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Bell F, Ouwehand J, Both C, Briedis M, Lisovski S, Wang X, Bearhop S, Burgess M. Individuals departing non-breeding areas early achieve earlier breeding and higher breeding success. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4075. [PMID: 38374332 PMCID: PMC10876959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Conditions experienced by an individual during migration have the potential to shape migratory tactic and in turn fitness. For large birds, environmental conditions encountered during migration have been linked with survival and subsequent reproductive output, but this is less known for smaller birds, hindering our understanding of mechanisms driving population change. By combining breeding and tracking data from 62 pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) representing two breeding populations collected over 2016-2020, we determine how variation in migration phenology and tactic among individuals affects subsequent breeding. Departure date from West African non-breeding areas to European breeding grounds was highly variable among individuals and had a strong influence on migration tactic. Early departing individuals had longer spring migrations which included longer staging duration yet arrived at breeding sites and initiated breeding earlier than later departing individuals. Individuals with longer duration spring migrations and early arrival at breeding sites had larger clutches, and for males higher fledging success. We suggest that for pied flycatchers, individual carry-over effects may act through departure phenology from West Africa, and the associated spring migration duration, to influence reproduction. While our results confirm that departure date from non-breeding areas can be associated with breeding success in migratory passerines, we identify spring staging duration as a key component of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Bell
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, UK.
| | - Janne Ouwehand
- Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan Both
- Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martins Briedis
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
- Lab of Ornithology, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Rīga, Latvia
| | - Simeon Lisovski
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Xuelai Wang
- Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart Bearhop
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Malcolm Burgess
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, UK
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK
- PiedFly.Net, Yarner Wood, Bovey Tracey, Devon, UK
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2
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Briedis M, Hahn S, Bauer S. Duration and variability of spring green-up mediate population consequences of climate change. Ecol Lett 2024; 27:e14380. [PMID: 38348625 DOI: 10.1111/ele.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Single phenological measures, like the average rate of phenological advancement, may be insufficient to explain how climate change is driving trends in animal populations. Here, we develop a multifactorial concept of spring phenology-including the onset of spring, spring duration, interannual variability, and their temporal changes-as a driver for population dynamics of migratory terrestrial species in seasonal environments. Using this conceptual model, we found that effects of advancing spring phenology on animal populations may be buffered or amplified depending on the duration and interannual variability of spring green-up, and those effects are modified by evolutionary and plastic adaptations of species. Furthermore, we compared our modelling results with empirical data on normalized difference vegetation index-based spring green-up phenology and population trends of 106 European landbird finding similar associations. We conclude how phenological changes are expected to affect migratory bird populations across Europe and identify regions that are particularly prone to suffer population declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Briedis
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
- Lab of Ornithology, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Steffen Hahn
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Silke Bauer
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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3
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Rime Y, Nussbaumer R, Briedis M, Sander MM, Chamberlain D, Amrhein V, Helm B, Liechti F, Meier CM. Multi-sensor geolocators unveil global and local movements in an Alpine-breeding long-distance migrant. Mov Ecol 2023; 11:19. [PMID: 37020307 PMCID: PMC10074645 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To understand the ecology of long-distance migrant bird species, it is necessary to study their full annual cycle, including migratory routes and stopovers. This is especially important for species in high-elevation habitats that are particularly vulnerable to environmental change. Here, we investigated both local and global movements during all parts of the annual cycle in a small trans-Saharan migratory bird breeding at high elevation. METHODS Recently, multi-sensor geolocators have opened new research opportunities in small-sized migratory organisms. We tagged Northern Wheatears Oenanthe oenanthe from the central-European Alpine population with loggers recording atmospheric pressure and light intensity. We modelled migration routes and identified stopover and non-breeding sites by correlating the atmospheric pressure measured on the birds with global atmospheric pressure data. Furthermore, we compared barrier-crossing flights with other migratory flights and studied the movement behaviour throughout the annual cycle. RESULTS All eight tracked individuals crossed the Mediterranean Sea, using islands for short stops, and made longer stopovers in the Atlas highlands. Single non-breeding sites were used during the entire boreal winter and were all located in the same region of the Sahel. Spring migration was recorded for four individuals with similar or slightly different routes compared to autumn. Migratory flights were typically nocturnal and characterized by fluctuating altitudes, frequently reaching 2000 to 4000 m a.s.l, with a maximum of up to 5150 m. Barrier-crossing flights, i.e., over the sea and the Sahara, were longer, higher, and faster compared to flights above favourable stopover habitat. In addition, we detected two types of altitudinal movements at the breeding site. Unexpected regular diel uphill movements were undertaken from the breeding territories towards nearby roosting sites at cliffs, while regional scale movements took place in response to local meteorological conditions during the pre-breeding period. CONCLUSION Our data inform on both local and global scale movements, providing new insights into migratory behaviour and local movements in small songbirds. This calls for a wider use of multi-sensor loggers in songbird migration research, especially for investigating both local and global movements in the same individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Rime
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, Sempach, CH-6204, Switzerland.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4051, Switzerland.
