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Wallach I, Bernard D, Nguyen K, Ho G, Morrison A, Stecula A, Rosnik A, O’Sullivan AM, Davtyan A, Samudio B, Thomas B, Worley B, Butler B, Laggner C, Thayer D, Moharreri E, Friedland G, Truong H, van den Bedem H, Ng HL, Stafford K, Sarangapani K, Giesler K, Ngo L, Mysinger M, Ahmed M, Anthis NJ, Henriksen N, Gniewek P, Eckert S, de Oliveira S, Suterwala S, PrasadPrasad SVK, Shek S, Contreras S, Hare S, Palazzo T, O’Brien TE, Van Grack T, Williams T, Chern TR, Kenyon V, Lee AH, Cann AB, Bergman B, Anderson BM, Cox BD, Warrington JM, Sorenson JM, Goldenberg JM, Young MA, DeHaan N, Pemberton RP, Schroedl S, Abramyan TM, Gupta T, Mysore V, Presser AG, Ferrando AA, Andricopulo AD, Ghosh A, Ayachi AG, Mushtaq A, Shaqra AM, Toh AKL, Smrcka AV, Ciccia A, de Oliveira AS, Sverzhinsky A, de Sousa AM, Agoulnik AI, Kushnir A, Freiberg AN, Statsyuk AV, Gingras AR, Degterev A, Tomilov A, Vrielink A, Garaeva AA, Bryant-Friedrich A, Caflisch A, Patel AK, Rangarajan AV, Matheeussen A, Battistoni A, Caporali A, Chini A, Ilari A, Mattevi A, Foote AT, Trabocchi A, Stahl A, Herr AB, Berti A, Freywald A, Reidenbach AG, Lam A, Cuddihy AR, White A, Taglialatela A, Ojha AK, Cathcart AM, Motyl AAL, Borowska A, D’Antuono A, Hirsch AKH, Porcelli AM, Minakova A, Montanaro A, Müller A, Fiorillo A, Virtanen A, O’Donoghue AJ, Del Rio Flores A, Garmendia AE, Pineda-Lucena A, Panganiban AT, Samantha A, Chatterjee AK, Haas AL, Paparella AS, John ALS, Prince A, ElSheikh A, Apfel AM, Colomba A, O’Dea A, Diallo BN, Ribeiro BMRM, Bailey-Elkin BA, Edelman BL, Liou B, Perry B, Chua BSK, Kováts B, Englinger B, Balakrishnan B, Gong B, Agianian B, Pressly B, Salas BPM, Duggan BM, Geisbrecht BV, Dymock BW, Morten BC, Hammock BD, Mota BEF, Dickinson BC, Fraser C, Lempicki C, Novina CD, Torner C, Ballatore C, Bon C, Chapman CJ, Partch CL, Chaton CT, Huang C, Yang CY, Kahler CM, Karan C, Keller C, Dieck CL, Huimei C, Liu C, Peltier C, Mantri CK, Kemet CM, Müller CE, Weber C, Zeina CM, Muli CS, Morisseau C, Alkan C, Reglero C, Loy CA, Wilson CM, Myhr C, Arrigoni C, Paulino C, Santiago C, Luo D, Tumes DJ, Keedy DA, Lawrence DA, Chen D, Manor D, Trader DJ, Hildeman DA, Drewry DH, Dowling DJ, Hosfield DJ, Smith DM, Moreira D, Siderovski DP, Shum D, Krist DT, Riches DWH, Ferraris DM, Anderson DH, Coombe DR, Welsbie DS, Hu D, Ortiz D, Alramadhani D, Zhang D, Chaudhuri D, Slotboom DJ, Ronning DR, Lee D, Dirksen D, Shoue DA, Zochodne DW, Krishnamurthy D, Duncan D, Glubb DM, Gelardi ELM, Hsiao EC, Lynn EG, Silva EB, Aguilera E, Lenci E, Abraham ET, Lama E, Mameli E, Leung E, Christensen EM, Mason ER, Petretto E, Trakhtenberg EF, Rubin EJ, Strauss E, Thompson EW, Cione E, Lisabeth EM, Fan E, Kroon EG, Jo E, García-Cuesta EM, Glukhov E, Gavathiotis E, Yu F, Xiang F, Leng F, Wang F, Ingoglia F, van den Akker F, Borriello F, Vizeacoumar FJ, Luh F, Buckner FS, Vizeacoumar FS, Bdira FB, Svensson F, Rodriguez GM, Bognár G, Lembo G, Zhang G, Dempsey G, Eitzen G, Mayer G, Greene GL, Garcia GA, Lukacs GL, Prikler G, Parico GCG, Colotti G, De Keulenaer G, Cortopassi G, Roti G, Girolimetti G, Fiermonte G, Gasparre G, Leuzzi G, Dahal G, Michlewski G, Conn GL, Stuchbury GD, Bowman GR, Popowicz GM, Veit G, de Souza GE, Akk G, Caljon G, Alvarez G, Rucinski G, Lee G, Cildir G, Li H, Breton HE, Jafar-Nejad H, Zhou H, Moore HP, Tilford H, Yuan H, Shim H, Wulff H, Hoppe H, Chaytow H, Tam HK, Van Remmen H, Xu H, Debonsi HM, Lieberman HB, Jung H, Fan HY, Feng H, Zhou H, Kim HJ, Greig IR, Caliandro I, Corvo I, Arozarena I, Mungrue IN, Verhamme IM, Qureshi IA, Lotsaris I, Cakir I, Perry JJP, Kwiatkowski J, Boorman J, Ferreira J, Fries J, Kratz JM, Miner J, Siqueira-Neto JL, Granneman JG, Ng J, Shorter J, Voss JH, Gebauer JM, Chuah J, Mousa JJ, Maynes JT, Evans JD, Dickhout J, MacKeigan JP, Jossart JN, Zhou J, Lin J, Xu J, Wang J, Zhu J, Liao J, Xu J, Zhao J, Lin J, Lee J, Reis J, Stetefeld J, Bruning JB, Bruning JB, Coles JG, Tanner JJ, Pascal JM, So J, Pederick JL, Costoya JA, Rayman JB, Maciag JJ, Nasburg JA, Gruber JJ, Finkelstein JM, Watkins J, Rodríguez-Frade JM, Arias JAS, Lasarte JJ, Oyarzabal J, Milosavljevic J, Cools J, Lescar J, Bogomolovas J, Wang J, Kee JM, Kee JM, Liao J, Sistla JC, Abrahão JS, Sishtla K, Francisco KR, Hansen KB, Molyneaux KA, Cunningham KA, Martin KR, Gadar K, Ojo KK, Wong KS, Wentworth KL, Lai K, Lobb KA, Hopkins KM, Parang K, Machaca K, Pham K, Ghilarducci K, Sugamori KS, McManus KJ, Musta K, Faller KME, Nagamori K, Mostert KJ, Korotkov KV, Liu