1
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Fujikura K, Alruwaii ZI, Haffner MC, Trujillo MA, Roberts NJ, Hong SM, Macgregor-Das A, Goggins MG, Roy S, Meeker AK, Ding D, Wright M, He J, Hruban RH, Wood LD. Downregulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine is an early event in pancreatic tumorigenesis. J Pathol 2021; 254:279-288. [PMID: 33870509 DOI: 10.1002/path.5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are increasingly recognized as important contributors to the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) is an epigenetic DNA mark generated through the ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzyme-mediated pathway and is closely linked to gene activation. However, the timing of alterations in epigenetic regulation in the progression of pancreatic neoplasia is not well understood. In this study, we hypothesized that aberrant expression of ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase 1 (TET1) and subsequent global 5hmC alteration are linked to early tumorigenesis in the pancreas. Therefore, we evaluated alterations of 5hmC and TET1 levels using immunohistochemistry in pancreatic neoplasms (n = 380) and normal ducts (n = 118). The study cohort included representation of the full spectrum of precancerous lesions from low- and high-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (n = 95), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (all subtypes, n = 129), intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasms (n = 12), and mucinous cystic neoplasms (n = 144). 5hmC and TET1 were significantly downregulated in all types of precancerous lesion and associated invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas compared with normal ductal epithelium (all p < 0.001), and expression of 5hmC positively correlated with expression of TET1. Importantly, downregulation of both 5hmC and TET1 was observed in most low-grade precancerous lesions. There were no clear associations between 5hmC levels and clinicopathological factors, thereby suggesting a common epigenetic abnormality across precancerous lesions. We conclude that downregulation of 5hmC and TET1 is an early event in pancreatic tumorigenesis. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Fujikura
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zainab I Alruwaii
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria A Trujillo
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Anne Macgregor-Das
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael G Goggins
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sujayita Roy
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan K Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ding Ding
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Wright
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jin He
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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2
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Huang B, Trujillo MA, Fujikura K, Qiu M, Chen F, Felsenstein M, Zhou C, Skaro M, Gauthier C, Macgregor-Das A, Hutchings D, Hong SM, Hruban RH, Eshleman JR, Thompson ED, Klein AP, Goggins M, Wood LD, Roberts NJ. Molecular characterization of organoids derived from pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms. J Pathol 2020; 252:252-262. [PMID: 32696980 DOI: 10.1002/path.5515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are commonly identified non-invasive cyst-forming pancreatic neoplasms with the potential to progress into invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma. There are few in vitro models with which to study the biology of IPMNs and their progression to invasive carcinoma. Therefore, we generated a living biobank of organoids from seven normal pancreatic ducts and ten IPMNs. We characterized eight IPMN organoid samples using whole genome sequencing and characterized five IPMN organoids and seven normal pancreatic duct organoids using transcriptome sequencing. We identified an average of 11,344 somatic mutations in the genomes of organoids derived from IPMNs, with one sample harboring 61,537 somatic mutations enriched for T→C transitions and T→A transversions. Recurrent coding somatic mutations were identified in 15 genes, including KRAS, GNAS, RNF43, PHF3, and RBM10. The most frequently mutated genes were KRAS, GNAS, and RNF43, with somatic mutations identified in six (75%), four (50%), and three (37.5%) IPMN organoid samples, respectively. On average, we identified 36 structural variants in IPMN derived organoids, and none had an unstable phenotype (> 200 structural variants). Transcriptome sequencing identified 28 genes differentially expressed between normal pancreatic duct organoid and IPMN organoid samples. The most significantly upregulated and downregulated genes were CLDN18 and FOXA1. Immunohistochemical analysis of FOXA1 expression in 112 IPMNs, 113 mucinous cystic neoplasms, and 145 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas demonstrated statistically significant loss of expression in low-grade IPMNs (p < 0.0016), mucinous cystic neoplasms (p < 0.0001), and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma of any histologic grade (p < 0.0001) compared to normal pancreatic ducts. These data indicate that FOXA1 loss of expression occurs early in pancreatic tumorigenesis. Our study highlights the utility of organoid culture to study the genetics and biology of normal pancreatic duct and IPMNs. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Huang
