1
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Spitzer D, Khel MI, Pütz T, Zinke J, Jia X, Sommer K, Filipski K, Thorsen F, Freiman TM, Günther S, Plate KH, Harter PN, Liebner S, Reiss Y, Di Tacchio M, Guérit S, Devraj K. A flow cytometry-based protocol for syngenic isolation of neurovascular unit cells from mouse and human tissues. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1510-1542. [PMID: 36859615 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU), composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, juxtaposed astrocytes and microglia together with neurons, is essential for proper central nervous system functioning. The NVU critically regulates blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, which is impaired in several neurological diseases and is therefore a key therapeutic target. To understand the extent and cellular source of BBB dysfunction, simultaneous isolation and analysis of NVU cells is needed. Here, we describe a protocol for the EPAM-ia method, which is based on flow cytometry for simultaneous isolation and analysis of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and microglia. This method is based on differential processing of NVU cell types using enzymes, mechanical homogenization and filtration specific for each cell type followed by combining them for immunostaining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The gating strategy encompasses cell-type-specific and exclusion markers for contaminating cells to isolate the major NVU cell types. This protocol takes ~6 h for two sets of one or two animals. The isolation part requires experience in animal handling, fresh tissue processing and immunolabeling for flow cytometry. Sorted NVU cells can be used for downstream applications including transcriptomics, proteomics and cell culture. Multiple cell-type analyses using UpSet can then be applied to obtain robust targets from single or multiple NVU cell types in neurological diseases associated with BBB dysfunction. The EPAM-ia method is also amenable to isolation of several other cell types, including cancer cells and immune cells. This protocol is applicable to healthy and pathological tissue from mouse and human sources and to several cell types compared with similar protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spitzer
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maryam I Khel
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tim Pütz
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Zinke
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiong Jia
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kathleen Sommer
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Filipski
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frits Thorsen
- The Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas M Freiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Karl H Plate
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebner
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reiss
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sylvaine Guérit
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Frankfurt, Germany.
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2
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Spitzer D, Guérit S, Puetz T, Khel MI, Armbrust M, Dunst M, Macas J, Zinke J, Devraj G, Jia X, Croll F, Sommer K, Filipski K, Freiman TM, Looso M, Günther S, Di Tacchio M, Plate KH, Reiss Y, Liebner S, Harter PN, Devraj K. Profiling the neurovascular unit unveils detrimental effects of osteopontin on the blood-brain barrier in acute ischemic stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:305-337. [PMID: 35752654 PMCID: PMC9288377 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, characterized by degradation of BBB junctional proteins and increased permeability, is a crucial pathophysiological feature of acute ischemic stroke. Dysregulation of multiple neurovascular unit (NVU) cell types is involved in BBB breakdown in ischemic stroke that may be further aggravated by reperfusion therapy. Therefore, therapeutic co-targeting of dysregulated NVU cell types in acute ischemic stroke constitutes a promising strategy to preserve BBB function and improve clinical outcome. However, methods for simultaneous isolation of multiple NVU cell types from the same diseased central nervous system (CNS) tissue, crucial for the identification of therapeutic targets in dysregulated NVU cells, are lacking. Here, we present the EPAM-ia method, that facilitates simultaneous isolation and analysis of the major NVU cell types (endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and microglia) for the identification of therapeutic targets in dysregulated NVU cells to improve the BBB function. Applying this method, we obtained a high yield of pure NVU cells from murine ischemic brain tissue, and generated a valuable NVU transcriptome database ( https://bioinformatics.mpi-bn.mpg.de/SGD_Stroke ). Dissection of the NVU transcriptome revealed Spp1, encoding for osteopontin, to be highly upregulated in all NVU cells 24 h after ischemic stroke. Upregulation of osteopontin was confirmed in stroke patients by immunostaining, which was comparable with that in mice. Therapeutic targeting by subcutaneous injection of an anti-osteopontin antibody post-ischemic stroke in mice resulted in neutralization of osteopontin expression in the NVU cell types investigated. Apart from attenuated glial activation, osteopontin neutralization was associated with BBB preservation along with decreased brain edema and reduced risk for hemorrhagic transformation, resulting in improved neurological outcome and survival. This was supported by BBB-impairing effects of osteopontin in vitro. The clinical significance of these findings is that anti-osteopontin antibody therapy might augment current approved reperfusion therapies in acute ischemic stroke by minimizing deleterious effects of ischemia-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spitzer
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sylvaine Guérit
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tim Puetz
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maryam I. Khel
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Moritz Armbrust
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maika Dunst
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jadranka Macas
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Zinke
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gayatri Devraj
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiong Jia
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Croll
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kathleen Sommer
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Filipski
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.511198.5Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Freiman
- grid.413108.f0000 0000 9737 0454Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- grid.418032.c0000 0004 0491 220XMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- grid.418032.c0000 0004 0491 220XMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mariangela Di Tacchio
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Plate
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.511198.5Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reiss
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.511198.5Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebner
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary System (CPI), Partner Site Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick N. Harter
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.511198.5Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60528, Frankfurt, Germany. .,LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany.