K, Smith KS, Sarosiek K, Rohde KH, Kim KK, Lee KH, Pusztai L, Lehtiö L, Haupt LM, Cowen LE, Byrne LJ, Su L, Wert-Lamas L, Puchades-Carrasco L, Chen L, Malkas LH, Zhuo L, Hedstrom L, Hedstrom L, Walensky LD, Antonelli L, Iommarini L, Whitesell L, Randall LM, Fathallah MD, Nagai MH, Kilkenny ML, Ben-Johny M, Lussier MP, Windisch MP, Lolicato M, Lolli ML, Vleminckx M, Caroleo MC, Macias MJ, Valli M, Barghash MM, Mellado M, Tye MA, Wilson MA, Hannink M, Ashton MR, Cerna MVC, Giorgis M, Safo MK, Maurice MS, McDowell MA, Pasquali M, Mehedi M, Serafim MSM, Soellner MB, Alteen MG, Champion MM, Skorodinsky M, O’Mara ML, Bedi M, Rizzi M, Levin M, Mowat M, Jackson MR, Paige M, Al-Yozbaki M, Giardini MA, Maksimainen MM, De Luise M, Hussain MS, Christodoulides M, Stec N, Zelinskaya N, Van Pelt N, Merrill NM, Singh N, Kootstra NA, Singh N, Gandhi NS, Chan NL, Trinh NM, Schneider NO, Matovic N, Horstmann N, Longo N, Bharambe N, Rouzbeh N, Mahmoodi N, Gumede NJ, Anastasio NC, Khalaf NB, Rabal O, Kandror O, Escaffre O, Silvennoinen O, Bishop OT, Iglesias P, Sobrado P, Chuong P, O’Connell P, Martin-Malpartida P, Mellor P, Fish PV, Moreira POL, Zhou P, Liu P, Liu P, Wu P, Agogo-Mawuli P, Jones PL, Ngoi P, Toogood P, Ip P, von Hundelshausen P, Lee PH, Rowswell-Turner RB, Balaña-Fouce R, Rocha REO, Guido RVC, Ferreira RS, Agrawal RK, Harijan RK, Ramachandran R, Verma R, Singh RK, Tiwari RK, Mazitschek R, Koppisetti RK, Dame RT, Douville RN, Austin RC, Taylor RE, Moore RG, Ebright RH, Angell RM, Yan R, Kejriwal R, Batey RA, Blelloch R, Vandenberg RJ, Hickey RJ, Kelm RJ, Lake RJ, Bradley RK, Blumenthal RM, Solano R, Gierse RM, Viola RE, McCarthy RR, Reguera RM, Uribe RV, do Monte-Neto RL, Gorgoglione R, Cullinane RT, Katyal S, Hossain S, Phadke S, Shelburne SA, Geden SE, Johannsen S, Wazir S, Legare S, Landfear SM, Radhakrishnan SK, Ammendola S, Dzhumaev S, Seo SY, Li S, Zhou S, Chu S, Chauhan S, Maruta S, Ashkar SR, Shyng SL, Conticello SG, Buroni S, Garavaglia S, White SJ, Zhu S, Tsimbalyuk S, Chadni SH, Byun SY, Park S, Xu SQ, Banerjee S, Zahler S, Espinoza S, Gustincich S, Sainas S, Celano SL, Capuzzi SJ, Waggoner SN, Poirier S, Olson SH, Marx SO, Van Doren SR, Sarilla S, Brady-Kalnay SM, Dallman S, Azeem SM, Teramoto T, Mehlman T, Swart T, Abaffy T, Akopian T, Haikarainen T, Moreda TL, Ikegami T, Teixeira TR, Jayasinghe TD, Gillingwater TH, Kampourakis T, Richardson TI, Herdendorf TJ, Kotzé TJ, O’Meara TR, Corson TW, Hermle T, Ogunwa TH, Lan T, Su T, Banjo T, O’Mara TA, Chou T, Chou TF, Baumann U, Desai UR, Pai VP, Thai VC, Tandon V, Banerji V, Robinson VL, Gunasekharan V, Namasivayam V, Segers VFM, Maranda V, Dolce V, Maltarollo VG, Scoffone VC, Woods VA, Ronchi VP, Van Hung Le V, Clayton WB, Lowther WT, Houry WA, Li W, Tang W, Zhang W, Van Voorhis WC, Donaldson WA, Hahn WC, Kerr WG, Gerwick WH, Bradshaw WJ, Foong WE, Blanchet X, Wu X, Lu X, Qi X, Xu X, Yu X, Qin X, Wang X, Yuan X, Zhang X, Zhang YJ, Hu Y, Aldhamen YA, Chen Y, Li Y, Sun Y, Zhu Y, Gupta YK, Pérez-Pertejo Y, Li Y, Tang Y, He Y, Tse-Dinh YC, Sidorova YA, Yen Y, Li Y, Frangos ZJ, Chung Z, Su Z, Wang Z, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Inde Z, Artía Z, Heifets A. AI is a viable alternative to high throughput screening: a 318-target study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7526. [PMID: 38565852 PMCID: PMC10987645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
High throughput screening (HTS) is routinely used to identify bioactive small molecules. This requires physical compounds, which limits coverage of accessible chemical space. Computational approaches combined with vast on-demand chemical libraries can access far greater chemical space, provided that the predictive accuracy is sufficient to identify useful molecules. Through the largest and most diverse virtual HTS campaign reported to date, comprising 318 individual projects, we demonstrate that our AtomNet® convolutional neural network successfully finds novel hits across every major therapeutic area and protein class. We address historical limitations of computational screening by demonstrating success for target proteins without known binders, high-quality X-ray crystal structures, or manual cherry-picking of compounds. We show that the molecules selected by the AtomNet® model are novel drug-like scaffolds rather than minor modifications to known bioactive compounds. Our empirical results suggest that computational methods can substantially replace HTS as the first step of small-molecule drug discovery.