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Maria A Trujillo
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kohei Fujikura
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miaozhen Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthäus Felsenstein
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cancan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Skaro
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christian Gauthier
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anne Macgregor-Das
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Danielle Hutchings
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James R Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alison P Klein
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Goggins
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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3
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Felsenstein M, Trujillo MA, Huang B, Nanda N, Jiang Z, Jeong YJ, Pflüger M, Goggins MG, Hruban RH, Thompson ED, Heaphy CM, Roberts NJ, Wood LD. Generation and characterization of a cell line from an intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas. J Transl Med 2020; 100:1003-1013. [PMID: 32005909 PMCID: PMC7316603 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm (ITPN) is a distinct precancerous lesion in the pancreas with unique clinical and molecular features. Although in vitro studies in two-dimensional culture have led to numerous important insights in pancreatic cancer, such models are currently lacking for precancerous lesions. In this study, we report the generation and characterization of a cell line from a human pancreatic ITPN. Neoplastic cells were initially cultured in a three-dimensional organoid system, followed by transfer to two-dimensional culture. RNA sequencing revealed a gene expression profile consistent with pancreatic ductal origin, and whole genome sequencing identified many somatic mutations (including in genes involved in DNA repair and Wnt signaling) and structural rearrangements. In vitro characterization of the tumorigenic potential demonstrated a phenotype between that of normal pancreatic ductal cells and cancer cell lines. This cell line represents a valuable resource for interrogation of unique ITPN biology, as well as precancerous pancreatic lesions more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthäus Felsenstein
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,Department of Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria A. Trujillo
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Neha Nanda
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Zhengdong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yea Ji Jeong
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Michael Pflüger
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,Department of Surgery, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael G. Goggins
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,Department of Medicine, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Ralph H. Hruban
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Elizabeth D. Thompson
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Christopher M. Heaphy
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Nicholas J. Roberts
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Nicholas J. Roberts, PhD, VetMB, CRB2 Room 342, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, (410) 955-3511, ; Laura D. Wood, MD, PhD, CRB2 Room 345, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, (410) 955-3511,
| | - Laura D. Wood
- Department of Pathology, the Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,Department of Oncology, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Nicholas J. Roberts, PhD, VetMB, CRB2 Room 342, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, (410) 955-3511, ; Laura D. Wood, MD, PhD, CRB2 Room 345, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, (410) 955-3511,
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4
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Huang W, Navarro-Serer B, Jeong YJ, Chianchiano P, Xia L, Luchini C, Veronese N, Dowiak C, Ng T, Trujillo MA, Huang B, Pflüger MJ, Macgregor-Das AM, Lionheart G, Jones D, Fujikura K, Nguyen-Ngoc KV, Neumann NM, Groot VP, Hasanain A, van Oosten AF, Fischer SE, Gallinger S, Singhi AD, Zureikat AH, Brand RE, Gaida MM, Heinrich S, Burkhart RA, He J, Wolfgang CL, Goggins MG, Thompson ED, Roberts NJ, Ewald AJ, Wood LD. Pattern of Invasion in Human Pancreatic Cancer Organoids Is Associated with Loss of SMAD4 and Clinical Outcome. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2804-2817. [PMID: 32376602 PMCID: PMC7335355 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy characterized by extensive local invasion and systemic spread. In this study, we employed a three-dimensional organoid model of human pancreatic cancer to characterize the molecular alterations critical for invasion. Time-lapse microscopy was used to observe invasion in organoids from 25 surgically resected human PDAC samples in collagen I. Subsequent lentiviral modification and small-molecule inhibitors were used to investigate the molecular programs underlying invasion in PDAC organoids. When cultured in collagen I, PDAC organoids exhibited two distinct, morphologically defined invasive phenotypes, mesenchymal and collective. Each individual PDAC gave rise to organoids with a predominant phenotype, and PDAC that generated organoids with predominantly mesenchymal invasion showed a worse prognosis. Collective invasion predominated in organoids from cancers with somatic mutations in the driver gene SMAD4 (or its signaling partner TGFBR2). Reexpression of SMAD4 abrogated the collective invasion phenotype in SMAD4-mutant PDAC organoids, indicating that SMAD4 loss is required for collective invasion in PDAC organoids. Surprisingly, invasion in passaged SMAD4-mutant PDAC organoids required exogenous TGFβ, suggesting that invasion in SMAD4-mutant organoids is mediated through noncanonical TGFβ signaling. The Rho-like GTPases RAC1 and CDC42 acted as potential mediators of TGFβ-stimulated invasion in SMAD4-mutant PDAC organoids, as inhibition of these GTPases suppressed collective invasion in our model. These data suggest that PDAC utilizes different invasion programs depending on SMAD4 status, with collective invasion uniquely present in PDAC with SMAD4 loss. SIGNIFICANCE: Organoid models of PDAC highlight the importance of SMAD4 loss in invasion, demonstrating that invasion programs in SMAD4-mutant and SMAD4 wild-type tumors are different in both morphology and molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Huang
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Clinical Medicine Research Center for Hepatic Surgery of Hubei Province, Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Bernat Navarro-Serer
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yea Ji Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peter Chianchiano
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Limin Xia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Claudio Luchini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Institute of Gastroenterology-Research Hospital, IRCCS "S. de Bellis", Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - Cameron Dowiak
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tammy Ng
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Maria A Trujillo
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Pflüger
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Anne M Macgregor-Das
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gemma Lionheart
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Danielle Jones
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kohei Fujikura
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kim-Vy Nguyen-Ngoc
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Neil M Neumann
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Vincent P Groot
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Surgery, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alina Hasanain
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - A Floortje van Oosten
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sandra E Fischer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amer H Zureikat
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Randall E Brand
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthias M Gaida
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Mainz, JGU-Mainz, Germany
| | - Stefan Heinrich
- General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Richard A Burkhart
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jin He
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Michael G Goggins
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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5
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Matsushita Y, Smith B, Delannoy M, Trujillo MA, Chianchiano P, McMillan R, Kamiyama H, Liang H, Thompson ED, Hruban RH, Matsui W, Wood LD, Roberts NJ, Eshleman JR. Biphenotypic Differentiation of Pancreatic Cancer in 3-Dimensional Culture. Pancreas 2019; 48:1225-1231. [PMID: 31593010 PMCID: PMC6791773 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000001390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third most common cause of cancer death in the United States. Improved characterized models of PDAC are needed for drug screening. METHODS We grew 4 established pancreatic cancer cell lines in hanging drop cultures to produce spheroids. We also grew organoids from explanted xenografted PDAC and surgically resected primary PDAC. We performed transmission and scanning electron microscopy and compared findings with those of the normal pancreatic duct. We also performed single-cell cloning to determine the potential options for differentiation. RESULTS Spheroids contained tight junctions and desmosomes but lacked zymogen granules, as expected. The former features were present in normal pancreatic duct but absent from PDAC cell lines grown in standard 2-dimensional culture. Spheroids functionally excluded macromolecules in whole mounts. Cells on the surface of PDAC spheroids were carpeted by microvilli except for rare cells with prominent stereocilia. Carpets of microvilli were also seen in low passage organoids produced from xenografts and surgically resected human PDAC, in addition to normal human pancreatic duct. We performed single-cell cloning and resulting spheroids produced both cell phenotypes at the same approximate ratios as those from bulk cultures. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatic cancer spheroids/organoids are capable of biphenotypic differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/ultrastructure
- Cell Culture Techniques/methods
