1
|
Walsh SW, Nugent WH, Alam SMK, Washington SL, Teves M, Jefferson KK, Strauss JF. Protease Amplification of the Inflammatory Response Induced by Commensal Bacteria: Implications for Racial Disparity in Term and Preterm Birth. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:246-259. [PMID: 32046375 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-019-00011-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decidual macrophages secrete proteases that activate protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR-1). We hypothesized that activation of the inflammatory response by bacteria is amplified by proteases, initiating labor. In addition, we hypothesized that commensal bacteria trigger an inflammatory response by activating NF-κB and TET methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2), a DNA de-methylase, via a protease amplified PAR-1, RhoA kinase (ROCK) pathway. To evaluate these hypotheses, we compared responses of mononuclear cells with Lactobacillus crispatus, prevalent in the vaginal microbiome of women of European ancestry, with L. iners and Fusobacterium nucleatum, which are more prevalent in vaginal samples collected from African-American women. Decidual tissue was collected at term not-in-labor (TNL), term labor (TL), spontaneous preterm labor (sPTL), and infected preterm labor (iPTL) and immunostained for PAR-1, TET2, and CD14. Mononuclear cells and THP-1 macrophage cells were treated with bacteria and elastase, a known activator of PAR-1. The inflammatory response was monitored by confocal microscopy of TET2 and the p65 subunit of NF-κB, as well as IL-8 production. Decidual staining for PAR-1, TET2, and CD14 increased TNL < TL < sPTL < iPTL. All treatments stimulated translocation of TET2 and p65 from the cytosol to the nucleus and increased IL-8, but L. iners and F. nucleatum caused more robust responses than L. crispatus. Inhibition of PAR-1 or ROCK prevented TET2 and p65 nuclear translocalization and increases in IL-8. Our findings demonstrate that proteases amplify the inflammatory response to commensal bacteria. The more robust response to bacteria prevalent in African-American women may contribute to racial disparities in preterm birth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Walsh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980034, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0551, USA.
| | - William H Nugent
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980034, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA
| | - S M Khorshed Alam
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980034, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA
| | - Sonya L Washington
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980034, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA
| | - Maria Teves
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980034, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA
| | - Kimberly K Jefferson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298-0678, USA
| | - Jerome F Strauss
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, P.O. Box 980034, Richmond, VA, 23298-0034, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jones BH, Smith L, Rock P, Teves M, Casey J, Eddings K, Malkin L. MEDICAL CASUALTIES FOLLOWING A MARATHON RUN UNDER NEARLY IDEAL WEATHER CONDITIONS. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1984. [DOI: 10.1249/00005768-198404000-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|