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Yanes T, Wallingford C, Young MA, Willis AM, McKnight L, Terrill B, McInerny S, Forrest L, Cicciarelli L, Williams R, Keane H, James PA. Development and evaluation of a novel educational program for providers on the use of polygenic risk scores. Genet Med 2023:100876. [PMID: 37149760 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to develop an online educational program for using PRS for breast and ovarian cancer risk-assessments and evaluate the impact on genetic healthcare providers' (GHP) attitudes, confidence, knowledge, and preparedness. METHODS The educational program comprised of an online module covering theoretical aspects of PRS, and a facilitated virtual workshop with pre-recorded roleplays and case discussions. Data were collected in pre-and post-education surveys. Eligible participants were GHPs working in Australian familial cancer clinics registered to recruit patients for a breast and ovarian cancer PRS clinical trial (n=12). RESULTS 124 GHPs completed the PRS education, of whom 80 (64%) and 67 (41%) completed the pre-and post-education surveys, respectively. Pre-education, GHPs reported limited experience, confidence and preparedness using PRS, but recognized its potential benefits. Post-education GHPs indicated improved attitudes (p=<0.001), confidence (p=<0.001), knowledge (p=<0.001), and preparedness (p=<0.001) to use PRS. Most GHPs felt the program entirely met their learning needs (73%) and was completely relevant to their clinical practice (88%). GHPs identified PRS implementation barriers, including limited funding models, diversity issues, and need for clinical guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Our education program improved GHP attitudes, confidence, knowledge, and preparedness for using PRS/personalized risk and provides a framework for development of future programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yanes
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane QLD 4102.
| | - C Wallingford
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane QLD 4102
| | - M A Young
- Clinical Translational and Engagement Platform, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - A M Willis
- Clinical Translational and Engagement Platform, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - L McKnight
- Clinical Translational and Engagement Platform, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
| | - B Terrill
- Clinical Translational and Engagement Platform, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - S McInerny
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - L Forrest
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
| | - L Cicciarelli
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - R Williams
- Hereditary Cancer Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, 2031, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine & Health, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - H Keane
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia
| | - P A James
- Parkville Familial Cancer Centre, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3052, Australia
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Widick IV, Young MA, LaMontagne JM, Strong C, Zuckerberg B. Poleward Shifts and Altered Periodicity in Boreal Bird Irruptions Over Six Decades. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:1089-1101. [PMID: 36932966 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Range boundaries are long-term biogeographic features of species distributions and abundance. However, many species demonstrate dynamic range boundaries, reflecting strong seasonal and annual variability in migratory behavior. As a form of facultative migration, irruptions involve the movement of many individuals outside of their resident range in response to climate variability, resource availability, and demographic processes. Many species have experienced range shifts and altered phenology in response to modern climate change, but spatiotemporal changes in irruption dynamics are less well known. We quantified changes in the geography and periodicity of boreal bird irruptions across eastern North America from 1960-2021. Using data from Audubon's Christmas Bird Count for nine finch species, including several exhibiting recent population declines, we evaluated latitudinal trends in southern range and irruption boundaries and characterized irruption periodicity using spectral wavelet analysis. Six boreal birds exhibited significant northward shifts in their southern range boundaries and three species displayed shifts in their southern irruption boundaries. Irruption periodicity across multiple species was consistent across the 1960s and 1970s, culminating in frequent and synchronized irruptions of multiple species (superflights) during earlier decades. Coherence between species dampened beginning in the early 1980s as superflight periodicity became increasingly unstructured, finally reforming in recent decades, after 2000. Boreal birds are considered important sentinels of the boreal forests, and northward shifts and altered periodicity of irruptions may indicate broad-scale changes in climate- and resource-associated drivers operating across the boreal forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy V Widick
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, , 1630 Linden, Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Matthew A Young
- Finch Research Network, 50 Maple Ave., Cortland, NY, 13045, USA
| | - Jalene M LaMontagne
- Department of Biological Sciences, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, 60614, USA
| | - Courtenay Strong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84114, USA
| | - Benjamin Zuckerberg
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, , 1630 Linden, Dr., Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Pinou T, Pitzrick MS, Rahaman A, Young MA. Letters to the Editor. J Microbiol Biol Educ 2021; 22:jmbe-22-66. [PMID: 33953820 PMCID: PMC8060143 DOI: 10.1128/jmbe.v22i1.2199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Pinou
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury, CT 06810;
| | - Michael S Pitzrick
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
| | - Ashakur Rahaman
- Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850
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Murray MJ, Young MA, Santymire RM. Use of the ACTH challenge test to identify the predominant glucocorticoid in the southern sea otter ( Enhydra lutris nereis). Conserv Physiol 2020; 8:coz116. [PMID: 32038847 PMCID: PMC6996579 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coz116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
After nearly being hunted to extinction during the fur trade of the late 20th Century, sea otter (Enhydra lutris) populations have recovered to varying degrees of their historical range. While overall population numbers and range have increased, there are regions in which expansion has occurred at a slower rate and/or animal numbers have decreased, which may be a result of chronic stress from a variety of sources. Some have employed glucocorticoid analysis in their attempts to validate these explanations. Our goal was to conduct a controlled study using sea otters managed under human care to validate the use of serum glucocorticoid analysis to monitor stress physiology in the sea otter. We used a standard ACTH challenge test to compare cortisol and corticosterone responses, thereby identifying the primary glucocorticoid in the sea otter. Fourteen sea otters of both sexes (five males, nine females), including juveniles, sub-adults and adults, participated in the study. The results of the testing supported cortisol as the primary glucocorticoid in the sea otter. Sex and age did not affect how the individual responded to the ACTH or saline injection. Interestingly, the saline injection not only confirmed the effects of the ACTH on glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands but also provided information on how long it takes the sea otter's glucocorticoid levels to return to baseline after capture and sedation. The insight gained from this study will aid in future efforts to better understand the role of stress in free-ranging sea otter populations. Recognition of the primary glucocorticoid will facilitate evaluation of more stable biological material, such as fur or whiskers, which tend to be less affected by the diurnal cycling of glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Murray