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Desmosomes/ultrastructure
- Female
- Heterografts/pathology
- Heterografts/ultrastructure
- Humans
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Organoids/pathology
- Organoids/ultrastructure
- Pancreatic Ducts/pathology
- Pancreatic Ducts/ultrastructure
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Spheroids, Cellular/pathology
- Spheroids, Cellular/ultrastructure
- Tight Junctions/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Matsushita
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center
| | - Barbara Smith
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Michael Delannoy
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Maria A Trujillo
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center
| | - Peter Chianchiano
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center
| | - Ross McMillan
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Hirohiko Kamiyama
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center
| | - Hong Liang
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center
| | - Elizabeth D Thompson
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - William Matsui
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
| | - Laura D Wood
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nicholas J Roberts
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center
| | - James R Eshleman
- From the Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Baltimore, MD
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6
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Sturgeon CM, Robinson MR, Penton MC, Clemmer DC, Trujillo MA, Khawaja AU, Segarra VA. Kinetic assay of starvation sensitivity in yeast autophagy mutants allows for the identification of intermediary phenotypes. BMC Res Notes 2019; 12:505. [PMID: 31412956 PMCID: PMC6694668 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-019-4545-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A classical method to quantitatively determine the starvation sensitivity phenotype of autophagy mutant budding yeast strains is to starve them for a period of time and then to assess the proportion of cells that retain the ability to form colonies when the availability of nutrients is restored. The readout of this colony-formation assay is generally evaluated after a fixed period of time following the restoration of nutrients, so that it can be considered an endpoint assay. One drawback we have identified is the inability to characterize subtle intermediary phenotypes that are detectable at the molecular level but fail to reach statistical significance in the colony formation experiment. We set out to determine whether a more dynamic measurement of growth during recovery after starvation would increase the sensitivity with which we are able to detect partial loss-of-function phenotypes. RESULTS We describe a 96-well plate-based assay to kinetically assess starvation sensitivity in budding yeast that allows for the quantitative detection of very modest starvation sensitivity phenotypes with statistical significance in autophagy mutant yeast strains lacking the ATG27 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candyce M Sturgeon
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Meaghan R Robinson
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Molly C Penton
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223-0001, USA
| | - Deanna C Clemmer
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.,Cystic Fibrosis Center/Marsico Lung Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7248, USA
| | - Maria A Trujillo
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ambar U Khawaja
- International Baccalaureate Program, High Point Central High School, High Point, NC, 27262, USA.,Campus Y Program (Global Gap Year), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Verónica A Segarra
- Department of Biology, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.
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7
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Trujillo MA, Oneal MJ, McDonough S, Qin R, Morris JC. A steep radioiodine dose response scalable to humans in sodium-iodide symporter (NIS)-mediated radiovirotherapy for prostate cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:839-44. [PMID: 23037808 PMCID: PMC3499676 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) directs the uptake and concentration of iodide in thyroid cells. We have extended the use of NIS-mediated radioiodine therapy to prostate cancer. We have developed a prostate tumor specific conditionally replicating adenovirus (CRAd) that expresses hNIS (Ad5PB_RSV-NIS). For radiovirotherapy to be effective in humans, the radioiodine dose administered in the pre-clinical animal model should scale to the range of acceptable doses in humans. We performed 131I dose-response experiments aiming to determine the dose required in mice to achieve efficient radiovirotherapy. Efficacy was determined by measuring tumor growth and survival times. We observed that individual tumors display disparate growth rates which preclude averaging within a treatment modality indicating heterogeneity of growth rate. We further show that a statistic and stochastic approach must be used when comparing the effect of an anti-cancer therapy on a cohort of tumors. Radiovirotherapy improves therapeutic value over virotherapy alone by slowing the rate of tumor growth in a more substantial manner leading to an increase in survival time. We also show that the radioiodine doses needed to achieve this increase scaled well within the current doses used for treatment of thyroid cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Trujillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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8