| | | | - Martins Briedis
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, Sempach, CH-6204, Switzerland
- Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Martha Maria Sander
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, IT-10123, Italy
| | - Dan Chamberlain
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, Turin, IT-10123, Italy
| | - Valentin Amrhein
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Zoology, University of Basel, Basel, CH-4051, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Helm
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, Sempach, CH-6204, Switzerland
| | - Felix Liechti
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, Sempach, CH-6204, Switzerland
| | - Christoph M Meier
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, Sempach, CH-6204, Switzerland
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4
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Nussbaumer R, Gravey M, Briedis M, Liechti F, Sheldon D. Reconstructing bird trajectories from pressure and wind data using a highly optimized hidden Markov model. Methods Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Nussbaumer
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca New York USA
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Gravey
- Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University Utrecht Netherlands
| | - Martins Briedis
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland
- Lab of Ornithology Institute of Biology, University of Latvia Riga Latvia
| | - Felix Liechti
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland
- Swiss Birdradar Solutions AG Winterthur Switzerland
| | - Daniel Sheldon
- University of Massachusetts Amherst Amherst Massachusetts USA
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5
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Nussbaumer R, Gravey M, Briedis M, Liechti F. Global positioning with animal‐borne pressure sensors. Methods Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Nussbaumer
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology Ithaca New York USA
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland
- A Rocha Kenya Watamu Kenya
| | - Mathieu Gravey
- Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Geosciences Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Martins Briedis
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland
- Lab of Ornithology, Institute of Biology University of Latvia Riga Latvia
| | - Felix Liechti
- Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland
- Swiss Birdradar Solutions AG Winterthur Switzerland
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6
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Marcacci G, Briedis M, Diop N, Diallo AY, Kebede F, Jacot A. A roadmap integrating research, policy, and actions to conserve Afro‐Palearctic migratory landbirds at a flyway scale. Conserv Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Marcacci
- AEMLAP (African Eurasian Migratory Landbirds Action Plan) Coordination Unit Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland
- Functional Agrobiodiversity University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany
| | - Martins Briedis
- Lab of Ornithology, Institute of Biology University of Latvia Riga Latvia
- Department of Bird Migration Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland
| | - Ngoné Diop
- Department of Animal Biology Cheikh Anta Diop University Dakar Senegal
| | | | - Fanuel Kebede
- Ethiopian Wildlife Conservation Authority Addis Ababa Ethiopia
| | - Alain Jacot
- AEMLAP (African Eurasian Migratory Landbirds Action Plan) Coordination Unit Swiss Ornithological Institute Sempach Switzerland
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7
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Akhil Prakash E, Hromádková T, Jabir T, Vipindas PV, Krishnan KP, Mohamed Hatha AA, Briedis M. Dissemination of multidrug resistant bacteria to the polar environment - Role of the longest migratory bird Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea). Sci Total Environ 2022; 815:152727. [PMID: 34974001 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ever-increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria(ARB), primarily due to the frequent use and misuse of antibiotics, is an issue of serious global concern. Migratory birds have a significant role in dissemination of ARB, as they acquire resistant bacteria from reservoirs and transport them to other environments which are relatively less influenced by anthropogenically. We have investigated the prevalence of ARB in a long-distance migratory bird, the Arctic tern (Sterna paradisaea) captured from the Svalbard Archipelago. The birds were tagged with geolocators to track their extraordinary long migration, and the cloacal samples were collected before the migration and after the migration by recapturing the same birds. The tracking of 12 birds revealed that during the annual cycle they underwent a total of 166 stopovers (11-18, mean = 3.8) and recovery points along the Atlantic Ocean. Twelve major bacterial genera were identified from Arctic tern cloacal samples, which are dominated by Staphylococcus spp. and Aerococcus spp. The bacterial isolates showed resistance against 16 antibiotics (before migration) and 17 antibiotics (after migration) out of 17 antibiotics tested. Resistance to β-lactam and quinolone class of antibiotics were frequent among the bacteria. The study highlights the potential role of Arctic tern in the dissemination of multidrug resistant bacteria across far and wide destinations, especially to the polar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Akhil Prakash
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 682 016, India.