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - M A Young
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - R M Santymire
- Conservation & Science Department, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 N. Clark St., Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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Baxi SM, Greenblatt RM, Bacchetti P, Cohen M, DeHovitz JA, Anastos K, Gange SJ, Young MA, Aouizerat BE. Evaluating the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms with tenofovir exposure in a diverse prospective cohort of women living with HIV. Pharmacogenomics J 2017; 18:245-250. [PMID: 28462920 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Higher exposure to tenofovir (TFV) increases the risk for kidney function decline, but the impact of genetic factors on TFV exposure is largely unknown. We investigated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs, n=211) in 12 genes are potentially involved in TFV exposure. Participants (n=91) from the Women's Interagency HIV Study, underwent a 24 h intensive pharmacokinetic sampling of TFV after witnessed dose and TFV area under the time-concentration curves (AUCs) were calculated for each participant. SNPs were assayed using a combination of array genotyping and Sanger sequencing. Linear regression models were applied to logarithmically transformed AUC. Those SNPs that met an a priori threshold of P<0.001 were considered statistically associated with TFV AUC. ABCG2 SNP rs2231142 was associated with TFV AUC with rare allele carriers displaying 1.51-fold increase in TFV AUC (95% confidence interval: 1.26, 1.81; P=1.7 × 10-5). We present evidence of a moderately strong effect of the rs2231142 SNP in ABCG2 on a 24 h TFV AUC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Baxi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - R M Greenblatt
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - P Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M Cohen
- CORE Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, John H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J A DeHovitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - K Anastos
- Departments of Medicine and Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - S J Gange
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M A Young
- Department of Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - B E Aouizerat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Bluestone Center for Clinical Research, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Pencek R, Marmon T, Roth JD, Liberman A, Hooshmand-Rad R, Young MA. Effects of obeticholic acid on lipoprotein metabolism in healthy volunteers. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016; 18:936-40. [PMID: 27109453 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The bile acid analogue obeticholic acid (OCA) is a selective farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist in development for treatment of several chronic liver diseases. FXR activation regulates lipoprotein homeostasis. The effects of OCA on cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in healthy individuals were assessed. Two phase I studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of repeated oral doses of 5, 10 or 25 mg OCA on lipid variables after 14 or 20 days of consecutive administration in 68 healthy adults. Changes in HDL and LDL cholesterol levels were examined, in addition to nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of particle sizes and sub-fraction concentrations. OCA elicited changes in circulating cholesterol and particle size of LDL and HDL. OCA decreased HDL cholesterol and increased LDL cholesterol, independently of dose. HDL particle concentrations declined as a result of a reduction in medium and small HDL. Total LDL particle concentrations increased because of an increase in large LDL particles. Changes in lipoprotein metabolism attributable to OCA in healthy individuals were found to be consistent with previously reported changes in patients receiving OCA with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Pencek
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - T Marmon
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J D Roth
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - A Liberman
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - M A Young
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
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Zuo P, Dobbins RL, O'Connor-Semmes RL, Young MA. A Systems Model for Ursodeoxycholic Acid Metabolism in Healthy and Patients With Primary Biliary Cirrhosis. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2016; 5:418-26. [PMID: 27537780 PMCID: PMC4999605 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A systems model was developed to describe the metabolism and disposition of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and its conjugates in healthy subjects based on pharmacokinetic (PK) data from published studies in order to study the distribution of oral UDCA and potential interactions influencing therapeutic effects upon interruption of its enterohepatic recirculation. The base model was empirically adapted to patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) based on current understanding of disease pathophysiology and clinical measurements. Simulations were performed for patients with PBC under two competing hypotheses: one for inhibition of ileal absorption of both UDCA and conjugates and the other only of conjugates. The simulations predicted distinctly different bile acid distribution patterns in plasma and bile. The UDCA model adapted to patients with PBC provides a platform to investigate a complex therapeutic drug interaction among UDCA, UDCA conjugates, and inhibition of ileal bile acid transport in this rare disease population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Zuo
- PAREXEL International, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - R L Dobbins
- Cempra Pharmaceuticals, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - M A Young
- PAREXEL International, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Spencer DH, Young MA, Lamprecht TL, Helton NM, Fulton R, O'Laughlin M, Fronick C, Magrini V, Demeter RT, Miller CA, Klco JM, Wilson RK, Ley TJ. Epigenomic analysis of the HOX gene loci reveals mechanisms that may control canonical expression patterns in AML and normal hematopoietic cells. Leukemia 2015; 29:1279-89. [PMID: 25600023 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
HOX genes are highly expressed in many acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples, but the patterns of expression and associated regulatory mechanisms are not clearly understood. We analyzed RNA sequencing data from 179 primary AML samples and normal hematopoietic cells to understand the range of expression patterns in normal versus leukemic cells. HOX expression in AML was restricted to specific genes in the HOXA or HOXB loci, and was highly correlated with recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities. However, the majority of samples expressed a canonical set of HOXA and HOXB genes that was nearly identical to the expression signature of normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Transcriptional profiles at the HOX loci were similar between normal cells and AML samples, and involved bidirectional transcription at the center of each gene cluster. Epigenetic analysis of a subset of AML samples also identified common regions of chromatin accessibility in AML samples and normal CD34(+) cells that displayed differences in methylation depending on HOX expression patterns. These data provide an integrated epigenetic view of the HOX gene loci in primary AML samples, and suggest that HOX expression in most AML samples represents a normal stem cell program that is controlled by epigenetic mechanisms at specific regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Spencer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M A Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - T L Lamprecht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Section of Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - N M Helton
