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Dannhäuser S, Lux TJ, Hu C, Selcho M, Chen JTC, Ehmann N, Sachidanandan D, Stopp S, Pauls D, Pawlak M, Langenhan T, Soba P, Rittner HL, Kittel RJ. Antinociceptive modulation by the adhesion GPCR CIRL promotes mechanosensory signal discrimination. eLife 2020; 9:e56738. [PMID: 32996461 PMCID: PMC7546736 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adhesion-type GPCRs (aGPCRs) participate in a vast range of physiological processes. Their frequent association with mechanosensitive functions suggests that processing of mechanical stimuli may be a common feature of this receptor family. Previously, we reported that the Drosophila aGPCR CIRL sensitizes sensory responses to gentle touch and sound by amplifying signal transduction in low-threshold mechanoreceptors (Scholz et al., 2017). Here, we show that Cirl is also expressed in high-threshold mechanical nociceptors where it adjusts nocifensive behaviour under physiological and pathological conditions. Optogenetic in vivo experiments indicate that CIRL lowers cAMP levels in both mechanosensory submodalities. However, contrasting its role in touch-sensitive neurons, CIRL dampens the response of nociceptors to mechanical stimulation. Consistent with this finding, rat nociceptors display decreased Cirl1 expression during allodynia. Thus, cAMP-downregulation by CIRL exerts opposing effects on low-threshold mechanosensors and high-threshold nociceptors. This intriguing bipolar action facilitates the separation of mechanosensory signals carrying different physiological information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Dannhäuser
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Thomas J Lux
- Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Chun Hu
- Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Mareike Selcho
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Jeremy T-C Chen
- Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Nadine Ehmann
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Divya Sachidanandan
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Sarah Stopp
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Dennis Pauls
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Matthias Pawlak
- Department of Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology, University of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Tobias Langenhan
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Division of General Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Peter Soba
- Neuronal Patterning and Connectivity, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Heike L Rittner
- Center for Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Robert J Kittel
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
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Selcho M, Pauls D. Linking physiological processes and feeding behaviors by octopamine. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2019; 36:125-130. [PMID: 31606580 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biogenic amine octopamine and to some extent its precursor tyramine function as an alerting signal in insects. Octopaminergic/tyraminergic neurons arborize in most parts of the central nervous system and additionally reach almost all peripheral organs, tissues, and muscles. Indeed, octopamine is involved in motivation, arousal, and the initiation of different behaviors reflecting its function as an alerting signal. A well-studied example of octopamine function is feeding behavior in Drosophila. Here, the amine is involved in food search, sugar/bitter sensitivity, food intake, and starvation-induced hyperactivity. Thereby octopamine modulates feeding initiation in response to internal needs and external stimuli. Additionally, it seems that octopamine/tyramine orchestrate behaviors such as locomotion and feeding or flight and song production to adapt the behavioral outcome of an animal to physiological and environmental conditions. There is a possibility that octopamine and tyramine are required in the selection of behaviors in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Selcho
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dennis Pauls
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany.
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Lyutova R, Selcho M, Pfeuffer M, Segebarth D, Habenstein J, Rohwedder A, Frantzmann F, Wegener C, Thum AS, Pauls D. Reward signaling in a recurrent circuit of dopaminergic neurons and peptidergic Kenyon cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3097. [PMID: 31308381 PMCID: PMC6629635 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons in the brain of the Drosophila larva play a key role in mediating reward information to the mushroom bodies during appetitive olfactory learning and memory. Using optogenetic activation of Kenyon cells we provide evidence that recurrent signaling exists between Kenyon cells and dopaminergic neurons of the primary protocerebral anterior (pPAM) cluster. Optogenetic activation of Kenyon cells paired with odor stimulation is sufficient to induce appetitive memory. Simultaneous impairment of the dopaminergic pPAM neurons abolishes appetitive memory expression. Thus, we argue that dopaminergic pPAM neurons mediate reward information to the Kenyon cells, and in turn receive feedback from Kenyon cells. We further show that this feedback signaling is dependent on short neuropeptide F, but not on acetylcholine known to be important for odor-shock memories in adult flies. Our data suggest that recurrent signaling routes within the larval mushroom body circuitry may represent a mechanism subserving memory stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radostina Lyutova
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Selcho
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Pfeuffer
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Segebarth
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, D-97078, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Habenstein
