Enhanced immunization techniques to obtain highly specific monoclonal antibodies

Despite fast advances in genomics and proteomics, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are still a valuable tool for areas such as the evolution of basic research in stem cells and cancer, for immunophenotyping cell populations, diagnosing and prognosis of diseases, and for immunotherapy. To summarize different subtractive immunization approaches successfully used for the production of highly specific antibodies, we identified scientific articles in NCBI PubMed using the following search terms: subtractive immunization, monoclonal antibody, tolerization, neonatal, high-zone tolerance, masking immunization. Patent records were also consulted. From the list of results, we included all available reports, from 1985 to present, that used any enhanced immunization technique to produce either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. Our examination yielded direct evidence that these enhanced immunization techniques are efficient in obtaining specific antibodies to rare epitopes, with different applications, such as to identify food contaminants or tumor cells.

Development and Characterization of a Microemulsion System Containing Amphotericin B with Potential Ocular Applications

BACKGROUND

Amphotericin B eye drops are widely used in the treatment of ocular infections. However, amphotericin's toxicity leads to low patient compliance and aggravation of symptoms. This work describes the development of a microemulsion system containing amphotericin B, aiming for its use in ocular applications.

METHODS

The microemulsion was developed by the titration technique. The physicochemical characteristics were determined with both loaded and unloaded amphotericin B-microemulsion. The nanostructures were analyzed by polarized light microscopy. The microdilution method was used to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration against fungal strains, and, therefore, evaluate the microemulsion activity. Additionally, in order to evaluate the microemulsion toxicity an in vitro toxicity assay against red blood cells was performed.

RESULTS

The performed studies showed that the presence of amphotericin B loaded into the system did not induce serious changes in the physicochemical properties of the microemulsion when compared to the unloaded system. The spectrophotometric studies depicted amphotericin B-self-associated species, which allow predicting its behavior in vitro. The high pressure liquid chromatography results revealed high drug content entrapment in the microemulsion droplet. Finally, the amphotericin B-microemulsion in vitro susceptibility test showed high activity against Candida strains and a low toxicity profile against red blood cells when compared to Fungizone®.

CONCLUSION

The physicochemical characterization of the microemulsion demonstrated that its characteristics are compatible with the topical ocular route, making it eligible for consideration as a new and interesting amphotericin B-deliverydosage form to be used as eye drop formulation.