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Section of Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R Fulton
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - M O'Laughlin
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - C Fronick
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - V Magrini
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R T Demeter
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - C A Miller
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - J M Klco
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - R K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - T J Ley
- 1] Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Section of Stem Cell Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA [2] The Genome Institute, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA
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10
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Méniel V, Megges M, Young MA, Cole A, Sansom OJ, Clarke AR. Apc and p53 interaction in DNA damage and genomic instability in hepatocytes. Oncogene 2014; 34:4118-29. [PMID: 25347740 PMCID: PMC4351894 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of Apc within hepatocytes activates Wnt signaling, perturb differentiation and ultimately lead to neoplasia. Apc negatively regulates Wnt signaling but is also involved in organizing the cytoskeleton and may play a role in chromosome segregation. In vitro studies have implicated Apc in the control of genomic stability. However, the relevance of this data has been questioned in vivo as Apc is lost earlier than the onset of genomic instability. Here, we analyse the relationship between immediate loss of Apc and the acquisition of genomic instability in hepatocytes. We used Cre-lox technology to inactivate Apc and in combination with p53 in vivo, to define the consequences of gene loss upon cell-cycle regulation, proliferation, death and aneuploidy. We show that whilst Apc loss leads to increased proliferation, it also leads to increased apoptosis, the accumulation of p53, p21 and markers of DSBs and DNA repair. Flow cytometry revealed an increased 4N DNA content, consistent with a G2 arrest. Levels of anaphase bridges were also elevated, implicating failed chromosome segregation. This was accompanied by an increase in centrosome number which demonstrates a role for Apc in maintaining euploidy. To address the role of p53 in these processes, we analyzed combined loss of Apc and p53, which led to a further increase in proliferation, cell death, DNA damages and repair and a bypass of G2 arrest than was observed with Apc loss. However we observed only a marginal effect on anaphase bridges and centrosome number which could be due to increased cell death. Our data therefore establishes, in an in vivo setting, that APC loss leads to a DNA damage signature and genomic instability in the liver and that additional loss of p53 leads to an increase in the DNA damage signal but not to an immediate increase in the genomic instability phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Méniel
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Megges
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - M A Young
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Cole
- The Beatson institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - O J Sansom
- The Beatson institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - A R Clarke
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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11
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Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has emerged as a therapeutic focus and target for the treatment of cancer. The most clinically successful UPS-active agents (bortezomib and lenalidomide) are limited in application to hematologic malignancies, with only marginal efficacy in solid tumors. Inhibition of specific ubiquitin E3 ligases has also emerged as a valid therapeutic strategy, and many targets are currently being investigated. Another emerging and promising approach in regulation of the UPS involves targeting deubiquitinases (DUB). The DUBs comprise a relatively small group of proteins, most with cysteine protease activity that target several key proteins involved in regulation of tumorigenesis, apoptosis, senescence, and autophagy. Through their multiple contacts with ubiquitinated protein substrates involved in these pathways, DUBs provide an untapped means of modulating many important regulatory proteins that support oncogenic transformation and progression. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USP) are one class of DUBs that have drawn special attention as cancer targets, as many are differentially expressed or activated in tumors or their microenvironment, making them ideal candidates for drug development. This review attempts to summarize the USPs implicated in different cancers, the current status of USP inhibitor-mediated pharmacologic intervention, and future prospects for USP inhibitors to treat diverse cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Pal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Matthew A Young
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nicholas J Donato
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
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12
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Plankey MW, Hoffman HJ, Springer G, Cox C, Young MA, Margolick JB, Torre P. P2.119 The Prevalence of Hearing Sensitivity Among HIV-Seropositive and HIV-Seronegative Men and Women. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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13
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Hardie AD, Rieter WJ, Bradshaw ML, Gordon LL, Young MA, Keane TE. Improved performance of SPECT-CT In-111 capromab pendetide by correlation with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for identifying metastatic pelvic lymphadenopathy in prostate cancer. World J Urol 2013; 31:1327-32. [PMID: 23595605 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-013-1079-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To preliminarily evaluate the potential for an improvement in diagnostic performance by a combined interpretation of In-111 capromab pendetide single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) including computed tomography (CT) image fusion with magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (MR-DWI) for identifying prostate cancer in pelvic lymph nodes thru correlation with histopathology. MATERIALS AND METHODS This institutional approved, retrospective study identified patients with available histopathology of lymph nodes removed at the time of radical prostatectomy and who had undergone staging with In-111 capromab pendetide SPECT-CT and/or pelvic MRI (including DWI). The performance of In-111 capromab pendetide SPECT for identifying malignant lymph nodes was assessed. Subsequently, a combined reading of In-111 capromab pendetide SPECT and prostate MRI with DWI was performed and the performance assessed. RESULTS 18 patients underwent In-111 capromab pendetide SPECT-CT. Of these, 12 patients had also undergone imaging with MR-DWI. In-111 capromab pendetide SPECT-CT had a sensitivity of 40.0% and specificity of 96.7% for identification of malignant lymph nodes. However, In-111 capromab pendetide SPECT-CT combined with MRI with DWI had a sensitivity of 88.9% and specificity of 98.5%. CONCLUSIONS The addition of MR-DWI to the interpretation of In-111 capromab pendetide SPECT-CT may increase the sensitivity for detecting malignant lymph nodes in prostate cancer. Future prospective evaluation of combined In-111 capromab pendetide SPECT-CT and MR-DWI is indicated and may improve clinical evaluation of nodal disease in prostate cancer.
