1
|
Bonilla-Escobar FJ, Osorio-Cuéllar GV, Pacichana-Quinayaz SG, Rangel-Gómez AN, Gomes-Pereira LD, Fandiño-Losada A, Gutiérrez-Martínez MI. Impacts of violence on the mental health of Afro-descendant survivors in Colombia. Med Confl Surviv 2021; 37:124-145. [PMID: 34225496 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2021.1938035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Colombian armed conflict has disproportionately affected minorities, especially afro-Colombian communities. However, there is a lack of evidence about mental health of victims. This study aims to describe the prevalence of mental illness and its associated factors in Afro-descendant violence survivors in Buenaventura and Quibdó, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was carried out using data from a previous trial which aimed to reduce mental health symptoms (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01856673). Data of 710 adults identified through a snowball sampling technique was analysed. Diagnoses of depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and dysfunction were established using adapted versions of the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist and the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, plus variables identified in a qualitative study. Multivariate regressions were used to identify associated factors with these diagnoses. The prevalence of depression, anxiety and PTSD in both cities was 26.62% (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 20.30;23.89), 36.53% (95%CI: 30.63;42.36), and 39.15% (95%CI: 33.36;44.83), respectively. Being married and having registered with the government as victim of the conflict were found to be protective factors for depression and PTSD, respectively. Psychological trauma, unemployment, and traumatic experiences, amongst others, were found as risk factors. The Colombian armed conflict, plus disparities and social exclusion, may be associated with mental health morbidity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Bonilla-Escobar
- CISALVA Institute, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.,Science to Serve the Community, SCISCO Foundation - Fundación Somos Ciencia al Servicio de la Comunidad, Fundación SCISCO, Cali, Colombia.,Institute for Clinical Research Education (ICRE), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Sara G Pacichana-Quinayaz
- CISALVA Institute, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.,Science to Serve the Community, SCISCO Foundation - Fundación Somos Ciencia al Servicio de la Comunidad, Fundación SCISCO, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ada N Rangel-Gómez
- CISALVA Institute, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Andres Fandiño-Losada
- CISALVA Institute, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.,School of Public Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Maria I Gutiérrez-Martínez
- CISALVA Institute, Faculty of Health, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia.,Institute for Clinical Research Education (ICRE), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guerrero-Velasco R, Muñoz VH, Concha-Eastman A, Pretel-Meneses ÁJ, Gutiérrez-Martínez MI, Santaella-Tenorio J. Homicide Epidemic in Cali, Colombia: A Surveillance System Data Analysis, 1993‒2018. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:1292-1299. [PMID: 34110920 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. To examine homicide rates in Cali, Colombia, during the 1993-2018 period, using information derived from an interagency surveillance system. Methods. We used homicide data from Cali's Epidemiological Surveillance System to examine homicide trends by victim's age and sex, time, and type of method used. We estimated trend changes and the annual percentage changes using joinpoint regression analyses. Results. Homicide rates per 100 000 inhabitants dropped from 102 in 1993 to 47.8 in 2018. We observed reductions in homicide rates across age and sex groups. Most homicide victims were men aged 20 to 39 years from poor, marginalized areas. Firearms were used in 84.9% of all cases. The average annual percentage change for the entire period was -3.6 (95% confidence interval = -6.7, -0.4). Conclusions. Fluctuations in homicide rates in Cali show a clear epidemic pattern, occurring concurrently with the "crack epidemic" in different countries. Reliable and timely information provided by an Epidemiological Surveillance System allowed opportune formulation of public policies to reduce the impact of violence in Cali.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Guerrero-Velasco
- Rodrigo Guerrero-Velasco, Maria I. Gutiérrez-Martínez, and Julian Santaella-Tenorio are with Cisalva Institute, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Victor Hugo Muñoz is with Cali Secretariat of Security and Justice, Cali. Alberto Concha-Eastman is an independent researcher. Álvaro J. Pretel-Meneses is with the Department of Economics, Universidad del Valle
| | - Víctor Hugo Muñoz
- Rodrigo Guerrero-Velasco, Maria I. Gutiérrez-Martínez, and Julian Santaella-Tenorio are with Cisalva Institute, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Victor Hugo Muñoz is with Cali Secretariat of Security and Justice, Cali. Alberto Concha-Eastman is an independent researcher. Álvaro J. Pretel-Meneses is with the Department of Economics, Universidad del Valle
| | - Alberto Concha-Eastman
- Rodrigo Guerrero-Velasco, Maria I. Gutiérrez-Martínez, and Julian Santaella-Tenorio are with Cisalva Institute, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Victor Hugo Muñoz is with Cali Secretariat of Security and Justice, Cali. Alberto Concha-Eastman is an independent researcher. Álvaro J. Pretel-Meneses is with the Department of Economics, Universidad del Valle
| | - Álvaro J Pretel-Meneses
- Rodrigo Guerrero-Velasco, Maria I. Gutiérrez-Martínez, and Julian Santaella-Tenorio are with Cisalva Institute, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Victor Hugo Muñoz is with Cali Secretariat of Security and Justice, Cali. Alberto Concha-Eastman is an independent researcher. Álvaro J. Pretel-Meneses is with the Department of Economics, Universidad del Valle
| | - Maria I Gutiérrez-Martínez
- Rodrigo Guerrero-Velasco, Maria I. Gutiérrez-Martínez, and Julian Santaella-Tenorio are with Cisalva Institute, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Victor Hugo Muñoz is with Cali Secretariat of Security and Justice, Cali. Alberto Concha-Eastman is an independent researcher. Álvaro J. Pretel-Meneses is with the Department of Economics, Universidad del Valle
| | - Julian Santaella-Tenorio
- Rodrigo Guerrero-Velasco, Maria I. Gutiérrez-Martínez, and Julian Santaella-Tenorio are with Cisalva Institute, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. Victor Hugo Muñoz is with Cali Secretariat of Security and Justice, Cali. Alberto Concha-Eastman is an independent researcher. Álvaro J. Pretel-Meneses is with the Department of Economics, Universidad del Valle
| |
Collapse
|