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Behavioral Physiology and Sociobiology, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Rohwedder
- Department of Genetics, University of Leipzig, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Felix Frantzmann
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas S Thum
- Department of Genetics, University of Leipzig, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dennis Pauls
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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Pauls D, Blechschmidt C, Frantzmann F, El Jundi B, Selcho M. A comprehensive anatomical map of the peripheral octopaminergic/tyraminergic system of Drosophila melanogaster. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15314. [PMID: 30333565 PMCID: PMC6192984 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The modulation of an animal’s behavior through external sensory stimuli, previous experience and its internal state is crucial to survive in a constantly changing environment. In most insects, octopamine (OA) and its precursor tyramine (TA) modulate a variety of physiological processes and behaviors by shifting the organism from a relaxed or dormant condition to a responsive, excited and alerted state. Even though OA/TA neurons of the central brain are described on single cell level in Drosophila melanogaster, the periphery was largely omitted from anatomical studies. Given that OA/TA is involved in behaviors like feeding, flying and locomotion, which highly depend on a variety of peripheral organs, it is necessary to study the peripheral connections of these neurons to get a complete picture of the OA/TA circuitry. We here describe the anatomy of this aminergic system in relation to peripheral tissues of the entire fly. OA/TA neurons arborize onto skeletal muscles all over the body and innervate reproductive organs, the heart, the corpora allata, and sensory organs in the antennae, legs, wings and halteres underlining their relevance in modulating complex behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pauls
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christine Blechschmidt
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felix Frantzmann
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Basil El Jundi
- Zoology II, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mareike Selcho
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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Widmann A, Eichler K, Selcho M, Thum AS, Pauls D. Odor-taste learning in Drosophila larvae. J Insect Physiol 2018; 106:47-54. [PMID: 28823531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila larva is an attractive model system to study fundamental questions in the field of neuroscience. Like the adult fly, the larva offers a seemingly unlimited genetic toolbox, which allows one to visualize, silence or activate neurons down to the single cell level. This, combined with its simplicity in terms of cell numbers, offers a useful system to study the neuronal correlates of complex processes including associative odor-taste learning and memory formation. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about odor-taste learning and memory at the behavioral level and integrate the recent progress on the larval connectome to shed light on the sub-circuits that allow Drosophila larvae to integrate present sensory input in the context of past experience and to elicit an appropriate behavioral response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katharina Eichler
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany; HHMI Janelia Research Campus, 19700 Helix Drive, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Mareike Selcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas S Thum
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78464 Konstanz, Germany; Department of Genetics, University of Leipzig, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dennis Pauls
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany.
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Selcho M, Mühlbauer B, Hensgen R, Shiga S, Wegener C, Yasuyama K. Anatomical characterization of PDF-tri neurons and peptidergic neurons associated with eclosion behavior in Drosophila. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1307-1328. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.24408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Selcho
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Würzburg D-97074 Germany
| | - Barbara Mühlbauer
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Würzburg D-97074 Germany
| | - Ronja Hensgen
- Animal Physiology, Department of Biology; Philipps-University Marburg; Marburg D-35032 Germany
| | - Sakiko Shiga
- Department of Biology and Geosciences, Graduate School of Science; Osaka City University; Osaka 558-8585 Japan
| | - Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Würzburg D-97074 Germany
| | - Kouji Yasuyama
- Department of Natural Sciences; Kawasaki Medical School; Kurashiki 701-0192 Japan
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Selcho M, Millán C, Palacios-Muñoz A, Ruf F, Ubillo L, Chen J, Bergmann G, Ito C, Silva V, Wegener C, Ewer J. Central and peripheral clocks are coupled by a neuropeptide pathway in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15563. [PMID: 28555616 PMCID: PMC5459987 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal circadian clocks consist of central and peripheral pacemakers, which are coordinated to produce daily rhythms in physiology and behaviour. Despite its importance for optimal performance and health, the mechanism of clock coordination is poorly understood. Here we dissect the pathway through which the circadian clock of Drosophila imposes daily rhythmicity to the pattern of adult emergence. Rhythmicity depends on the coupling between the brain clock and a peripheral clock in the prothoracic gland (PG), which produces the steroid hormone, ecdysone. Time information from the central clock is transmitted via the neuropeptide, sNPF, to non-clock neurons that produce the neuropeptide, PTTH. These secretory neurons then forward time information to the PG clock. We also show that the central clock exerts a dominant role on the peripheral clock. This use of two coupled clocks could serve as a paradigm to understand how daily steroid hormone rhythms are generated in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Selcho