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14
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Jacobsen D, Bao ZQ, O’Brien P, Brooks CL, Young MA. Price to be paid for two-metal catalysis: magnesium ions that accelerate chemistry unavoidably limit product release from a protein kinase. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15357-70. [PMID: 22891849 PMCID: PMC3446636 DOI: 10.1021/ja304419t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Incorporation of divalent metal ions into an active site is a fundamental catalytic tool used by diverse enzymes. Divalent cations are used by protein kinases to both stabilize ATP binding and accelerate chemistry. Kinetic analysis establishes that Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) requires simultaneous binding of two Mg(2+) ions for catalysis of phosphoryl transfer. This tool, however, comes with a price: the rate-acceleration effects are opposed by an unavoidable rate-limiting consequence of the use of two Mg(2+) ions by CDK2. The essential metal ions stabilize ADP product binding and limit the overall rate of the reaction. We demonstrate that product release is rate limiting for activated CDK2 and evaluate the effects of the two catalytically essential Mg(2+) ions on the stability of the ADP product within the active site. We present two new crystal structures of CDK2 bound to ADP showing how the phosphate groups can be coordinated by either one or two Mg(2+) ions, with the occupancy of one site in a weaker equilibrium. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that ADP phosphate mobility is more restricted when ADP is coordinated by two Mg(2+) ions compared to one. The structural similarity between the rigid ADP·2Mg product and the cooperatively assembled transition state provides a mechanistic rational for the rate-limiting ADP release that is observed. We demonstrate that although the simultaneous binding of two Mg(2+) ions is essential for efficient phosphoryl transfer, the presence of both Mg(2+) ions in the active site also cooperatively increases ADP affinity and opposes its release. Evolution of protein kinases must have involved careful tuning of the affinity for the second Mg(2+) ion in order to balance the needs to stabilize the chemical transition state and allow timely product release. The link between Mg(2+) site affinity and activity presents a chemical handle that may be used by regulatory factors as well as explain some mutational effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas
M. Jacobsen
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biological
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
| | - Zhao-Qin Bao
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biological
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
| | - Patrick O’Brien
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biological
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
| | - Charles L. Brooks
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biological
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
| | - Matthew A. Young
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biological
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Department of Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109,
United States
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15
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Young MA, Wake S, Alsop K, Bowtell D, Mitchell G, Plunkett L, Crook A, Gleeson M, Hallowell N. The experiences of research participants offered genetic test results as a result of taking part in a population based ovarian cancer research study? Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2012. [PMCID: PMC3326695 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-10-s2-a15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- MA Young
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - S Wake
- Department of Paediatrics, the University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K Alsop
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D Bowtell
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - G Mitchell
- The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Plunkett
- Department of Paediatrics, the University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - A Crook
- Department of Paediatrics, the University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Rd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - M Gleeson
- Hunter Genetics, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - N Hallowell
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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16
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Shanahan M, Young MA, Mitchell G. Role of oncology/genetics nurse in management of individuals with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2012. [PMCID: PMC3327273 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-10-s2-a70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Shanahan
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - MA Young
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - G Mitchell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Sawyer S, Boyle S, Young MA, Kovalenko S, Doherty R, McKinley J, Alsop K, Rehfisch M, Macaskill S, Ha A, Beshay V, Lindeman G, Harris M, Fox S, Mitchell G, James P. The contribution of LARGE genomic rearrangements of BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutations in breast and ovarian cancer families in a clinical cohort. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2012. [PMCID: PMC3327262 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-10-s2-a89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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18
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Lewis A, Cicciarelli L, Pandey D, Lovett CM, Driessen R, Sawyer S, Young MA, Mitchell G. An audit of treatment focussed BRCA1/2 mutation testing at an integrated Familial Cancer Clinic. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2012. [PMCID: PMC3327037 DOI: 10.1186/1897-4287-10-s2-a49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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19
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Jacobsen DM, Bao ZQ, Brooks CL, Young MA. Dual Role of Magnesium Ions in Active pCDK2/Cyclin: Essential Activator of Kinase Activity and Partial Inhibitor of Product Release. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.1495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Bao ZQ, Jacobsen DM, Young MA. Briefly bound to activate: transient binding of a second catalytic magnesium activates the structure and dynamics of CDK2 kinase for catalysis. Structure 2011; 19:675-90. [PMID: 21565702 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We have determined high-resolution crystal structures of a CDK2/Cyclin A transition state complex bound to ADP, substrate peptide, and MgF(3)(-). Compared to previous structures of active CDK2, the catalytic subunit of the kinase adopts a more closed conformation around the active site and now allows observation of a second Mg(2+) ion in the active site. Coupled with a strong [Mg(2+)] effect on in vitro kinase activity, the structures suggest that the transient binding of the second Mg(2+) ion is necessary to achieve maximum rate enhancement of the chemical reaction, and Mg(2+) concentration could represent an important regulator of CDK2 activity in vivo. Molecular dynamics simulations illustrate how the simultaneous binding of substrate peptide, ATP, and two Mg(2+) ions is able to induce a more rigid and closed organization of the active site that functions to orient the phosphates, stabilize the buildup of negative charge, and shield the subsequently activated γ-phosphate from solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Qin Bao
- Department of Biological Chemistry and the Bioinformatics Program, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Young
- Department of Pharmacy and Medeval Ltd., University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - L Aarons
- Department of Pharmacy and Medeval Ltd., University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - E M Davidson
- Department of Pharmacy and Medeval Ltd., University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - S Toon
- Department of Pharmacy and Medeval Ltd., University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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22
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Chen Y, Young MA. Structure of a thyroid hormone receptor DNA-binding domain homodimer bound to an inverted palindrome DNA response element. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:1650-64. [PMID: 20610536 PMCID: PMC5417456 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone receptor (TR), as a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family, can recognize and bind different classes of DNA response element targets as either a monomer, a homooligomer, or a heterooligomer. We report here the first crystal structure of a homodimer TR DNA-binding domain (DBD) in complex with an inverted repeat class of thyroid response element (TRE). The structure shows a nearly symmetric structure of the TR DBD assembled on the F2 TRE where the base recognition contacts in the homodimer DNA complex are conserved relative to the previously published structure of a TR-9-cis-retinoic acid receptor heterodimer DNA complex. The new structure also reveals that the T-box region of the DBD can function as a structural hinge that enables a large degree of flexibility in the position of the C-terminal extension helix that connects the DBD to the ligand-binding domain. Although the isolated TR DBDs exist as monomers in solution, we have measured highly cooperative binding of the two TR DBD subunits onto the inverted repeat DNA sequence. This suggests that elements of the DBD can influence the specific TR oligomerization at target genes, and it is not just interactions between the ligand-binding domains that are responsible for TR oligomerization at target genes. Mutational analysis shows that intersubunit contacts at the DBD C terminus account for some, but not all, of the cooperative homodimer TR binding to the inverted repeat class TRE.
