigation into continued monitoring and longer-term anticoagulation in this population within the context of our findings that AF duration was less than 30 minutes beyond 1 month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar S Abdelmoneim
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Emelie Rosenberg
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Marcella Meykler
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Bimal Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Bharath Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jean Ho
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Igor Klem
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jaspal Singh
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Berhane Worku
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Robert F Tranbaugh
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Terrence J Sacchi
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - John F Heitner
- Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Brooklyn Hospital, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
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Bennett SA, Cobos SN, Meykler M, Fallah M, Rana N, Chen K, Torrente MP. Characterizing Histone Post-translational Modification Alterations in Yeast Neurodegenerative Proteinopathy Models. J Vis Exp 2019. [PMID: 30958470 DOI: 10.3791/59104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease (PD), cause the loss of hundreds of thousands of lives each year. Effective treatment options able to halt disease progression are lacking. Despite the extensive sequencing efforts in large patient populations, the majority of ALS and PD cases remain unexplained by genetic mutations alone. Epigenetics mechanisms, such as the post-translational modification of histone proteins, may be involved in neurodegenerative disease etiology and progression and lead to new targets for pharmaceutical intervention. Mammalian in vivo and in vitro models of ALS and PD are costly and often require prolonged and laborious experimental protocols. Here, we outline a practical, fast, and cost-effective approach to determining genome-wide alterations in histone modification levels using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system. This protocol allows for comprehensive investigations into epigenetic changes connected to neurodegenerative proteinopathies that corroborate previous findings in different model systems while significantly expanding our knowledge of the neurodegenerative disease epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Bennett
- Chemistry Department, Brooklyn College; Ph.D. Program in Biochemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | - Samantha N Cobos
- Chemistry Department, Brooklyn College; Ph.D. Program in Chemistry, Graduate Center of the City University of New York
| | | | | | | | | | - Mariana P Torrente
- Chemistry Department, Brooklyn College; Ph.D. Programs in Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology, Graduate Center of the City University of New York;
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