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carola Millán
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
| | - Angelina Palacios-Muñoz
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
| | - Franziska Ruf
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lilian Ubillo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
| | - Jiangtian Chen
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Bergmann
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Chihiro Ito
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Silva
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
| | - Christian Wegener
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - John Ewer
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaiso, Gran Bretaña 1111, Valparaiso 2360102, Chile
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Widmann A, Artinger M, Biesinger L, Boepple K, Peters C, Schlechter J, Selcho M, Thum AS. Genetic Dissection of Aversive Associative Olfactory Learning and Memory in Drosophila Larvae. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006378. [PMID: 27768692 PMCID: PMC5074598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory formation is a highly complex and dynamic process. It consists of different phases, which depend on various neuronal and molecular mechanisms. In adult Drosophila it was shown that memory formation after aversive Pavlovian conditioning includes—besides other forms—a labile short-term component that consolidates within hours to a longer-lasting memory. Accordingly, memory formation requires the timely controlled action of different neuronal circuits, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators and molecules that were initially identified by classical forward genetic approaches. Compared to adult Drosophila, memory formation was only sporadically analyzed at its larval stage. Here we deconstruct the larval mnemonic organization after aversive olfactory conditioning. We show that after odor-high salt conditioning larvae form two parallel memory phases; a short lasting component that depends on cyclic adenosine 3’5’-monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and synapsin gene function. In addition, we show for the first time for Drosophila larvae an anesthesia resistant component, which relies on radish and bruchpilot gene function, protein kinase C activity, requires presynaptic output of mushroom body Kenyon cells and dopamine function. Given the numerical simplicity of the larval nervous system this work offers a unique prospect for studying memory formation of defined specifications, at full-brain scope with single-cell, and single-synapse resolution. Learning and memory helps organisms to predict and adapt to events in their environment. Gained experience leaves traces of memory in the nervous system. Yet, memory formation in vertebrates and invertebrates is a highly complex and dynamic process that consists of different phases, which depend on various neuronal and molecular mechanisms. To understand which changes occur in a brain when it learns, we applied a reductionist approach. Instead of studying complex cases, we analyzed learning and memory in Drosophila larvae that have a simple brain that is genetically and behaviorally accessible and consists of only about 10,000 neurons. Drosophila larvae are able to learn to associate an odor with punishing high salt concentrations. It is therefore possible to correlate changes in larval behavior with molecular events in identifiable neurons after classical olfactory conditioning. We show that under these circumstances larvae form two parallel memory phases; a short lasting component (lSTM) that is molecularly conserved throughout the animal kingdom as it depends on the classical cAMP pathway. In parallel they establish a larval anesthesia resistant memory (lARM) that relies on a different molecular signal. lARM has not been described in larvae before.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc Artinger
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Mareike Selcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas S. Thum
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, University of Konstanz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rohwedder A, Selcho M, Chassot B, Thum AS. Neuropeptide F neurons modulate sugar reward during associative olfactory learning of Drosophilalarvae. J Comp Neurol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Rohwedder
- Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Mareike Selcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Bérénice Chassot
- Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Andreas S. Thum
- Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
- Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- Zukunftskolleg; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
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Rohwedder A, Selcho M, Chassot B, Thum AS. Neuropeptide F neurons modulate sugar reward during associative olfactory learning ofDrosophilalarvae. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:2637-64. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Rohwedder
- Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Mareike Selcho
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, Biocenter; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - Bérénice Chassot
- Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Andreas S. Thum
- Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; Fribourg Switzerland
- Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
- Zukunftskolleg; University of Konstanz; Konstanz Germany
