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Chykunova Y, Plewka J, Wilk P, Torzyk K, Sienczyk M, Dubin G, Pyrc K. Autoinhibition of suicidal capsid protease from O'nyong'nyong virus. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130136. [PMID: 38354926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Alphaviruses pose a significant threat to public health. Capsid protein encoded in the alphaviral genomes constitutes an interesting therapy target, as it also serves as a protease (CP). Remarkably, it undergoes autoproteolysis, leading to the generation of the C-terminal tryptophan that localizes to the active pocket, deactivating the enzyme. Lack of activity hampers the viral replication cycle, as the virus is not capable of producing the infectious progeny. We investigated the structure and function of the CP encoded in the genome of O'nyong'nyong virus (ONNV), which has instigated outbreaks in Africa. Our research provides a high-resolution crystal structure of the ONNV CP in its active state and evaluates the enzyme's activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in ONNV CP proteolytic activity when exposed to indole, suggesting that tryptophan analogs may be a promising basis for developing small molecule inhibitors. It's noteworthy that the capsid protease plays an essential role in virus assembly, binding viral glycoproteins through its glycoprotein-binding hydrophobic pocket. We showed that non-aromatic cyclic compounds like dioxane disrupt this vital interaction. Our findings provide deeper insights into ONNV's biology, and we believe they will prove instrumental in guiding the development of antiviral strategies against arthritogenic alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Chykunova
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Plewka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Wilk
- Structural Biology Core Facility, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Torzyk
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Sienczyk
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Protein Crystallography Research Group, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- Virogenetics Laboratory of Virology, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7a, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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Zhang X, Isah MB, Dang M, Morgan PM, Sienczyk M, Bradley D, Chacana P. Editorial: IgY technology: theory, technical aspects, applications, and innovations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267926. [PMID: 37662904 PMCID: PMC10472278 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Murtala Bindawa Isah
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University Katsina, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Mei Dang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Marcin Sienczyk
- Division of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - David Bradley
- School of Medicine & Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Pablo Chacana
- Instituto de Patobiología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Nicolas Repetto y Los Reseros S/N, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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N'Guessan K, Grzywa R, Seren S, Gabant G, Juliano MA, Moniatte M, van Dorsselaer A, Bieth JG, Kellenberger C, Gauthier F, Wysocka M, Lesner A, Sienczyk M, Cadene M, Korkmaz B. Human proteinase 3 resistance to inhibition extends to alpha-2 macroglobulin. FEBS J 2020; 287:4068-4081. [PMID: 31995266 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils contain at least four serine endopeptidases, namely neutrophil elastase (NE), proteinase 3 (PR3), cathepsin G (CatG), and NSP4, which contribute to the regulation of infection and of inflammatory processes. In physiological conditions, endogenous inhibitors including α2-macroglobulin (α2-M), serpins [α1-proteinase inhibitor (α1-PI)], monocyte neutrophil elastase inhibitor (MNEI), α1-antichymotrypsin, and locally produced chelonianins (elafin, SLPI) control excessive proteolytic activity of neutrophilic serine proteinases. In contrast to human NE (hNE), hPR3 is weakly inhibited by α1-PI and MNEI but not by SLPI. α2-M is a large spectrum inhibitor that traps a variety of proteinases in response to cleavage(s) in its bait region. We report here that α2-M was more rapidly processed by hNE than hPR3 or hCatG. This was confirmed by the observation that the association between α2-M and hPR3 is governed by a kass in the ≤ 105 m-1 ·s-1 range. Since α2-M-trapped proteinases retain peptidase activity, we first predicted the putative cleavage sites within the α2-M bait region (residues 690-728) using kinetic and molecular modeling approaches. We then identified by mass spectrum analysis the cleavage sites of hPR3 in a synthetic peptide spanning the 39-residue bait region of α2-M (39pep-α2-M). Since the 39pep-α2-M peptide and the corresponding bait area in the whole protein do not contain sequences with a high probability of specific cleavage by hPR3 and were indeed only slowly cleaved by hPR3, it can be concluded that α2-M is a poor inhibitor of hPR3. The resistance of hPR3 to inhibition by endogenous inhibitors explains at least in part its role in tissue injury during chronic inflammatory diseases and its well-recognized function of major target autoantigen in granulomatosis with polyangiitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koffi N'Guessan
- INSERM UMR-1100, CEPR "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires", Tours, France.,Université de Tours, France
| | - Renata Grzywa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Seda Seren
- INSERM UMR-1100, CEPR "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires", Tours, France.,Université de Tours, France
| | - Guillaume Gabant
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301, CNRS, Affiliated with Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Maria A Juliano
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marc Moniatte
- Proteomics Core Facility, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alain van Dorsselaer
- LSMBO, CNRS UMR-7178 (CNRS-UdS), ECPM, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg, France
| | - Joseph G Bieth