| | - Tereza Hromádková
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - T Jabir
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Government of India), Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403 804, India.
| | - P V Vipindas
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Government of India), Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403 804, India
| | - K P Krishnan
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences (Government of India), Headland Sada, Vasco-da-Gama, Goa 403 804, India; CUSAT-NCPOR Centre for Polar Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 682 016, India
| | - A A Mohamed Hatha
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 682 016, India; CUSAT-NCPOR Centre for Polar Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT), Kochi 682 016, India.
| | - Martins Briedis
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, 6204 Sempach, Switzerland; Lab of Ornithology, Institute of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Riga, Latvia
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8
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Hahn S, Briedis M, Barboutis C, Schmid R, Schulze M, Seifert N, Szép T, Emmenegger T. Spatially different annual cycles but similar haemosporidian infections in distant populations of collared sand martins. BMC ZOOL 2021; 6:6. [PMID: 37170335 PMCID: PMC10127412 DOI: 10.1186/s40850-021-00071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Populations of long-distance migratory birds experience different environments and are consequently exposed to different parasites throughout their annual cycles. Though, specific whereabouts and accompanied host-parasite interactions remain unknown for most migratory passerines. Collared sand martins (Riparia riparia) breeding in the western Palaearctic spend the nonbreeding period in Africa, but it is not yet clear whether specific populations differ in overwintering locations and whether these also result in varying infections with vector-transmitted endoparasites.
Results
Geolocator tracking revealed that collared sand martins from northern-central and central-eastern Europe migrate to distant nonbreeding sites in West Africa and the Lake Chad basin in central Africa, respectively. While the ranges of these populations were clearly separated throughout the year, they consistently spent up to 60% of the annual cycle in Africa. Ambient light recorded by geolocators further indicated unsheltered roosting during the nonbreeding season in Africa compared to the breeding season in Europe.
We found 5–26% prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in three breeding populations and one migratory passage population that was only sampled but not tracked. In total, we identified seven Plasmodium and nine Haemoproteus lineages (incl. two and seven new lineages, respectively), the latter presumably typical for swallows (Hirundinae) hosts. 99.5% of infections had a low intensity, typical for chronic infection stages, whereas three individuals (0.5%) showed high parasitaemia typical for acute infections during spring migration and breeding.
Conclusions
Our study shows that blood parasite infections are common in several western Palaearctic breeding populations of collared sand martins who spent the nonbreeding season in West Africa and the lake Chad region. Due to long residency at the nonbreeding grounds blood parasite transmissions may mainly occur at host population-specific residences sites in Europe and Africa; the latter being likely facilitated by unsheltered roosting and thus high vulnerability to hematophagous insects. The rare cases of high parasitaemia during spring migration and breeding further indicates either relapses of chronic infection or primary infections which occurred shortly before migration and during breeding.