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Selcho M, Pauls D, Huser A, Stocker RF, Thum AS. Characterization of the octopaminergic and tyraminergic neurons in the central brain ofDrosophilalarvae. J Comp Neurol 2014; 522:3485-500. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Selcho
- Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Neurobiology and Genetics; Theodor-Boveri-Institute; Biocenter, University of Würzburg; D-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Dennis Pauls
- Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Neurobiology and Genetics; Theodor-Boveri-Institute; Biocenter, University of Würzburg; D-97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Annina Huser
- Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; D-78464 Konstanz Germany
| | | | - Andreas S. Thum
- Department of Biology; University of Fribourg; CH-1700 Fribourg Switzerland
- Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; D-78464 Konstanz Germany
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Karsai G, Pollák E, Wacker M, Vömel M, Selcho M, Berta G, Nachman RJ, Isaac RE, Molnár L, Wegener C. Diverse in- and output polarities and high complexity of local synaptic and non-synaptic signaling within a chemically defined class of peptidergic Drosophila neurons. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:127. [PMID: 23914156 PMCID: PMC3729985 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidergic neurons are not easily integrated into current connectomics concepts, since their peptide messages can be distributed via non-synaptic paracrine signaling or volume transmission. Moreover, the polarity of peptidergic interneurons in terms of in- and out-put sites can be hard to predict and is very little explored. We describe in detail the morphology and the subcellular distribution of fluorescent vesicle/dendrite markers in CCAP neurons (NCCAP), a well defined set of peptidergic neurons in the Drosophila larva. NCCAP can be divided into five morphologically distinct subsets. In contrast to other subsets, serial homologous interneurons in the ventral ganglion show a mixed localization of in- and output markers along ventral neurites that defy a classification as dendritic or axonal compartments. Ultrastructurally, these neurites contain both pre- and postsynaptic sites preferably at varicosities. A significant portion of the synaptic events are due to reciprocal synapses. Peptides are mostly non-synaptically or parasynaptically released, and dense-core vesicles and synaptic vesicle pools are typically well separated. The responsiveness of the NCCAP to ecdysis-triggering hormone may be at least partly dependent on a tonic synaptic inhibition, and is independent of ecdysteroids. Our results reveal a remarkable variety and complexity of local synaptic circuitry within a chemically defined set of peptidergic neurons. Synaptic transmitter signaling as well as peptidergic paracrine signaling and volume transmission from varicosities can be main signaling modes of peptidergic interneurons depending on the subcellular region. The possibility of region-specific variable signaling modes should be taken into account in connectomic studies that aim to dissect the circuitry underlying insect behavior and physiology, in which peptidergic neurons act as important regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Karsai
- Department of Comparative Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Pécs Pécs, Hungary ; Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, Theodor-Boveri-Institute, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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Selcho M, Pauls D, el Jundi B, Stocker RF, Thum AS. The Role of octopamine and tyramine in Drosophila larval locomotion. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:3764-85. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Thum AS, Leisibach B, Gendre N, Selcho M, Stocker RF. Diversity, variability, and suboesophageal connectivity of antennal lobe neurons in D. melanogaster larvae. J Comp Neurol 2012; 519:3415-32. [PMID: 21800296 DOI: 10.1002/cne.22713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Whereas the "vertical" elements of the insect olfactory pathway, the olfactory receptor neurons and the projection neurons, have been studied in great detail, local interneurons providing "horizontal" connections in the antennal lobe were ignored for a long time. Recent studies in adult Drosophila demonstrate diverse roles for these neurons in the integration of odor information, consistent with the identification of a large variety of anatomical and neurochemical subtypes. Here we focus on the larval olfactory circuit of Drosophila, which is much reduced in terms of cell numbers. We show that the horizontal connectivity in the larval antennal lobe differs largely from its adult counterpart. Only one of the five anatomical types of neurons we describe is restricted to the antennal lobe and therefore fits the definition of a local interneuron. Interestingly, the four remaining subtypes innervate both the antennal lobe and the suboesophageal ganglion. In the latter, they may overlap with primary gustatory terminals and with arborizations of hugin cells, which are involved in feeding control. This circuitry suggests special links between smell and taste, which may reflect the chemosensory constraints of a crawling and burrowing lifestyle. We also demonstrate that many of the neurons we describe exhibit highly variable trajectories and arborizations, especially in the suboesophageal ganglion. Together with reports from adult Drosophila, these data suggest that wiring variability may be another principle of insect brain organization, in parallel with stereotypy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Thum