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Trujillo MA, Oneal MJ, McDonough S, Qin R, Morris JC. A probasin promoter, conditionally replicating adenovirus that expresses the sodium iodide symporter (NIS) for radiovirotherapy of prostate cancer. Gene Ther 2010; 17:1325-32. [PMID: 20428214 PMCID: PMC2914818 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The sodium iodide symporter (NIS) directs the uptake and concentration of iodide in thyroid cells. We have extended the use of NIS-mediated radioiodine therapy to other types of cancer, we transferred and expressed the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) gene into prostate, colon, and breast cancer cells using adenoviral vectors. To improve vector efficiency we have developed a conditionally replicating adenovirus (CRAd) in which the E1a gene is driven by the prostate specific promoter, Probasin and the cassette RSV promoter-human NIScDNA-bGH polyA replaces the E3 region (CRAd Ad5PB_RSV-NIS). In vitro infection of the prostate cancer cell line LnCaP resulted in virus replication, cytolysis, and release of infective viral particles. Conversely, the prostate cancer cell line PC-3 (androgen receptor negative) and the pancreatic cancer cell line Panc-1 were refractory to the viral cytopathic effect and did not support viral replication. Radioiodine uptake was readily measurable in LnCaP cells infected with Ad5PB_RSV-NIS 24 hours post-infection, confirming NIS expression. In vivo, LnCaP tumor xenografts in nude mice injected intratumorally with Ad5PB_RSV_NIS CRAd expressed NIS actively as evidenced by 99Tc uptake and imaging. Administration of therapeutic 131I after virus injection significantly increased survival probability in mice carrying xenografted LnCaP tumors compared to virotherapy alone. The data indicate that Ad5PB_RSV_NIS replication is stringently restricted to androgen positive prostate cancer cells and results in effective NIS expression and uptake of radioiodine. This construct may allow multimodal therapy, combining cytolytic virotherapy with radioiodine treatment, to be developed as a novel treatment for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Trujillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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9
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Jiang SW, Dong M, Trujillo MA, Miller LJ, Eberhardt NL. DNA binding of TEA/ATTS domain factors is regulated by protein kinase C phosphorylation in human choriocarcinoma cells. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:23464-70. [PMID: 11313339 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m010934200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription enhancer factor 1 (TEF-1) controls the expression of a diverse set of genes. Previous studies implicated protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated signal transduction in modulating TEF function. We demonstrate that in human choriocarcinoma BeWo cells, the PKC activator 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate and PKC inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide reciprocally down- and up-regulate, respectively, TEF-mediated GGAATG core enhancer activity. In vitro TEF-1 phosphorylation with several PKC isozymes and phosphoamino acid analysis confirmed that TEF-1 is a potential PKC substrate. TEF-1.DNA complexes formed by BeWo nuclear extracts are supershifted by phosphoserine- and phosphothreonine- but not phosphotyrosine-specific antibodies, indicating that TEF-1 is phosphorylated in vivo at serine and threonine residues. The TEF-1 phosphorylation domain was localized to the third alpha-helix of the DNA binding domain and adjacent hinge region by phosphopeptide analysis. TEF-1 phosphorylation significantly reduced its DNA binding activity both in vitro and in vivo, providing a possible mechanism for the inhibitory action of PKC. Finally, BeWo cells contained abundant levels of gamma and delta PKC isoforms, and their overexpression resulted in even greater inhibition of GGAATG core enhancer activity after 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol 13-acetate treatment. These data strongly suggest that PKC-mediated phosphorylation is a key factor controlling TEF function.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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10
