1
|
Kvapilova K, Misenko P, Radvanszky J, Brzon O, Budis J, Gazdarica J, Pos O, Korabecna M, Kasny M, Szemes T, Kvapil P, Paces J, Kozmik Z. Validated WGS and WES protocols proved saliva-derived gDNA as an equivalent to blood-derived gDNA for clinical and population genomic analyses. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:187. [PMID: 38365587 PMCID: PMC10873937 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) have become standard methods in human clinical diagnostics as well as in population genomics (POPGEN). Blood-derived genomic DNA (gDNA) is routinely used in the clinical environment. Conversely, many POPGEN studies and commercial tests benefit from easy saliva sampling. Here, we evaluated the quality of variant call sets and the level of genotype concordance of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and small insertions and deletions (indels) for WES and WGS using paired blood- and saliva-derived gDNA isolates employing genomic reference-based validated protocols. METHODS The genomic reference standard Coriell NA12878 was repeatedly analyzed using optimized WES and WGS protocols, and data calls were compared with the truth dataset published by the Genome in a Bottle Consortium. gDNA was extracted from the paired blood and saliva samples of 10 participants and processed using the same protocols. A comparison of paired blood-saliva call sets was performed in the context of WGS and WES genomic reference-based technical validation results. RESULTS The quality pattern of called variants obtained from genomic-reference-based technical replicates correlates with data calls of paired blood-saliva-derived samples in all levels of tested examinations despite a higher rate of non-human contamination found in the saliva samples. The F1 score of 10 blood-to-saliva-derived comparisons ranged between 0.8030-0.9998 for SNVs and between 0.8883-0.9991 for small-indels in the case of the WGS protocol, and between 0.8643-0.999 for SNVs and between 0.7781-1.000 for small-indels in the case of the WES protocol. CONCLUSION Saliva may be considered an equivalent material to blood for genetic analysis for both WGS and WES under strict protocol conditions. The accuracy of sequencing metrics and variant-detection accuracy is not affected by choosing saliva as the gDNA source instead of blood but much more significantly by the genomic context, variant types, and the sequencing technology used.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kvapilova
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic.
- Institute of Applied Biotechnologies a.s, Služeb 4, Prague, 108 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavol Misenko
- Geneton s.r.o, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
| | - Jan Radvanszky
- Geneton s.r.o, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
- Institute of Clinical and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská Cesta 9, Bratislava, 845 05, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 3278/6, Karlova Ves, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 8, Karlova Ves, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Brzon
- Institute of Applied Biotechnologies a.s, Služeb 4, Prague, 108 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Budis
- Geneton s.r.o, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 8, Karlova Ves, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
- Slovak Centre for Scientific and Technical Information, Staré Mesto, Lamačská Cesta 8A, Bratislava, 811 04, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Gazdarica
- Geneton s.r.o, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 8, Karlova Ves, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
- Slovak Centre for Scientific and Technical Information, Staré Mesto, Lamačská Cesta 8A, Bratislava, 811 04, Slovakia
| | - Ondrej Pos
- Geneton s.r.o, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 8, Karlova Ves, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
| | - Marie Korabecna
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Albertov 4, Prague, 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kasny
- Institute of Applied Biotechnologies a.s, Služeb 4, Prague, 108 00, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Szemes
- Geneton s.r.o, Ilkovičova 8, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 3278/6, Karlova Ves, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University, Ilkovičova 8, Karlova Ves, Bratislava, 841 04, Slovakia
| | - Petr Kvapil
- Institute of Applied Biotechnologies a.s, Služeb 4, Prague, 108 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Paces
- Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Kozmik
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Regulation, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Peterkova K, Vorel J, Ilgova J, Ostasov P, Fajtova P, Konecny L, Chanova M, Kasny M, Horn M, Dvorak J. Proteases and their inhibitors involved in Schistosoma mansoni egg-host interaction revealed by comparative transcriptomics with Fasciola hepatica eggs. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:253-263. [PMID: 36754342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni eggs are the main causative agents of the pathological manifestations of schistosomiasis. The eggs are laid in the host bloodstream, then they migrate through the intestinal wall into the lumen. However, a significant proportion of the eggs become lodged in the liver, where they cause inflammation and fibrosis. In this study, we focus on a specific group of proteins expressed by the egg, namely proteases and their inhibitors. These molecules are often involved in schistosome-host interactions, but are still unexplored in the egg stage. Using RNA-seq and comparative transcriptomics of immature and mature S. mansoni eggs, we mapped the portfolio of proteases and their inhibitors, and determined their gene expression levels. In addition, we compared these data with gene expression of proteases and their inhibitors in Fasciola hepatica eggs. Fasciola hepatica eggs served as a useful comparative model, as they do not migrate through tissues and inflict pathology. We detected transcription of 135 and 117 proteases in S. mansoni and F. hepatica eggs, respectively, with 87 identified as orthologous between the two species. In contrast, we observed only four orthologous inhibitors out of 21 and 16 identified in S. mansoni and F. hepatica eggs, respectively. Among others, we measured high and developmentally regulated levels of expression of metalloproteases in S. mansoni eggs, specifically aminopeptidase N1, endothelin-converting enzyme 1, and several leishmanolysin-like peptidases. We identified highly transcribed protease inhibitors serpin and alpha-2-macroglobulin that are unique to S. mansoni eggs, and antistasin-like inhibitor in F. hepatica eggs. This study provides new insights into the portfolio of proteases and inhibitors expressed by S. mansoni with potential roles in egg tissue migration, stimulation of angiogenesis, and interaction with host blood and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Peterkova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia; Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Jiri Vorel