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie, INSERM U392, Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | | | - Francis Gauthier
- INSERM UMR-1100, CEPR "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires", Tours, France.,Université de Tours, France
| | | | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Sienczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Poland
| | - Martine Cadene
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, UPR4301, CNRS, Affiliated with Université d'Orléans, Orléans, France
| | - Brice Korkmaz
- INSERM UMR-1100, CEPR "Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires", Tours, France.,Université de Tours, France
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Eipper S, Steiner R, Lesner A, Sienczyk M, Palesch D, Halatsch ME, Zaczynska E, Heim C, Hartmann MD, Zimecki M, Wirtz CR, Burster T. Lactoferrin Is an Allosteric Enhancer of the Proteolytic Activity of Cathepsin G. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151509. [PMID: 26986619 PMCID: PMC4795699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-mediated degradation of proteins is critical in a plethora of physiological processes. Neutrophils secrete serine proteases including cathepsin G (CatG), neutrophile elastase (NE), and proteinase 3 (PR3) together with lactoferrin (LF) as a first cellular immune response against pathogens. Here, we demonstrate that LF increases the catalytic activity of CatG at physiological concentration, with its highest enhancing capacity under acidic (pH 5.0) conditions, and broadens the substrate selectivity of CatG. On a functional level, the enzymatic activity of CatG was increased in the presence of LF in granulocyte-derived supernatant. Furthermore, LF enhanced CatG-induced activation of platelets as determined by cell surface expression of CD62P. Consequently, LF-mediated enhancement of CatG activity might promote innate immunity during acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Eipper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Robin Steiner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Adam Lesner
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Sienczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - David Palesch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Ewa Zaczynska
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Christopher Heim
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marcus D. Hartmann
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michal Zimecki
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Timo Burster
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Palesch D, Wagner J, Meid A, Molenda N, Sienczyk M, Burkhardt J, Münch J, Prokop L, Stevanovic S, Westhoff MA, Halatsch ME, Wirtz CR, Zimecki M, Burster T. Cathepsin G-mediated proteolytic degradation of MHC class I molecules to facilitate immune detection of human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:283-91. [PMID: 26837514 PMCID: PMC11028727 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1798-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
To mount an adaptive immune response, MHC I molecules present antigenic peptides to CTLs. Transcriptional reduction of MHC I molecules is a strategy of immune evasion, which impairs the detection of infected or tumorous cells by CTLs. Natural killer (NK) cells, on the other hand, eliminate target cells specifically in the absence of MHC I. Consequently, infected or tumorous cells partly retain their MHC I at the cell surface to avoid NK recognition. However, it remains unclear which protease degrades MHC I molecules and how these cells maintain a limited set of MHC I at the cell surface. Here, we demonstrate that cathepsin G (CatG), a serine protease, found in the endocytic compartment of APCs and, to a lesser extent, CatD and CatS proteolytically degrade MHC I molecules. Inhibition of CatG boosted MHC I expression at the cell surface of primary human immune cells. In contrast, human glioblastoma cells do not harbor active CatG and might have lost the ability to proteolytically degrade MHC I during tumorigenesis to avoid NK-mediated killing. Overexpression of CatG in glioblastoma cells resulted in a rapid and efficient MHC I degradation. In conclusion, CatG is an essential protease for regulating MHC I molecules and thus modulation of CatG activity might present a new avenue for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Palesch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johanna Wagner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annika Meid
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nicole Molenda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marcin Sienczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jutta Burkhardt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lea Prokop
- Department of Immunology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Rainer Wirtz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michal Zimecki
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Timo Burster
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Burchacka E, Zdzalik M, Niemczyk JS, Pustelny K, Popowicz G, Wladyka B, Dubin A, Potempa J, Sienczyk M, Dubin G, Oleksyszyn J. Development and binding characteristics of phosphonate inhibitors of SplA protease from Staphylococcus aureus. Protein Sci 2013; 23:179-89. [PMID: 24375505 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for a variety of human infections, including life-threatening, systemic conditions. Secreted proteome, including a range of proteases, constitutes the major virulence factor of the bacterium. However, the functions of individual enzymes, in particular SplA protease, remain poorly characterized. Here, we report development of specific inhibitors of SplA protease. The design, synthesis, and activity of a series of α-aminoalkylphosphonate diaryl esters and their peptidyl derivatives are described. Potent inhibitors of SplA are reported, which may facilitate future investigation of physiological function of the protease. The binding modes of the high-affinity compounds Cbz-Phe(P) -(OC6 H4 -4-SO2 CH3 )2 and Suc-Val-Pro-Phe(P) -(OC6 H5 )2 are revealed by high-resolution crystal structures of complexes with the protease. Surprisingly, the binding mode of both compounds deviates from previously characterized canonical interaction of α-aminoalkylphosphonate peptidyl derivatives and family S1 serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Burchacka