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Jiang SW, Trujillo MA, Sakagashira M, Wilke RA, Eberhardt NL. Novel human TEF-1 isoforms exhibit altered DNA binding and functional properties. Biochemistry 2000; 39:3505-13. [PMID: 10727247 DOI: 10.1021/bi991048w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional enhancer factor-1 (TEF-1) is a member of the TEA/ATTS domain family. TEF-1 binds to GT-IIC (GGAATG), SphI (AGTATG), SphII (AGCATG), and M-CAT (GGTATG) response elements and is involved in the transactivation of a variety of genes, including the SV40 large T antigen, mammalian muscle-specific genes, and human chorionic somatomammotropin genes. Also, TEF-1 acts as a transcriptional repressor in placental cells, possibly through interaction with the TATA binding protein (TBP), preventing TBP binding to the TATA box. Here we describe the cloning, tissue-specific expression pattern, and functional characterization of two novel TEF-1 isoforms, TEF-1beta and TEF-1gamma. These isoforms most likely arise from alternative splicing of mRNA transcribed from a single gene and involve substitutions and/or insertions in a region immediately following the DNA binding domain. TEF-1beta appears to be widely distributed like the prototypic TEF-1, designated TEF-1alpha, whereas TEF-1gamma exhibits a narrower tissue-specific expression pattern that includes pancreas, kidney, and skeletal and heart muscle. The relatively limited sequence alterations among these isoforms cause significant changes in their DNA binding and transcriptional activities. TEF-1beta and TEF-1gamma bind to GT-IIC sequences with higher affinity and repress hCS promoter more efficiently than TEF-1alpha. These results suggest that each TEF-1 isoform may play unique regulatory roles in various tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Jiang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Departments of Medicine and Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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11
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Jiang SW, Trujillo MA, Eberhardt NL. Human chorionic somatomammotropin enhancer function is mediated by cooperative binding of TEF-1 and CSEF-1 to multiple, low-affinity binding sites. Mol Endocrinol 1997; 11:1223-32. [PMID: 9259314 DOI: 10.1210/mend.11.9.9984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human chorionic somatomammotropin gene enhancer (CSEn) is composed of multiple enhansons (Enh) that share sequence similarities with those of the simian virus, SV40 enhancer (SVEn). The sequence homology includes two GT-IIC-like (Enh1 and Enh4) and three SphI/II-like enhansons (Enh2, Enh3, and Enh5). We previously showed that transcription enhancer factor 1 (TEF-1) and a 30-kDa placental-specific factor, chorionic somatomammotropin enhancer factor 1 (CSEF-1), bind to Enh4, which plays an essential role in enhancer function. In this study, we demonstrate that TEF-1 and CSEF-1 bind specifically to all the other GT-IIC- and SphI/II-like elements within CSEn with a broad range of binding affinities that vary between 0.005 and 0.15 that of Enh4. Each individual concatenated enhanson was able to stimulate hCS promoter activity in an orientation-independent manner in choriocarcinoma cells (BeWo) with an observed stimulation that was directly proportional to its relative binding affinity for TEF-1 and CSEF-1. These results indicate that CSEn function results from the cooperative interaction of TEF-1 and/or CSEF-1 binding to multiple, low-affinity GT-IIC- and SphI/II-like enhansons within the enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Jiang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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12
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Campos J, Gómez JA, Trujillo MA, Gallo MA, Espinosa A, Marchal JA, Aránega A. Diheterocyclanes as synthons for the preparation of novel series of nucleoside and acyclonucleoside analogues. Farmaco 1997; 52:263-9. [PMID: 9273996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Convenient synthesis of 1-[[3-(2-hydroxyethylhetero)-1-alkoxy]alkyl]-5-fluorouracils 3-8 was accomplished via the use of tin (IV) chloride, capable of a 1,4-chelation on alkoxy-1,4-diheteroepanes. Increasing the reaction time led to 5-FU seven-membered nucleoside analogues which could be considered as upper isosteres of the effective antitumour agent Ftorafur. Using 1-[[3-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-1-alkoxy]propyl]-5-fluorouracil as a parent drug, several chemical modifications on the acyclic moiety were made with the aim of obtaining new compounds showing significant antiproliferative activity in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. 14 treatment in vitro caused time- and dose-dependent growth inhibition on RD cells. Interestingly, when they were treated with doses of 35 microM and 140 microM of 14 for 6 days, they showed morphological and phetotypic differentiation with increased expression of desmin, alpha-actinin and tropomyosin. We suggest a potential role for differentiation therapy as a therapeutic approach to the treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Campos
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Farmacia, Granada, Spain
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13
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Dinning JP, Bowers JM, Trujillo MA. A standardized diet for performing focal fat excretion studies. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157:245-6. [PMID: 9009988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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14