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23
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Porterfield JD, Axelrod SJ, Bridge AG, Diefenbach VL, Farber RE, Roberts DE, Schaeffer M, Shapiro MA, Smith AH, Sterner JH, Wharton JD, Young MA. Report of the committee on professional education, 1970. Am J Public Health 2010; 61:617-9. [PMID: 18008417 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.61.3.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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24
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Smith AH, Whayne TF, Young MA, Mattison BF, Troupin JL, Diefenbach VL, Hume JC, Mayes WF, Powers LE, Robeson KA, Roemer MI, Porterfield JD. Committee Reports: Committee on Professional Education: REPORT OF THE CHAIRMAN, 1967. Am J Public Health Nations Health 2010; 58:573-5. [PMID: 18018215 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.58.3.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A H Smith
- Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals, 645 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill. 60611
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25
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Fernández-González M, Boutureira O, Bernardes GJL, Chalker JM, Young MA, Errey JC, Davis BG. Site-selective chemoenzymatic construction of synthetic glycoproteins using endoglycosidases. Chem Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00265h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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26
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Vandegriff KD, Young MA, Lohman J, Bellelli A, Samaja M, Malavalli A, Winslow RM. CO-MP4, a polyethylene glycol-conjugated haemoglobin derivative and carbon monoxide carrier that reduces myocardial infarct size in rats. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:1649-61. [PMID: 18536756 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE MP4 (Hemospan) is a Hb-based oxygen therapeutic agent, based on polyethylene-glycol (PEG) conjugation to Hb, undergoing clinical trials as an oxygen carrier. This study describes the functional interaction between MP4 and carbon monoxide (CO), as a CO delivery agent, and the effects of CO-MP4 on myocardial infarct size following ischaemia and reperfusion in rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Kinetic measurements of CO-MP4 binding were used to evaluate the effects of PEG modification on Hb subunit structure/function and to calculate CO-MP4 equilibrium constants. CO transport by CO-MP4 was shown by ligand (O2/CO) partitioning between MP4 and red blood cell (RBC)-Hb. Pharmacological effects of CO-MP4 were studied on myocardial infarction in rats. KEY RESULTS CO binding kinetics show primary structural/functional effects on beta chains in MP4, with alpha chains maintaining the ability to undergo tertiary conformational transition. CO confers long-term, room-temperature stability and is able to rapidly re-equilibrate between MP4 and RBCs. In a rat model of myocardial infarct, in contrast to oxy-MP4, CO-MP4 reduced infarct size when administered prior to the induction of ischaemia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS MP4 PEGylation chemistry modifies the individual function of Hb subunits, but results in an overall CO equilibrium constant similar to that for unmodified Hb. CO-MP4 is able to deliver CO to the circulation and reduces ischaemia/reperfusion injury in rats, providing the first evidence for this drug as a CO therapeutic agent.
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27
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Nair AK, Young MA, Menon KMJ. Regulation of luteinizing hormone receptor mRNA expression by mevalonate kinase--role of the catalytic center in mRNA recognition. FEBS J 2008; 275:3397-407. [PMID: 18494797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that hormone-induced downregulation of luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) in the ovary is post-transcriptionally regulated by an mRNA binding protein. This protein, later identified as mevalonate kinase (MVK), binds to the coding region of LHR mRNA, suppresses its translation, and the resulting ribonucleoprotein complex is targeted for degradation. Mutagenesis and crystallographic studies of rat MVK have established Ser146, Glu193, Asp204 and Lys13 as being crucial for its catalytic function. The present study examined the structural aspects of MVK required for LHR mRNA recognition and translational suppression. Single MVK mutants (S146A, E193Q, D204N and K13A) were overexpressed in 293T cells. Cytosolic fractions were examined for LHR mRNA binding activities by RNA electrophoretic mobility shift analysis. All the single MVK mutants showed decreased LHR mRNA binding activity compared with the wild-type MVK. Double mutants (S146A & E193Q, E193Q & D204N and E193Q & K13A) of MVK also showed a significant decrease in binding to LHR mRNA, suggesting that the residues required for catalytic function are also involved in LHR mRNA recognition. Mutation of the residues outside the catalytic site (D316A and S314A) did not cause any change in LHR mRNA binding activity of MVK when compared with wild-type MVK. To examine the biological effects of these mutants on LHR mRNA expression, a full-length capped rat LHR mRNA was synthesized and translated using a rabbit reticulocyte lysate system in the presence or absence of the MVK mutant proteins. The results showed that mutations of the active site residues of MVK abrogated the inhibitory effect on LHR mRNA translation. Therefore, these data indicate that an intact active site of MVK is required for its binding to rat LHR mRNA and for its translational suppressor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil K Nair
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0617, USA
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28
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Ravishanker G, Auffinger P, Langley DR, Jayaram B, Young MA, Beveridge DL. Treatment of Counterions in Computer Simulations of DNA. Reviews in Computational Chemistry 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470125885.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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29
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Prince AP, Kleiber P, Grassian VH, Young MA. Heterogeneous interactions of calcite aerosol with sulfur dioxide and sulfur dioxide–nitric acid mixtures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:3432-9. [PMID: 17664967 DOI: 10.1039/b703296j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneous chemistry of sulfur dioxide with CaCO(3) (calcite) aerosol as a function of relative humidity (RH) has been studied under isolated particle conditions in an atmospheric reaction chamber using infrared absorption spectroscopy. The reaction of SO(2) with calcite produced gas phase CO(2) as a product in addition to the conversion of the particulate carbonate to sulfite. The reaction extent was found to increase with elevated RH, as has been observed for the similar reaction with HNO(3), but much higher relative humidities were needed to significantly enhance the reaction. Mixed experiments in which calcite aerosol was exposed to both HNO(3) and SO(2) were also performed. The overall reaction extent at a given relative humidity did not appear to be increased by having both reactant gases present. The role of carbonate aerosol as an atmospheric sink for sulfur dioxide and particulate nitrogen and sulfur correlations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Preszler Prince
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Abstract
The reaction of nitric acid with calcite aerosol at varying relative humidities has been studied under suspended particle conditions in an atmospheric reaction chamber using infrared absorption spectroscopy. The reactant concentration in the chamber, as well as the appearance of gas phase products and surface adsorbed species, was spectroscopically monitored before and after mixing with CaCO(3) (calcite) particles. The interaction with HNO(3) was found to lead to gas phase CO(2) evolution and increased water uptake due to heterogeneous conversion of the carbonate to particulate nitrate. The reaction was enhanced as the relative humidity of the system was increased, especially at relative humidities above the reported deliquescence point of particulate Ca(NO(3))(2). The measured reaction extent demonstrates that the total calcite particulate mass is available for reaction with HNO(3) and the conversion process is not limited to the particle surface. The spectroscopy of the surface formed nitrate suggests a highly concentrated solution environment with a significant degree of ion pairing. The implications of the HNO(3) loss and the formation of the particulate nitrate product for atmospheric chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Preszler Prince