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jana Ilgova
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Ostasov
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Czechia
| | - Pavla Fajtova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukas Konecny
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia; Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marta Chanova
- Institute of Immunology and Microbiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Kasny
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Dvorak
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia; Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Center of Infectious Animal Diseases, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Reslova N, Skorpikova L, Kyrianova IA, Vadlejch J, Höglund J, Skuce P, Kasny M. The identification and semi-quantitative assessment of gastrointestinal nematodes in faecal samples using multiplex real-time PCR assays. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:391. [PMID: 34372893 PMCID: PMC8351436 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections in ruminants is routinely based on morphological/morphometric analysis of parasite specimens recovered by coprological methods, followed by larval culture (LC) techniques. Such an approach is laborious, time-consuming, requires a skilled expert, and moreover suffers from certain limitations. Molecular tools are able to overcome the majority of these issues, providing accurate identification of nematode species and, therefore, may be valuable in sustainable parasite control strategies. METHODS Two multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for specific detection of five main and one invasive GIN species, including an internal amplification control to avoid false-negative results, were designed targeting SSU rRNA and COI genetic markers, as well as established ITS1/2 sequences. The assays were optimized for analysis of DNA extracted directly from sheep faeces and verified for Haemonchus contortus, Teladorsagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Nematodirus battus, Chabertia ovina, and Ashworthius sidemi. Semi-quantitative evaluation of infection intensity was enabled using a plasmid construct and a dilution series of sheep faeces with a known number of nematode eggs. Assays were tested on 44 individually collected faecal samples from three farms, and results were compared to those from faecal egg counts (FEC) using the concentration McMaster technique and LC. RESULTS Multiplex real-time PCR assays showed great specificity to target nematodes. During the analysis of faecal samples, the assays proved to have higher sensitivity in strongylid-type egg detection over FEC by revealing three false-negative samples, while showing moderate agreement in evaluation of infection intensity. The multiplex assays further clarified GIN species identification compared to LC, which had confused determination of Teladorsagia spp. for Trichostrongylus spp. CONCLUSIONS Our multiplex assays proved to be a rapid and accurate approach enabling simultaneous and reliable GIN species identification from faeces and semi-quantitative estimation of the number of eggs present. This approach increases diagnostic value and may add a high degree of precision to evaluation of anthelmintic efficacy, where it is important to identify species surviving after treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Reslova
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Skorpikova
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Angela Kyrianova
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Vadlejch
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Johan Höglund
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section for Parasitology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Philip Skuce
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martin Kasny
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Skorpikova L, Reslova N, Magdalek J, Vadlejch J, Kasny M. The use of high resolution melting analysis of ITS-1 for rapid differentiation of parasitic nematodes Haemonchus contortus and Ashworthius sidemi. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15984. [PMID: 32994528 PMCID: PMC7525508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Among gastrointestinal nematodes, haematophagous strongylids Haemonchus contortus and Ashworthius sidemi belong to the most pathogenic parasites of both domestic and wild ruminants. Correct identification of parasitic taxa is of crucial importance in many areas of parasite research, including monitoring of occurrence, epidemiological studies, or testing of effectiveness of therapy. In this study, we identified H. contortus and A. sidemi in a broad range of ruminant hosts that occur in the Czech Republic using morphological/morphometric and molecular approaches. As an advanced molecular method, we employed qPCR followed by High Resolution Melting analysis, specifically targeting the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequence to distinguish the two nematode species. We demonstrate that High Resolution Melting curves allow for taxonomic affiliation, making it a convenient, rapid, and reliable identification tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Skorpikova
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic.