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Jiang SW, Trujillo MA, Eberhardt NL. An efficient method for generation and subcloning of tandemly repeated DNA sequences with defined length, orientation and spacing. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:3278-9. [PMID: 8774914 PMCID: PMC146080 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.16.3278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tandemly repeated DNA sequences generated from single synthetic oligonucleotide monomers are useful for many purposes. With conventional ligation procedures low yields and random orientation of oligomers makes cloning of defined repeated sequences difficult. We solved these problems using 2 bp overhangs to direct orientation and random incorporation of linkers containing restriction sites during ligation. Ligation products are amplified by PCR using the linker oligonucleotides as primers. Restriction digestion of the PCR products generate multimer distributions whose length is controlled by the monomer/linker ratio. The concatenated DNA fragments of defined length, orientation and spacing can be directly used for subcloning or other applications without further treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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15
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Eberhardt NL, Jiang SW, Shepard AR, Arnold AM, Trujillo MA. Hormonal and cell-specific regulation of the human growth hormone and chorionic somatomammotropin genes. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 1996; 54:127-63. [PMID: 8768074 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6603(08)60362-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N L Eberhardt
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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16
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Abstract
The objective was to provide a comparison of the known toxicities of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and the likelihood of benefit from colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention attributed to them. Chemoprevention trials require large numbers of subjects followed over many years and are therefore very expensive and difficult. Hence, it is important that agents tested in these trails have a realistic expectation of actual use in the population. Data sources were published literature on the toxicity and CRC chemopreventive activity of NSAIDS. Presently available NSAIDS, used at their usual therapeutic doses, have a serious toxicity rate that quickly exceeds any benefit from CRC prevention. In contrast, low-dose aspirin is worth evaluating, especially because of the potential for simultaneous cardiovascular risk reduction. Possibly, low doses of other NSAIDS may have benefit, but this remains unproven. Synthesis of other NSAIDS, with less toxicity, is another approach towards making the toxicity-benefit ratio more favorable for the use of these agents for CRC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Trujillo
- Section of Gastroenterology, Tucson VA Medical Center, Arizona 85723
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17
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Trujillo MA, Galgiani JN, Sampliner RE. Evaluation of hepatic injury arising during fluconazole therapy. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154:102-4. [PMID: 8267481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have described hepatotoxicity associated with ketoconazole therapy. There is also concern that therapy with fluconazole might cause the same side effect as ketoconazole. We describe two patients who developed unexplained liver test abnormalities after beginning fluconazole therapy. To determine whether fluconazole might have been responsible, liver biopsies were performed. Specimens from both patients demonstrated an absence of hepatocyte necrosis, which, if present, would have necessitated discontinuation of fluconazole therapy. A critical review of other case reports of fluconazole-associated hepatitis also failed to produce a consistent picture. Our experience indicates that a liver biopsy may be useful in selected patients to exclude clinically relevant hepatotoxicity due to fluconazole therapy and to allow its continued use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Trujillo
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Tucson, Ariz
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Lutz RJ, Trujillo MA, Denham KS, Wenger L, Sinensky M. Nucleoplasmic localization of prelamin A: implications for prenylation-dependent lamin A assembly into the nuclear lamina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:3000-4. [PMID: 1557405 PMCID: PMC48791 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.7.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of the nuclear lamina protein lamin A requires the prenylation-dependent processing of its precursor protein, prelamin A. Unlike p21ras, which undergoes similar initial posttranslational modifications, maturation of lamin A results in the proteolytic removal of the prenylated portion of the molecule. We have used an in vitro prenylation system to demonstrate the nature of the prenyl substituent on prelamin A to be a farnesyl group. Further, the in vitro farnesylation of prelamin A requires an intact cysteine-aliphatic-aliphatic-other (CAAX) amino acid sequence motif at its carboxyl terminus. The effect of blocking the prenylation of prelamin A on its localization and assembly into the nuclear lamina was investigated by indirect immunofluorescence. Expression of wild-type prelamin A in lovastatin-treated cells showed that nonprenylated prelamin A accumulated as nucleoplasmic particles. Upon addition of mevalonate to lovastatin-treated cells, the wild-type lamin A was incorporated into the lamina within 3 hr. Expression of a mutant lamin A in which the carboxyl-terminal 21 amino acids were deleted resulted in a lamin molecule that was directly assembled into the lamina. These results indicate that the carboxyl-terminal peptide of prelamin A blocks its proper assembly into the nuclear lamina and that the prenylation-initiated removal of this peptide can occur in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Lutz