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
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Grzywa R, Sienczyk M. Phosphonic Esters and their Application of Protease Control. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 19:1154-78. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612811319060014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zou F, Schmon M, Sienczyk M, Grzywa R, Palesch D, Boehm BO, Sun ZL, Watts C, Schirmbeck R, Burster T. Application of a novel highly sensitive activity-based probe for detection of cathepsin G. Anal Biochem 2012; 421:667-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zou F, Schäfer N, Palesch D, Brücken R, Beck A, Sienczyk M, Kalbacher H, Sun Z, Boehm BO, Burster T. Regulation of cathepsin G reduces the activation of proinsulin-reactive T cells from type 1 diabetes patients. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22815. [PMID: 21850236 PMCID: PMC3151250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantigenic peptides resulting from self-proteins such as proinsulin are important players in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D). Self-proteins can be processed by cathepsins (Cats) within endocytic compartments and loaded to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules for CD4+ T cell inspection. However, the processing and presentation of proinsulin by antigen-presenting cells (APC) in humans is only partially understood. Here we demonstrate that the processing of proinsulin by B cell or myeloid dendritic cell (mDC1)-derived lysosomal cathepsins resulted in several proinsulin-derived intermediates. These intermediates were similar to those obtained using purified CatG and, to a lesser extent, CatD, S, and V in vitro. Some of these intermediates polarized T cell activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from T1D patients indicative for naturally processed T cell epitopes. Furthermore, CatG activity was found to be elevated in PBMC from T1D patients and abrogation of CatG activity resulted in functional inhibition of proinsulin-reactive T cells. Our data suggested the notion that CatG plays a critical role in proinsulin processing and is important in the activation process of diabetogenic T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zou
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nadja Schäfer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Palesch
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ruth Brücken
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Hubert Kalbacher
- Medical and Natural Sciences Research Center, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - ZiLin Sun
- Institute of Diabetes, Zhongda Hospital Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bernhard O. Boehm
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Burster
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Nishiyama Y, Planque S, Mitsuda Y, Nitti G, Taguchi H, Jin L, Symersky J, Boivin S, Sienczyk M, Salas M, Hanson CV, Paul S. Toward effective HIV vaccination: induction of binary epitope reactive antibodies with broad HIV neutralizing activity. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:30627-42. [PMID: 19726674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.032185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) raised by immunization with an electrophilic gp120 analog (E-gp120) expressing the rare ability to neutralize genetically heterologous human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains. Unlike gp120, E-gp120 formed covalent oligomers. The reactivity of gp120 and E-gp120 with mAbs to reference neutralizing epitopes was markedly different, indicating their divergent structures. Epitope mapping with synthetic peptides and electrophilic peptide analogs indicated binary recognition of two distinct gp120 regions by anti-E-gp120 mAbs, the 421-433 and 288-306 peptide regions. Univalent Fab and single chain Fv fragments expressed the ability to recognize both peptides. X-ray crystallography of an anti-E-gp120 Fab fragment revealed two neighboring cavities, the typical antigen-binding cavity formed by the complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and another cavity dominated by antibody heavy chain variable (V(H)) domain framework (FR) residues. Substitution of the FR cavity V(H) Lys-19 residue by an Ala residue resulted in attenuated binding of the 421-433 region peptide probe. The CDRs and V(H) FR replacement/silent mutation ratios exceeded the ratio for a random mutation process, suggesting adaptive development of both putative binding sites. All mAbs studied were derived from V(H)1 family genes, suggesting biased recruitment of the V gene germ line repertoire by E-gp120. The conserved 421-433 region of gp120 is essential for HIV binding to host CD4 receptors. This region is recognized weakly by the FR of antibodies produced without exposure to HIV, but it usually fails to induce adaptive synthesis of neutralizing antibodies. We present models accounting for improved CD4-binding site recognition and broad HIV neutralizing activity of the mAbs, long sought goals in HIV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishiyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Chemical Immunology Research Center, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Sienczyk M, Oleksyszyn J. Irreversible Inhibition of Serine Proteases – Design and In Vivo Activity of Diaryl α-Aminophosphonate Derivatives. Curr Med Chem 2009; 16:1673-87. [DOI: 10.2174/092986709788186246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sienczyk M, Grzywa R, Surowiak P, Oleksyszyn J. ID: 195 Synthesis and the biological activity of the phosphonic inhibitors of urokinase type plasminogen activator. J Thromb Haemost 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Sienczyk M, Oleksyszyn J. A convenient synthesis of new α-aminoalkylphosphonates, aromatic analogues of arginine as inhibitors of trypsin-like enzymes. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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