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Pauls D, Pfitzenmaier JER, Krebs-Wheaton R, Selcho M, Stocker RF, Thum AS. Electric shock-induced associative olfactory learning in Drosophila larvae. Chem Senses 2010; 35:335-46. [PMID: 20212010 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjq023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Associative plasticity is a basic essential attribute of nervous systems. As shown by numerous reports, Drosophila is able to establish simple forms of appetitive and aversive olfactory associations at both larval and adult stages. Whereas most adult studies on aversive learning employed electric shock as a negative reinforcer, larval paradigms essentially utilized gustatory stimuli to create negative associations, a discrepancy that limits the comparison of data. To overcome this drawback, we critically revisited larval odor-electric shock conditioning. First, we show that lithium chloride (LiCl), which was used in all previous larval electric shock paradigms, is not required per se in larval odor-electric shock learning. This is of considerable practical advantage because beside its peculiar effects LiCl is attractive to larvae at low concentration that renders comparative learning studies on genetically manipulated larvae complicated. Second, we confirm that in both a 2-odor reciprocal and a 1-odor nonreciprocal conditioning regimen, larvae are able to associate an odor with electric shock. In the latter experiments, initial learning scores reach an asymptote after 5 training trials, and aversive memory is still detectable after 60 min. Our experiments provide a comprehensive basis for future comparisons of larval olfactory conditioning reinforced by different modalities, for studies aimed at analyzing odor-electric shock learning in the larva and the adult, and for investigations of the cellular and molecular substrate of aversive olfactory learning in the simple Drosophila model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Pauls
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Selcho M, Pauls D, Han KA, Stocker RF, Thum AS. The role of dopamine in Drosophila larval classical olfactory conditioning. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5897. [PMID: 19521527 PMCID: PMC2690826 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning and memory is not an attribute of higher animals. Even Drosophila larvae are able to form and recall an association of a given odor with an aversive or appetitive gustatory reinforcer. As the Drosophila larva has turned into a particularly simple model for studying odor processing, a detailed neuronal and functional map of the olfactory pathway is available up to the third order neurons in the mushroom bodies. At this point, a convergence of olfactory processing and gustatory reinforcement is suggested to underlie associative memory formation. The dopaminergic system was shown to be involved in mammalian and insect olfactory conditioning. To analyze the anatomy and function of the larval dopaminergic system, we first characterize dopaminergic neurons immunohistochemically up to the single cell level and subsequent test for the effects of distortions in the dopamine system upon aversive (odor-salt) as well as appetitive (odor-sugar) associative learning. Single cell analysis suggests that dopaminergic neurons do not directly connect gustatory input in the larval suboesophageal ganglion to olfactory information in the mushroom bodies. However, a number of dopaminergic neurons innervate different regions of the brain, including protocerebra, mushroom bodies and suboesophageal ganglion. We found that dopamine receptors are highly enriched in the mushroom bodies and that aversive and appetitive olfactory learning is strongly impaired in dopamine receptor mutants. Genetically interfering with dopaminergic signaling supports this finding, although our data do not exclude on naïve odor and sugar preferences of the larvae. Our data suggest that dopaminergic neurons provide input to different brain regions including protocerebra, suboesophageal ganglion and mushroom bodies by more than one route. We therefore propose that different types of dopaminergic neurons might be involved in different types of signaling necessary for aversive and appetitive olfactory memory formation respectively, or for the retrieval of these memory traces. Future studies of the dopaminergic system need to take into account such cellular dissociations in function in order to be meaningful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Selcho
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dennis Pauls
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kyung-An Han
- Department of Biology and The Huck Institute Neuroscience and Genetics Graduate Program, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Andreas S. Thum
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The biogenic amine octopamine modulates diverse behaviors in invertebrates. At the single neuron level, the mode of action is well understood in the peripheral nervous system owing to its simple structure and accessibility. For elucidating the role of individual octopaminergic neurons in the modulation of complex behaviors, a detailed analysis of the connectivity in the central nervous system is required. Here we present a comprehensive anatomical map of candidate octopaminergic neurons in the adult Drosophila brain: including the supra- and subesophageal ganglia. Application of the Flp-out technique enabled visualization of 27 types of individual octopaminergic neurons. Based on their morphology and distribution of genetic markers, we found that most octopaminergic neurons project to multiple brain structures with a clear separation of dendritic and presynaptic regions. Whereas their major dendrites are confined to specific brain regions, each cell type targets different, yet defined, neuropils distributed throughout the central nervous system. This would allow them to constitute combinatorial modules assigned to the modulation of distinct neuronal processes. The map may provide an anatomical framework for the functional constitution of the octopaminergic system. It also serves as a model for the single-cell organization of a particular neurotransmitter in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Busch
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik und Neurobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Germany
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