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9
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Lisovski S, Bauer S, Briedis M, Davidson SC, Dhanjal-Adams KL, Hallworth MT, Karagicheva J, Meier CM, Merkel B, Ouwehand J, Pedersen L, Rakhimberdiev E, Roberto-Charron A, Seavy NE, Sumner MD, Taylor CM, Wotherspoon SJ, Bridge ES. Light-level geolocator analyses: A user's guide. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:221-236. [PMID: 31190329 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Light-level geolocator tags use ambient light recordings to estimate the whereabouts of an individual over the time it carried the device. Over the past decade, these tags have emerged as an important tool and have been used extensively for tracking animal migrations, most commonly small birds. Analysing geolocator data can be daunting to new and experienced scientists alike. Over the past decades, several methods with fundamental differences in the analytical approach have been developed to cope with the various caveats and the often complicated data. Here, we explain the concepts behind the analyses of geolocator data and provide a practical guide for the common steps encompassing most analyses - annotation of twilights, calibration, estimating and refining locations, and extraction of movement patterns - describing good practices and common pitfalls for each step. We discuss criteria for deciding whether or not geolocators can answer proposed research questions, provide guidance in choosing an appropriate analysis method and introduce key features of the newest open-source analysis tools. We provide advice for how to interpret and report results, highlighting parameters that should be reported in publications and included in data archiving. Finally, we introduce a comprehensive supplementary online manual that applies the concepts to several datasets, demonstrates the use of open-source analysis tools with step-by-step instructions and code and details our recommendations for interpreting, reporting and archiving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeon Lisovski
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Silke Bauer
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Martins Briedis
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Sarah C Davidson
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Michael T Hallworth
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Julia Karagicheva
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Utrecht University, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Christoph M Meier
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Merkel
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Janne Ouwehand
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lykke Pedersen
- Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eldar Rakhimberdiev
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Caz M Taylor
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Simon J Wotherspoon
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Eli S Bridge
- Oklahoma Biological Survey, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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10
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Brlík V, Koleček J, Burgess M, Hahn S, Humple D, Krist M, Ouwehand J, Weiser EL, Adamík P, Alves JA, Arlt D, Barišić S, Becker D, Belda EJ, Beran V, Both C, Bravo SP, Briedis M, Chutný B, Ćiković D, Cooper NW, Costa JS, Cueto VR, Emmenegger T, Fraser K, Gilg O, Guerrero M, Hallworth MT, Hewson C, Jiguet F, Johnson JA, Kelly T, Kishkinev D, Leconte M, Lislevand T, Lisovski S, López C, McFarland KP, Marra PP, Matsuoka SM, Matyjasiak P, Meier CM, Metzger B, Monrós JS, Neumann R, Newman A, Norris R, Pärt T, Pavel V, Perlut N, Piha M, Reneerkens J, Rimmer CC, Roberto-Charron A, Scandolara C, Sokolova N, Takenaka M, Tolkmitt D, van Oosten H, Wellbrock AHJ, Wheeler H, van der Winden J, Witte K, Woodworth BK, Procházka P. Weak effects of geolocators on small birds: A meta-analysis controlled for phylogeny and publication bias. J Anim Ecol 2019; 89:207-220. [PMID: 30771254 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the deployment of tracking devices is one of the most frequently used approaches to study movement ecology of birds. Recent miniaturization of light-level geolocators enabled studying small bird species whose migratory patterns were widely unknown. However, geolocators may reduce vital rates in tagged birds and may bias obtained movement data. There is a need for a thorough assessment of the potential tag effects on small birds, as previous meta-analyses did not evaluate unpublished data and impact of multiple life-history traits, focused mainly on large species and the number of published studies tagging small birds has increased substantially. We quantitatively reviewed 549 records extracted from 74 published and 48 unpublished studies on over 7,800 tagged and 17,800 control individuals to examine the effects of geolocator tagging on small bird species (body mass <100 g). We calculated the effect of tagging on apparent survival, condition, phenology and breeding performance and identified the most important predictors of the magnitude of effect sizes. Even though the effects were not statistically significant in phylogenetically controlled models, we found a weak negative impact of geolocators on apparent survival. The negative effect on apparent survival was stronger with increasing relative load of the device and with geolocators attached using elastic harnesses. Moreover, tagging effects were stronger in smaller species. In conclusion, we found a weak effect on apparent survival of tagged birds and managed to pinpoint key aspects and drivers of tagging effects. We provide recommendations for establishing matched control group for proper effect size assessment in future studies and outline various aspects of tagging that need further investigation. Finally, our results encourage further use of geolocators on small bird species but the ethical aspects and scientific benefits should always be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Brlík
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Koleček
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Malcolm Burgess
- Royal Society for the Protection of Birds-Centre for Conservation Science, The Lodge, Sandy, UK
| | - Steffen Hahn
- Bird Migration Department, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Diana Humple
- Point Blue Conservation Science, Petaluma, California
| | - Miloš Krist
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Janne Ouwehand
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emily L Weiser