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3
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Di Tacchio M, Macas J, Weissenberger J, Sommer K, Bähr O, Steinbach JP, Senft C, Seifert V, Glas M, Herrlinger U, Krex D, Meinhardt M, Weyerbrock A, Timmer M, Goldbrunner R, Deckert M, Scheel AH, Büttner R, Grauer OM, Schittenhelm J, Tabatabai G, Harter PN, Günther S, Devraj K, Plate KH, Reiss Y. Tumor Vessel Normalization, Immunostimulatory Reprogramming, and Improved Survival in Glioblastoma with Combined Inhibition of PD-1, Angiopoietin-2, and VEGF. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1910-1927. [PMID: 31597643 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a non-T-cell-inflamed cancer characterized by an immunosuppressive microenvironment that impedes dendritic cell maturation and T-cell cytotoxicity. Proangiogenic cytokines such as VEGF and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) have high expression in glioblastoma in a cell-specific manner and not only drive tumor angiogenesis and vascular permeability but also negatively regulate T-lymphocyte and innate immune cell responses. Consequently, the alleviation of immunosuppression might be a prerequisite for successful immune checkpoint therapy in GBM. We here combined antiangiogenic and immune checkpoint therapy and demonstrated improved therapeutic efficacy in syngeneic, orthotopic GBM models. We observed that blockade of VEGF, Ang-2, and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) significantly extended survival compared with vascular targeting alone. In the GBM microenvironment, triple therapy increased the numbers of CTLs, which inversely correlated with myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. Transcriptome analysis of GBM microvessels indicated a global vascular normalization that was highest after triple therapy. Our results propose a rationale to overcome tumor immunosuppression and the current limitations of VEGF monotherapy by integrating the synergistic effects of VEGF/Ang-2 and PD-1 blockade to reinforce antitumor immunity through a normalized vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Di Tacchio
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jadranka Macas
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jakob Weissenberger
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kathleen Sommer
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Bähr
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany.,Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Joachim P Steinbach
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany.,Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Senft
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Seifert
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Glas
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurooncology, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen/Düsseldorf, Essen, Germany.,DKFZ-Division Translational Neurooncology at the West German Cancer Center (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Department of Neurology, Division of Clinical Neurooncology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dietmar Krex
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Meinhardt
- Institute of Pathology, Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Astrid Weyerbrock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Timmer
- Center for Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Roland Goldbrunner
- Center for Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martina Deckert
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas H Scheel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Reinhard Büttner
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver M Grauer
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jens Schittenhelm
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Departments of Neurology & Neurosurgery, Interdisciplinary Division of Neuro-Oncology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Center for CNS Tumors, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital Tübingen, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karl H Plate
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reiss
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. .,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
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4
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Parola C, Neumeier D, Friedensohn S, Csepregi L, Di Tacchio M, Mason DM, Reddy ST. Antibody discovery and engineering by enhanced CRISPR-Cas9 integration of variable gene cassette libraries in mammalian cells. MAbs 2019; 11:1367-1380. [PMID: 31478465 PMCID: PMC6816377 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1662691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody engineering in mammalian cells offers the important advantage of expression and screening of libraries in their native conformation, increasing the likelihood of generating candidates with more favorable molecular properties. Major advances in cellular engineering enabled by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing have made it possible to expand the use of mammalian cells in biotechnological applications. Here, we describe an antibody engineering and screening approach where complete variable light (VL) and heavy (VH) chain cassette libraries are stably integrated into the genome of hybridoma cells by enhanced Cas9-driven homology-directed repair (HDR), resulting in their surface display and secretion. By developing an improved HDR donor format that utilizes in situ linearization, we are able to achieve >15-fold improvement of genomic integration, resulting in a screening workflow that only requires a simple plasmid electroporation. This proved suitable for different applications in antibody discovery and engineering. By integrating and screening an immune library obtained from the variable gene repertoire of an immunized mouse, we could isolate a diverse panel of >40 unique antigen-binding variants. Additionally, we successfully performed affinity maturation by directed evolution screening of an antibody library based on random mutagenesis, leading to the isolation of several clones with affinities in the picomolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parola
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Daniel Neumeier
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Simon Friedensohn
