1
|
Jain N, Hao Y, Parekh U, Kaltenegger M, Pedrazo-Tardajos A, Lazzaroni R, Resel R, Geerts YH, Bals S, Van Aert S. Exploring the effects of graphene and temperature in reducing electron beam damage: A TEM and electron diffraction-based quantitative study on Lead Phthalocyanine (PbPc) crystals. Micron 2023; 169:103444. [PMID: 36965270 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of organic crystals, such as Lead Phthalocyanine (PbPc), is very challenging since these materials are prone to electron beam damage leading to the breakdown of the crystal structure during investigation. Quantification of the damage is imperative to enable high-resolution imaging of PbPc crystals with minimum structural changes. In this work, we performed a detailed electron diffraction study to quantitatively measure degradation of PbPc crystals upon electron beam irradiation. Our study is based on the quantification of the fading intensity of the spots in the electron diffraction patterns. At various incident dose rates (e/Å2/s) and acceleration voltages, we experimentally extracted the decay rate (1/s), which directly correlates with the rate of beam damage. In this manner, a value for the critical dose (e/Å2) could be determined, which can be used as a measure to quantify beam damage. Using the same methodology, we explored the influence of cryogenic temperatures, graphene TEM substrates, and graphene encapsulation in prolonging the lifetime of the PbPc crystal structure during TEM investigation. The knowledge obtained by diffraction experiments is then translated to real space high-resolution TEM imaging of PbPc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Jain
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yansong Hao
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Urvi Parekh
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Kaltenegger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrián Pedrazo-Tardajos
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Yves Henri Geerts
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; International Solvay Institutes of Physics and Chemistry, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Van Aert
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kaltenegger M, Hofer S, Resel R, Werzer O, Riegler H, Simbrunner J, Winkler C, Geerts Y, Liu J. Engineering of a kinetically driven phase of phenoxazine by surface crystallisation. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00479h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Surface crystallisation yields an unknown polymorph of the phenoxazine molecule. Tuning the crystallisation conditions causes a defined crystal growth of either the thermodynamically stable phase or the kinetic phase observed exclusively within thin films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kaltenegger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Werzer
- Department for Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graz University, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
- JOANNEUM RESEARCH Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Institute for Surface Technologies and Photonics, Franz-Pichler-Straße 30, 8160 Weiz, Austria
| | - Hans Riegler
- Department for Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graz University, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Josef Simbrunner
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 9, Graz, 8036, Austria
| | - Christian Winkler
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Yves Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- International Solvay Institutes of Physics and Chemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jie Liu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu J, Liu G, Song Z, Kaltenegger M, Silva de Moraes L, Gopi E, Napolitano S, Geerts YH. Memory Effect and Crystallization of ( R, S)-2-Chloromandelic Acid Glass. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:13339-13347. [PMID: 34808063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c07749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(R, S)-2-Chloromandelic acid, which can crystallize in racemic crystals (forms α and β) or a conglomerate (form γ), has been studied for its glass-forming behavior. Below the glass transition temperature, samples of the title compound crack into pieces. Correlation plots of DSC results have been used to investigate what determines the cracking and its occurrence temperature. We found that the latter is influenced by the polymorph from which the melt state has been obtained, showing that a certain memory of the previous crystalline phase persists in the undercooled melt. Moreover, this residual structure could be eliminated by elongating the annealing period or increasing the annealing temperature. Investigation using broadband dielectric spectroscopy confirmed such a memory effect. Finally, we studied the role of cracking in the control of the crystallization. In contrast with previous literature on other glass-forming molecular systems, we verified that the crystallization upon reheating is not impacted by the occurrence of cracks in the glassy state. This observation challenges the current views on polymorphic crystallization from organic glasses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guangfeng Liu
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Zijian Song
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martin Kaltenegger
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Institute for Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lygia Silva de Moraes
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, 21941909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elumalai Gopi
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone Napolitano
- Laboratory of Polymer and Soft Matter Dynamics, Experimental Soft Matter and Thermal Physics (EST), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Henri Geerts
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 206/1, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,International Solvay Institutes of Physics and Chemistry, ULB-Campus Plaine-CP 231, Boulevard du Triomphe, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kainz MP, Legenstein L, Holzer V, Hofer S, Kaltenegger M, Resel R, Simbrunner J. GIDInd: an automated indexing software for grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction data. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767321084567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