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,U.S. Geological Survey, Upper Midwest Environmental Sciences Center, La Crosse, Wisconsin
| | - Peter Adamík
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Museum of Natural History, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - José A Alves
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal.,South Iceland Research Centre, University of Iceland, Laugarvatn, Iceland
| | - Debora Arlt
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sanja Barišić
- Institute of Ornithology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Václav Beran
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Municipal Museum of Ústí nad Labem, Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic.,ALKA Wildlife o.p.s., Dačice, Czech Republic
| | - Christiaan Both
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martins Briedis
- Bird Migration Department, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | | | - Davor Ćiković
- Institute of Ornithology, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nathan W Cooper
- Migratory Bird Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Joana S Costa
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Tamara Emmenegger
- Bird Migration Department, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Fraser
- Avian Behaviour and Conservation Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Olivier Gilg
- UMR 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Groupe de recherche en Ecologie Arctique, Francheville, France
| | - Marina Guerrero
- Servicio de Jardines, Bosques y Huertas, Patronato de la Alhambra y el Generalife, Granada, Spain
| | - Michael T Hallworth
- Migratory Bird Center-Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Chris Hewson
- British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, UK
| | - Frédéric Jiguet
- UMR7204 CESCO, MNHN-CNRS-Sorbonne Université, CP135, Paris, France
| | - James A Johnson
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Tosha Kelly
- Advanced Facility for Avian Research, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dmitry Kishkinev
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.,Biological station Rybachy, Zoological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Rybachy, Russia
| | | | - Terje Lislevand
- Department of Natural History, University Museum of Bergen, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Simeon Lisovski
- Bird Migration Department, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Cosme López
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Peter P Marra
- Migratory Bird Center-Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Steven M Matsuoka
- U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Migratory Bird Management, Anchorage, Alaska.,U.S. Geological Survey Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, Alaska
| | - Piotr Matyjasiak
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christoph M Meier
- Bird Migration Department, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | | | - Juan S Monrós
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Paterna, València, Spain
| | | | - Amy Newman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Norris
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomas Pärt
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Václav Pavel
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Centre for Polar Ecology, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Noah Perlut
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of New England, Biddeford, Maine
| | - Markus Piha
- Finnish Museum of Natural History LUOMUS, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jeroen Reneerkens
- Conservation Ecology Group, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Amélie Roberto-Charron
- Avian Behaviour and Conservation Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chiara Scandolara
- Bird Migration Department, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Sokolova
- Arctic Research Station of Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Labytnangi, Russia.,Arctic Research Center of Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District, Salekhard, Russia
| | | | | | - Herman van Oosten
- Oenanthe Ecologie, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Animal Ecology, Physiology and Experimental Plant Ecology, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arndt H J Wellbrock
- Institute of Biology, Department of Chemistry-Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Hazel Wheeler
- Wildlife Preservation Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Klaudia Witte
- Institute of Biology, Department of Chemistry-Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Bradley K Woodworth
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Petr Procházka
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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11
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Briedis M, Bauer S, Adamík P, Alves JA, Costa JS, Emmenegger T, Gustafsson L, Koleček J, Liechti F, Meier CM, Procházka P, Hahn S. A full annual perspective on sex-biased migration timing in long-distance migratory birds. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20182821. [PMID: 30963841 PMCID: PMC6408886 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In many taxa, the most common form of sex-biased migration timing is protandry-the earlier arrival of males at breeding areas. Here we test this concept across the annual cycle of long-distance migratory birds. Using more than 350 migration tracks of small-bodied trans-Saharan migrants, we quantify differences in male and female migration schedules and test for proximate determinants of sex-specific timing. In autumn, males started migration about 2 days earlier, but this difference did not carry over to arrival at the non-breeding sites. In spring, males on average departed from the African non-breeding sites about 3 days earlier and reached breeding sites ca 4 days ahead of females. A cross-species comparison revealed large variation in the level of protandry and protogyny across the annual cycle. While we found tight links between individual timing of departure and arrival within each migration season, only for males the timing of spring migration was linked to the timing of previous autumn migration. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that protandry is not exclusively a reproductive strategy but rather occurs year-round and the two main proximate determinants for the magnitude of sex-biased arrival times in autumn and spring are sex-specific differences in departure timing and migration duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Briedis