- Eleanor Roosevelt Institute for Cancer Research, Denver, CO 80206
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Trujillo MA, Letovsky J, Maguire HF, Lopez-Cabrera M, Siddiqui A. Functional analysis of a liver-specific enhancer of the hepatitis B virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:3797-801. [PMID: 1902571 PMCID: PMC51540 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.9.3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver-specific enhancer I of the human hepatitis B virus contains several regions of DNA-protein interaction. Located within this element are also the domains of a promoter controlling the synthesis of the X open reading frame. Functional domains of the enhancer I and the X gene promoter were identified using DNase I protection analysis, deletion mutagenesis, and cell transfections. A unique liver-specific interaction was identified within this element whose binding site includes a direct sequence repeat, 5'-AGTAAACAGTA-3'. The factor(s) binding to this sequence motif was purified by oligonucleotide-affinity chromatography. Binding of this factor appears to play a key role in determining the overall enhancer function. Additionally, the interaction of several purified factors is presented. Cotransfection of liver cells with expression vectors encoding transcriptional factors resulted in trans-activation of the promoter/enhancer function. Based on the results of genetic analysis a model outlining the functional domains of the enhancer/promoter region is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Trujillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver 80262
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20
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Trujillo MA, Yebra M, Mulero J, Gea JC, Ferrer J. Antimitochondrial antibodies and the antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol Suppl 1990; 17:718-9. [PMID: 2131785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Abstract
We have studied the mechanisms of breakdown of 2'-5' oligoadenylates. We monitored the time-courses of degradation of ppp(A2'p5')nA (dimer to tetramer) and of 5'OH-(A2'p5')nA (dimer to pentamer) in unfractionated L1210 cell extract. The 5' triphosphorylated 2'-5' oligoadenylates are converted by a phosphatase activity. However, 2'-5' oligoadenylates are degraded mainly by phosphodiesterase activity which splits the 2'-5' phosphodiester bond sequentially at the 2' end to yield 5' AMP and one-unit-shorter oligomers. The nonlinear least-squares curve-fitting program CONSAM was used to fit these kinetics and to determine the degradation rate constant of each oligomer. Trimers and tetramers, whether 5' triphosphorylated or not, are degraded at the same rate, whereas 5' triphosphorylated dimer is rapidly hydrolyzed and 5'-OH dimer is the most stable oligomer. The interaction between degradation enzymes and the substrate strongly depends on the presence of a 5' phosphate group in the vicinity of the phosphodiester bond to be hydrolyzed; indeed, when this 5' phosphate group is present, as in pp/pA2'p5'A/or A2'/p5'A2'p5'A/, affinity is high and maximal velocity is low. Such a degradation pattern can control the concentration of 2'-5' oligoadenylates active on RNAse L either by limiting their synthesis (5' triphosphorylated dimer is the primer necessary for the formation of longer oligomers) and/or by converting them into inhibitory (e.g., monophosphorylated trimer) or inactive (e.g., nonphosphorylated oligomers) molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Trujillo
- Centre d'Immunologie INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, Marseille, France
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22
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Abstract
The use of a highly specific radioimmunoassay and of HPLC permitted us to confirm the occurrence of 2'-5' oligoadenylates [p chi (A2'p5')nA] in several strains of Escherichia coli. Cellular concentrations of 2'-5' oligoadenylates ranged from 50 nM to 300 nM. The mixture of 2'-5' oligoadenylates consisted primarily of pppA2'p5'A, pA2'p5'A,A2'p5'Ap and A2'p5'A under normal conditions of growth. None of them activated RNase L. Infection of the bacteria with the single-stranded DNA phage M13 or induction of a heat-inducible, non-lytic mutant of phage lambda led to a significant increase in the total pool of 2'-5' oligoadenylates, paralleling the progressive inhibition of growth. Likewise, the inhibition of protein synthesis with chloramphenicol stimulated the accumulation of 2'-5' oligoadenylates. Furthermore, the inhibition of bacterial growth by either phage or by chloramphenicol brought about a change in the composition of the 2'-5' oligoadenylate pool; 5'-phosphorylated 2'-5' oligoadenylates accumulated and became the major components. The findings indicate a parallelism between the effects of viral infection on the synthesis of 2'-5' oligoadenylates in eukaryotes and similar effects subsequent to phage growth in the bacterium E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Trujillo
- Centre d'Immunologie, INSERM-CNRS de Marseille-Luminy, France
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