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Green BJ, Worthington KS, Thompson JR, Bunn SJ, Rethwisch M, Kaalberg EE, Jiao C, Wiley LA, Mullins RF, Stone EM, Sohn EH, Tucker BA, Guymon CA. Effect of Molecular Weight and Functionality on Acrylated Poly(caprolactone) for Stereolithography and Biomedical Applications. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3682-3692. [PMID: 30044915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Degradable polymers are integral components in many biomedical polymer applications. The ability of these materials to decompose in situ has become a critical component for tissue engineering, allowing scaffolds to guide cell and tissue growth while facilitating gradual regeneration of native tissue. The objective of this work is to understand the role of prepolymer molecular weight and functionality of photocurable poly(caprolactone) (PCL) in determining reaction kinetics, mechanical properties, polymer degradation, biocompatibility, and suitability for stereolithography. PCL, a degradable polymer used in a number of biomedical applications, was functionalized with acrylate groups to enable photopolymerization and three-dimensional printing via stereolithography. PCL prepolymers with different molecular weights and functionalities were studied to understand the role of molecular structure in reaction kinetics, mechanical properties, and degradation rates. The mechanical properties of photocured PCL were dependent on cross-link density and directly related to the molecular weight and functionality of the prepolymers. High-molecular weight, low-functionality PCLDA prepolymers exhibited a lower modulus and a higher strain at break, while low-molecular weight, high-functionality PCLTA prepolymers exhibited a lower strain at break and a higher modulus. Additionally, degradation profiles of cross-linked PCL followed a similar trend, with low cross-link density leading to degradation times up to 2.5 times shorter than those of more highly cross-linked polymers. Furthermore, photopolymerized PCL showed biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo, causing no observed detrimental effects on seeded murine-induced pluripotent stem cells or when implanted into pig retinas. Finally, the ability to create three-dimensional PCL structures is shown by fabrication of simple structures using digital light projection stereolithography. Low-molecular weight, high-functionality PCLTA prepolymers printed objects with feature sizes near the hardware resolution limit of 50 μm. This work lays the foundation for future work in fabricating microscale PCL structures for a wide range of tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Green
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Iowa , 4133 Seamans Center , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Kristan S Worthington
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine , The University of Iowa , 4111 Medical Education and Research Facility , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , The University of Iowa , 5602 Seamans Center , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Jessica R Thompson
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine , The University of Iowa , 4111 Medical Education and Research Facility , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering , The University of Iowa , 5602 Seamans Center , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Spencer J Bunn
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Iowa , 4133 Seamans Center , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Mary Rethwisch
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Iowa , 4133 Seamans Center , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Emily E Kaalberg
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine , The University of Iowa , 4111 Medical Education and Research Facility , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Chunhua Jiao
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine , The University of Iowa , 4111 Medical Education and Research Facility , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Luke A Wiley
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine , The University of Iowa , 4111 Medical Education and Research Facility , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Robert F Mullins
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine , The University of Iowa , 4111 Medical Education and Research Facility , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Edwin M Stone
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine , The University of Iowa , 4111 Medical Education and Research Facility , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Elliott H Sohn
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine , The University of Iowa , 4111 Medical Education and Research Facility , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Institute of Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Carver College of Medicine , The University of Iowa , 4111 Medical Education and Research Facility , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
| | - C Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , The University of Iowa , 4133 Seamans Center , Iowa City , Iowa 52242 , United States
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Worthington KS, Green BJ, Rethwisch M, Wiley LA, Tucker BA, Guymon CA, Salem AK. Neuronal Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells on Surfactant Templated Chitosan Hydrogels. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1684-95. [PMID: 27008004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective tissue engineering materials requires careful consideration of several properties beyond biocompatibility, including permeability and mechanical stiffness. While surfactant templating has been used for over a decade to control the physical properties of photopolymer materials, the potential benefit of this technique with regard to biomaterials has yet to be fully explored. Herein we demonstrate that surfactant templating can be used to tune the water uptake and compressive modulus of photo-cross-linked chitosan hydrogels. Interestingly, templating with quaternary ammonium surfactants also hedges against property fluctuations that occur with changing pH. Further, we demonstrate that, after adequate surfactant removal, these materials are nontoxic, support the attachment of induced pluripotent stem cells and facilitate stem cell differentiation to neuronal phenotypes. These results demonstrate the utility of surfactant templating for optimizing the properties of biomaterials intended for a variety of applications, including retinal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristan S Worthington
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, ‡Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and §Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Brian J Green
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, ‡Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and §Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Mary Rethwisch
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, ‡Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and §Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Luke A Wiley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, ‡Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and §Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, ‡Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and §Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - C Allan Guymon
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, ‡Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and §Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Aliasger K Salem
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, ‡Wynn Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, and §Division of Pharmaceutics and Translational Therapeutics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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