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Silke Bauer
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Peter Adamík
- Department of Zoology, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Museum of Natural History, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - José A. Alves
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- South Iceland Research Centre, University of Iceland, Laugarvatn, Iceland
| | - Joana S. Costa
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tamara Emmenegger
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Lars Gustafsson
- Department of Animal Ecology/Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaroslav Koleček
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Felix Liechti
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Christoph M. Meier
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Petr Procházka
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Steffen Hahn
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
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12
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Abstract
Understanding how breeding populations are spatially and temporarily associated with one another over the annual cycle has important implications for population dynamics. Migratory connectivity typically assumes that populations mix randomly; yet, in many species and populations, sex-, age- or other subgroups migrate separately, and/or spend the non-breeding period separated from each other-a phenomenon coined differential migration. These subgroups likely experience varying environmental conditions, which may carry-over to affect body condition, reproductive success and survival. We argue that environmental or habitat changes can have disproportional effects on a population's demographic rates under differential migration compared to random mixing. Depending on the relative contribution of each of these subgroups to population growth, environmental perturbations may be buffered (under-proportional) or amplified (over-proportional). Thus, differential migration may result in differential mortality and carry-over effects that can have concomitant consequences for dynamics and resilience of the populations. Recognizing the role of differential migration in migratory connectivity and its consequences on population dynamics can assist in developing conservation actions that are tailored to the most influential demographic group(s) and the times and places where they are at peril.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Briedis
- Swiss Ornithological Institute , Seerose 1, 6204 Sempach , Switzerland
| | - Silke Bauer
- Swiss Ornithological Institute , Seerose 1, 6204 Sempach , Switzerland
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13
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Briedis M, Hahn S, Krist M, Adamík P. Finish with a sprint: Evidence for time-selected last leg of migration in a long-distance migratory songbird. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:6899-6908. [PMID: 30073054 PMCID: PMC6065334 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Under time-selected migration, birds should choose a strategy for outcompeting rivals over securing access to prime resources at the final destination. Thus, migration can be viewed as a race among individuals where winners are arriving first when conditions are suitable. The sprint migration hypothesis predicts that individuals shift from maximum sustained speed to a final burst of sprint to shorten the transition from migration to breeding (Alerstam, 2006). In this study, we test the hypothesis of a final sprint migration in a long-distance Afro-Palearctic migrant, the collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis, during autumn and spring, and compare migration strategies between the seasons. In both seasons, collared flycatchers evidently exhibited sprint migration by increasing their overall speed over the last leg of migration after the Sahara crossing. This phenomenon was more pronounced in spring, contributing to overall faster spring migration and possibly highlighting higher importance for early arrival at the breeding grounds. In both seasons and particularly in spring, late departing individuals flew at a faster rate, partially being able to catch up with their early departing conspecifics. Differential fueling strategies may play an important role in determining migration speed, especially during the early stages of the migration, and might explain the observed differences in migration speeds between late and early departing individuals. Our findings suggest competition for early arrival at the breeding and at the nonbreeding destinations alike. Sprint migration might be an appropriate strategy to gain advantage over conspecifics and settle in prime territories as well as to cope with the increasingly earlier springs at high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Briedis
- Department of Bird MigrationSwiss Ornithological InstituteSempachSwitzerland
- Department of ZoologyPalacký UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Steffen Hahn
- Department of Bird MigrationSwiss Ornithological InstituteSempachSwitzerland
| | - Miloš Krist
- Department of ZoologyPalacký UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
- Museum of Natural HistoryOlomoucCzech Republic
| | - Peter Adamík
- Department of ZoologyPalacký UniversityOlomoucCzech Republic
- Museum of Natural HistoryOlomoucCzech Republic
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14
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Briedis M, Krist M, Král M, Voigt CC, Adamík P. Linking events throughout the annual cycle in a migratory bird—non-breeding period buffers accumulation of carry-over effects. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2509-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Briedis M, Hahn S, Adamík P. Cold spell en route delays spring arrival and decreases apparent survival in a long-distance migratory songbird. BMC Ecol 2017; 17:11. [PMID: 28376915 PMCID: PMC5381016 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-017-0121-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adjusting the timing of annual events to gradual changes in environmental conditions is necessary for population viability. However, adaptations to weather extremes are poorly documented in migratory species. Due to their vast seasonal movements, long-distance migrants face unique challenges in responding to changes as they rely on an endogenous circannual rhythm to cue the timing of their migration. Furthermore, the exact mechanisms that explain how environmental factors shape the migration schedules of long-distance migrants are often unknown. Results Here we show that long-distance migrating semi-collared flycatchers Ficedula semitorquata delayed the last phase of their spring migration and the population suffered low return rates to breeding sites while enduring a severe cold spell en route. We found that the onset of spring migration in Africa and the timing of Sahara crossing were consistent between early and late springs while the arrival at the breeding site depended on spring phenology at stopover areas in each particular year. Conclusion Understanding how environmental stimuli and endogenous circannual rhythms interact can improve predictions of the consequences of climate changes on migratory animals. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12898-017-0121-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Briedis