5
|
Kainz MP, Legenstein L, Holzer V, Hofer S, Kaltenegger M, Resel R, Simbrunner J. GIDInd: an automated indexing software for grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction data. J Appl Crystallogr 2021; 54:1256-1267. [PMID: 34429726 PMCID: PMC8366425 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576721006609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The GIDInd software package is a MATLAB-based application for automated indexing of grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction data. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) is a widely used technique for the crystallographic characterization of thin films. The identification of a specific phase or the discovery of an unknown polymorph always requires indexing of the associated diffraction pattern. However, despite the importance of this procedure, only a few approaches have been developed so far. Recently, an advanced mathematical framework for indexing of these specific diffraction patterns has been developed. Here, the successful implementation of this framework in the form of an automated indexing software, named GIDInd, is introduced. GIDInd is based on the assumption of a triclinic unit cell with six lattice constants and a distinct contact plane parallel to the substrate surface. Two approaches are chosen: (i) using only diffraction peaks of the GIXD pattern and (ii) combining the GIXD pattern with a specular diffraction peak. In the first approach the six unknown lattice parameters have to be determined by a single fitting procedure, while in the second approach two successive fitting procedures are used with three unknown parameters each. The output unit cells are reduced cells according to approved crystallographic conventions. Unit-cell solutions are additionally numerically optimized. The computational toolkit is compiled in the form of a MATLAB executable and presented within a user-friendly graphical user interface. The program is demonstrated by application on two independent examples of thin organic films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Peter Kainz
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Lukas Legenstein
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Valentin Holzer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Sebastian Hofer
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Martin Kaltenegger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Josef Simbrunner
- Division of Neuroradiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 9, Graz, 8036, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hofer S, Unterkofler J, Kaltenegger M, Schweicher G, Ruzié C, Tamayo A, Salzillo T, Mas-Torrent M, Sanzone A, Beverina L, Geerts YH, Resel R. Molecular Disorder in Crystalline Thin Films of an Asymmetric BTBT Derivative. Chem Mater 2021; 33:1455-1461. [PMID: 33642680 PMCID: PMC7905871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.0c04725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The molecule 2-decyl-7-phenyl-[1]benzothieno[3,2-b][1]benzothiophene (Ph-BTBT-10) is an organic semiconductor with outstanding performance in thin-film transistors. The asymmetric shape of the molecule causes an unusual phase behavior, which is a result of a distinct difference in the molecular arrangement between the head-to-head stacking of the molecules versus head-to-tail stacking. Thin films are prepared at elevated temperatures by crystallization from melt under controlled cooling rates, thermal-gradient crystallization, and bar coating at elevated temperatures. The films are investigated using X-ray diffraction techniques. Unusual peak-broadening effects are found, which cannot be explained using standard models. The modeling of the diffraction patterns with a statistic variation of the molecules reveal that a specific type of molecular disorder is responsible for the observed peak-broadening phenomena: the known head-to-head stacking within the crystalline phase is disturbed by the statistic integration of reversed (or flipped) molecules. It is found that 7-15% of the molecules are integrated in a reversed way, and these fractions are correlated with cooling rates during the sample preparation procedure. Temperature-dependent in situ experiments reveal that the defects can be healed by approaching the transition from the crystalline state to the smectic E state at a temperature of 145 °C. This work identifies and quantifies a specific crystalline defect type within thin films of an asymmetric rodlike conjugated molecule, which is caused by the crystallization kinetics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hofer
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Johanna Unterkofler
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Martin Kaltenegger
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP206/01 - Boulevard
du, Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Schweicher
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP206/01 - Boulevard
du, Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Christian Ruzié
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP206/01 - Boulevard
du, Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Adrián Tamayo
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Tommaso Salzillo
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Mas-Torrent
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Alessandro Sanzone
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi, 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Luca Beverina
- Department
of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via Roberto Cozzi, 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Yves Henry Geerts
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP206/01 - Boulevard
du, Triomphe, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
- Laboratoire
de Chimie des Polymères, Faculté des Sciences, International
Solvay Institutes of Physics and Chemistry, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP206/01 - Boulevard du Triomphe, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 16, Graz 8010, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaltenegger M, Werzer O, Resel R, Geerts Y. About the polymorphism of two anti-inflammatory drugs within thin films. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273319090338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|