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Lucia Csepregi
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich , Basel , Switzerland
| | | | - Derek M Mason
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich , Basel , Switzerland
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5
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Scholz A, Harter PN, Cremer S, Yalcin BH, Gurnik S, Yamaji M, Di Tacchio M, Sommer K, Baumgarten P, Bähr O, Steinbach JP, Trojan J, Glas M, Herrlinger U, Krex D, Meinhardt M, Weyerbrock A, Timmer M, Goldbrunner R, Deckert M, Braun C, Schittenhelm J, Frueh JT, Ullrich E, Mittelbronn M, Plate KH, Reiss Y. Endothelial cell-derived angiopoietin-2 is a therapeutic target in treatment-naive and bevacizumab-resistant glioblastoma. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 8:39-57. [PMID: 26666269 PMCID: PMC4718155 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is treated by surgical resection followed by radiochemotherapy. Bevacizumab is commonly deployed for anti‐angiogenic therapy of recurrent GBM; however, innate immune cells have been identified as instigators of resistance to bevacizumab treatment. We identified angiopoietin‐2 (Ang‐2) as a potential target in both naive and bevacizumab‐treated glioblastoma. Ang‐2 expression was absent in normal human brain endothelium, while the highest Ang‐2 levels were observed in bevacizumab‐treated GBM. In a murine GBM model, VEGF blockade resulted in endothelial upregulation of Ang‐2, whereas the combined inhibition of VEGF and Ang‐2 leads to extended survival, decreased vascular permeability, depletion of tumor‐associated macrophages, improved pericyte coverage, and increased numbers of intratumoral T lymphocytes. CD206+ (M2‐like) macrophages were identified as potential novel targets following anti‐angiogenic therapy. Our findings imply a novel role for endothelial cells in therapy resistance and identify endothelial cell/myeloid cell crosstalk mediated by Ang‐2 as a potential resistance mechanism. Therefore, combining VEGF blockade with inhibition of Ang‐2 may potentially overcome resistance to bevacizumab therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Scholz
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Cremer
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Burak H Yalcin
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gurnik
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maiko Yamaji
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mariangela Di Tacchio
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kathleen Sommer
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Baumgarten
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Bähr
- Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Joachim P Steinbach
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jörg Trojan
- Medical Clinic I, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin Glas
- Klinische Kooperationseinheit Neuroonkologie, Robert Janker Klinik, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Dietmar Krex
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Meinhardt
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Astrid Weyerbrock
- Klinik für Neurochirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Timmer
- Zentrum für Neurochirurgie, Uniklinik Köln, Köln, Germany
| | | | | | - Christian Braun
- Zentrum für Neuroonkologie, Universitätsklinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Schittenhelm
- Abteilung Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinik Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jochen T Frueh
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Evelyn Ullrich
- LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany Pediatric Hematology & Oncology, Children's Hospital, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karl H Plate
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reiss
- Institute of Neurology (Edinger Institute), Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany
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6
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Leone P, Di Tacchio M, Berardi S, Santantonio T, Fasano M, Ferrone S, Vacca A, Dammacco F, Racanelli V. Dendritic cell maturation in HCV infection: altered regulation of MHC class I antigen processing-presenting machinery. J Hepatol 2014; 61:242-51. [PMID: 24732300 PMCID: PMC8759579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Modulation of dendritic cell (DC) function has been theorized as one of the mechanisms used by hepatitis C virus (HCV) to evade the host immune response and cause persistent infection. METHODS We used a range of cell and molecular biology techniques to study DC subsets from uninfected and HCV-infected individuals. RESULTS We found that patients with persistent HCV infection have lower numbers of circulating myeloid DC and plasmacytoid DC than healthy controls or patients who spontaneously recovered from HCV infection. Nonetheless, DC from patients with persistent HCV infection display normal phagocytic activity, typical expression of the class I and II HLA and co-stimulatory molecules, and conventional cytokine production when stimulated to mature in vitro. In contrast, they do not display the strong switch from immunoproteasome to standard proteasome subunit expression and the upregulation of the transporter-associated proteins following stimulation, which were instead observed in DC from uninfected individuals. This different modulation of components of the HLA class I antigen processing-presenting machinery results in a differential ability to present a CD8(+) T cell epitope whose generation is dependent on the LMP7 immunoproteasome subunit. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings establish that under conditions of persistent HCV antigenemia, HLA class I antigen processing and presentation are distinctively regulated during DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Leone
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariangela Di Tacchio
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Berardi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Fasano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angelo Vacca
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Franco Dammacco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Racanelli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy.
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