| | - Nikol Reslova
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Magdalek
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Vadlejch
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, 165 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kasny
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reslova N, Huvarova V, Hrdy J, Kasny M, Kralik P. Author Correction: A novel perspective on MOL-PCR optimization and MAGPIX analysis of in-house multiplex foodborne pathogens detection assay. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5842. [PMID: 30944400 PMCID: PMC6447526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42194-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Reslova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Huvarova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hrdy
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kasny
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reslova N, Huvarova V, Hrdy J, Kasny M, Kralik P. A novel perspective on MOL-PCR optimization and MAGPIX analysis of in-house multiplex foodborne pathogens detection assay. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2719. [PMID: 30804418 PMCID: PMC6389906 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40035-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiplex oligonucleotide ligation-PCR (MOL-PCR) is a rapid method for simultaneous detection of multiple molecular markers within a single reaction. MOL-PCR is increasingly employed in microbial detection assays, where its ability to facilitate identification and further characterization via simple analysis is of great benefit and significantly simplifies routine diagnostics. When adapted to microsphere suspension arrays on a MAGPIX reader, MOL-PCR has the potential to outperform standard nucleic acid-based diagnostic assays. This study represents the guideline towards in-house MOL-PCR assay optimization using the example of foodborne pathogens (bacteria and parasites) with an emphasis on the appropriate choice of crucial parameters. The optimized protocol focused on specific sequence detection utilizes the fluorescent reporter BODIPY-TMRX and self-coupled magnetic microspheres and allows for a smooth and brisk workflow which should serve as a guide for the development of MOL-PCR assays intended for pathogen detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Reslova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Veronika Huvarova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hrdy
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Experimental Biology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kasny
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany and Zoology, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Department of Food and Feed Safety, Hudcova 296/70, 621 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
xMAP technology is applicable for high-throughput, multiplex and simultaneous detection of different analytes within a single complex sample. xMAP multiplex assays are currently available in various nucleic acid and immunoassay formats, enabling simultaneous detection and typing of pathogenic viruses, bacteria, parasites and fungi and also antigen or antibody interception. As an open architecture platform, the xMAP technology is beneficial to end users and therefore it is used in various pharmaceutical, clinical and research laboratories. The main aim of this review is to summarize the latest findings and applications in the field of pathogen detection using microsphere-based multiplex assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikol Reslova
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research InstituteBrno, Czechia; Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Veronika Michna
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research InstituteBrno, Czechia; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Martin Kasny
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University Brno, Czechia
| | - Pavel Mikel
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research InstituteBrno, Czechia; Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czechia
| | - Petr Kralik
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research Institute Brno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cantacessi C, Mulvenna J, Young ND, Kasny M, Horak P, Aziz A, Hofmann A, Loukas A, Gasser RB. A deep exploration of the transcriptome and "excretory/secretory" proteome of adult Fascioloides magna. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:1340-53. [PMID: 22899770 PMCID: PMC3494180 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.019844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic liver flukes of the family Fasciolidae are responsible for major socioeconomic losses worldwide. However, at present, knowledge of the fundamental molecular biology of these organisms is scant. Here, we characterize, for the first time, the transcriptome and secreted proteome of the adult stage of the "giant liver fluke," Fascioloides magna, using Illumina sequencing technology and one-dimensional SDS-PAGE and OFFGEL protein electrophoresis, respectively. A total of ∼54,000,000 reads were generated and assembled into ∼39,000 contiguous sequences (contigs); ∼20,000 peptides were predicted and classified based on homology searches, protein motifs, gene ontology, and biological pathway mapping. From the predicted proteome, 48.1% of proteins could be assigned to 384 biological pathway terms, including "spliceosome," "RNA transport," and "endocytosis." Putative proteins involved in amino acid degradation were most abundant. Of the 835 secreted proteins predicted from the transcriptome of F. magna, 80 were identified in the excretory/secretory products from this parasite. Highly represented were antioxidant proteins, followed by peptidases (particularly cathepsins) and proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism. The integration of transcriptomic and proteomic datasets generated herein sets the scene for future studies aimed at exploring the potential role(s) that molecules might play at the host-parasite interface and for establishing novel strategies for the treatment or control of parasitic fluke infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cantacessi
- From the ‡Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- §Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Jason Mulvenna
- ‖Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Neil D. Young
- From the ‡Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Martin Kasny
- ‡‡Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Horak
- ‡‡Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ammar Aziz
- §Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Andreas Hofmann
- §§Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- §Queensland Tropical Health Alliance, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland 4878, Australia
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- From the ‡Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|