- Department of Zoology, Palacký University, tř. 17. listopadu 50, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Steffen Hahn
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, 6204, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Peter Adamík
- Department of Zoology, Palacký University, tř. 17. listopadu 50, 77146, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Museum of Natural History, nám. Republiky 5, 77173, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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16
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Peev S, Zehtindjiev P, Ilieva M, Träff J, Briedis M, Adamík P. Haemosporidian blood parasite diversity and prevalence in the semi-collared flycatcher (Ficedula semitorquata) from the eastern Balkans. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:613-617. [PMID: 27641106 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We present the first survey on prevalence and diversity of haemosporidian parasites of the genera Plasmodium and Haemoproteus in a poorly studied migratory passerine, the semi-collared flycatcher (Ficedula semitorquata). In total, 110 individuals were sampled during two breeding seasons in Eastern Bulgaria. We collected both blood samples for PCR identification and blood films for microscopic identification of haemosporidians. We found six distinctive parasite cyt b lineages present in the blood of the semi-collared flycatcher (three Haemoproteus and three Plasmodium). Two of the lineages, i.e. pWW3 of Plasmodium sp. and hCCF2 of Haemoproteus sp., are recorded for the first time in the family Muscicapidae. The overall prevalence ranged between 12.2 and 15.9% and we did not find co-infections. We hypothesize that the low prevalence of haemosporidians in this species might be linked to its small population size and relatively restricted geographical range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Strahil Peev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Pavel Zehtindjiev
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mihaela Ilieva
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Johan Träff
- Grötlingbo Smiss 516, SE-62338 Havdhem, Sweden
| | - Martins Briedis
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tř. 17. listopadu 50, CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Adamík
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, tř. 17. listopadu 50, CZ-77146, Czech Republic; Museum of Natural History, nám. Republiky 5, CZ-77173 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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17
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Adamík P, Emmenegger T, Briedis M, Gustafsson L, Henshaw I, Krist M, Laaksonen T, Liechti F, Procházka P, Salewski V, Hahn S. Barrier crossing in small avian migrants: individual tracking reveals prolonged nocturnal flights into the day as a common migratory strategy. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21560. [PMID: 26876925 PMCID: PMC4753512 DOI: 10.1038/srep21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Over decades it has been unclear how individual migratory songbirds cross large ecological barriers such as seas or deserts. By deploying light-level geolocators on four songbird species weighing only about 12 g, we found that these otherwise mainly nocturnal migrants seem to regularly extend their nocturnal flights into the day when crossing the Sahara Desert and the Mediterranean Sea. The proportion of the proposed diurnally flying birds gradually declined over the day with similar landing patterns in autumn and spring. The prolonged flights were slightly more frequent in spring than in autumn, suggesting tighter migratory schedules when returning to breeding sites. Often we found several patterns for barrier crossing for the same individual in autumn compared to the spring journey. As only a small proportion of the birds flew strictly during the night and even some individuals might have flown non-stop, we suggest that prolonged endurance flights are not an exception even in small migratory species. We emphasise an individual’s ability to perform both diurnal and nocturnal migration when facing the challenge of crossing a large ecological barrier to successfully complete a migratory journey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Adamík
- Department of Zoology, Palacký University, tř. 17. listopadu 50, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Museum of Natural History, nám. Republiky 5, CZ-771 73 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tamara Emmenegger
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Martins Briedis
- Department of Zoology, Palacký University, tř. 17. listopadu 50, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lars Gustafsson
- Department of Animal Ecology/Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian Henshaw
- Department of Animal Ecology/Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-75236, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miloš Krist
- Department of Zoology, Palacký University, tř. 17. listopadu 50, CZ-771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Museum of Natural History, nám. Republiky 5, CZ-771 73 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Toni Laaksonen
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Felix Liechti
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Petr Procházka
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, CZ-603 65 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Volker Salewski
- Michael-Otto-Institut im NABU, Goosstroot 1, D-24861 Bergenhusen, Germany
| | - Steffen Hahn
- Department of Bird Migration, Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, CH-6204 Sempach, Switzerland
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