- Department of Chemistry, the Optical Science and Technology Center, and the Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Hulteen JC, Young MA, Van Duyne RP. Surface-enhanced hyper-Raman scattering (SEHRS) on Ag film over Nanosphere (FON) electrodes: surface symmetry of centrosymmetric adsorbates. Langmuir 2006; 22:10354-64. [PMID: 17129003 DOI: 10.1021/la0612264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical surface-enhanced hyper-Raman scattering (SEHRS) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of centrosymmetric molecules on Ag film over nanosphere (AgFON) electrodes are presented. The SEHR spectra of trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (BPE) at different potentials (vs Ag/AgCl) are presented for the first time, and a reversible potential tuning of the SEHR spectra of BPE is demonstrated. The SEHRS and SERS techniques were used to determine to what extent either site symmetry reduction or field gradient effects dictate the origin of the observed vibrational spectra. It is found that the SEHR and SER spectra for the molecules studied were distinctly different at all frequency regions at a fixed voltage, suggesting that centrosymmetry is largely retained upon adsorption to the AgFON surface and that field gradient effects are negligible. This work also shows that the SEHR spectra clearly depend on potential, whereas the SER spectra are essentially independent of potenial. It is determined that the combination of changes in deltaGads and the presence of coadsorbed counterions are responsible for altering the local symmetry of the adsorbate and only SEHRS has the sensitivity to detect these changes in the surface environment. Thus, SEHRS is a uniquely useful spectroscopic tool that is much more sensitive to the local adsorption environment than is SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Hulteen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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Levinson NM, Kuchment O, Shen K, Young MA, Koldobskiy M, Karplus M, Cole PA, Kuriyan J. A Src-like inactive conformation in the abl tyrosine kinase domain. PLoS Biol 2006; 4:e144. [PMID: 16640460 PMCID: PMC1450098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0040144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The improper activation of the Abl tyrosine kinase results in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The recognition of an inactive conformation of Abl, in which a catalytically important Asp-Phe-Gly (DFG) motif is flipped by approximately 180 degrees with respect to the active conformation, underlies the specificity of the cancer drug imatinib, which is used to treat CML. The DFG motif is not flipped in crystal structures of inactive forms of the closely related Src kinases, and imatinib does not inhibit c-Src. We present a structure of the kinase domain of Abl, determined in complex with an ATP-peptide conjugate, in which the protein adopts an inactive conformation that resembles closely that of the Src kinases. An interesting aspect of the Src-like inactive structure, suggested by molecular dynamics simulations and additional crystal structures, is the presence of features that might facilitate the flip of the DFG motif by providing room for the phenylalanine to move and by coordinating the aspartate side chain as it leaves the active site. One class of mutations in BCR-Abl that confers resistance to imatinib appears more likely to destabilize the inactive Src-like conformation than the active or imatinib-bound conformations. Our results suggest that interconversion between distinctly different inactive conformations is a characteristic feature of the Abl kinase domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Levinson
- 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- 3Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Olga Kuchment
- 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- 3Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Kui Shen
- 4Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Matthew A Young
- 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- 3Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Koldobskiy
- 4Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martin Karplus
- 5Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip A Cole
- 4Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Kuriyan
- 1Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- 3Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- 6Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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Zhang X, Yonzon CR, Young MA, Stuart DA, Van Duyne RP. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy biosensors: excitation spectroscopy for optimisation of substrates fabricated by nanosphere lithography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 152:195-206. [PMID: 16441180 DOI: 10.1049/ip-nbt:20050009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the 28 years since its discovery, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has progressed from model system studies of pyridine on a roughened silver electrode to state-of-the-art surface science studies and real-world sensing applications. Each year, the number of SERS publications increases as nanoscale material design techniques advance and the importance of trace analyte detection increases. To achieve the lowest limits of detection, both the relationship between surface nanostructure and laser excitation wavelength and the analyte-surface binding chemistry must be carefully optimised. This work exploits the highly tunable nature of nanoparticle optical properties to establish the optimisation conditions. Two methods are used to study the optimised conditions of the SERS substrate: plasmon-sampled and wavelength-scanned surfaced Raman excitation spectroscopy (SERES). The SERS enhancement condition is optimised when the energy of the localised surface plasmon resonance of the nanostructures lies between the energy of the excitation wavelength and the energy of the vibration band of interest. These optimised conditions enabled the development of SERS-based sensors for the detection of a Bacillus anthracis biomarker and glucose in a serum-protein matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Young MA, Shah NP, Chao LH, Seeliger M, Milanov ZV, Biggs WH, Treiber DK, Patel HK, Zarrinkar PP, Lockhart DJ, Sawyers CL, Kuriyan J. Structure of the kinase domain of an imatinib-resistant Abl mutant in complex with the Aurora kinase inhibitor VX-680. Cancer Res 2006; 66:1007-14. [PMID: 16424036 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We present a high-resolution (2.0 A) crystal structure of the catalytic domain of a mutant form of the Abl tyrosine kinase (H396P; Abl-1a numbering) that is resistant to the Abl inhibitor imatinib. The structure is determined in complex with the small-molecule inhibitor VX-680 (Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA), which blocks the activity of various imatinib-resistant mutant forms of Abl, including one (T315I) that is resistant to both imatinib and BMS-354825 (dasatinib), a dual Src/Abl inhibitor that seems to be clinically effective against all other imatinib-resistant forms of BCR-Abl. VX-680 is shown to have significant inhibitory activity against BCR-Abl bearing the T315I mutation in patient-derived samples. The Abl kinase domain bound to VX-680 is not phosphorylated on the activation loop in the crystal structure but is nevertheless in an active conformation, previously unobserved for Abl and inconsistent with the binding of imatinib. The adoption of an active conformation is most likely the result of synergy between the His(396)Pro mutation, which destabilizes the inactive conformation required for imatinib binding, and the binding of VX-680, which favors the active conformation through hydrogen bonding and steric effects. VX-680 is bound to Abl in a mode that accommodates the substitution of isoleucine for threonine at residue 315 (the "gatekeeper" position). The avoidance of the innermost cavity of the Abl kinase domain by VX-680 and the specific recognition of the active conformation explain the effectiveness of this compound against mutant forms of BCR-Abl, including those with mutations at the gatekeeper position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Young
- Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology and Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Dieringer JA, McFarland AD, Shah NC, Stuart DA, Whitney AV, Yonzon CR, Young MA, Zhang X, Van Duyne RP. Introductory Lecture : Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy: new materials, concepts, characterization tools, and applications. Faraday Discuss 2006; 132:9-26. [PMID: 16833104 DOI: 10.1039/b513431p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is currently experiencing a renaissance in its development driven by the remarkable discovery of single molecule SERS (SMSERS) and the explosion of interest in nanophotonics and plasmonics. Because excitation of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of a nanostructured surface or nanoparticle lies at the heart of SERS, it is important to control all of the factors influencing the LSPR in order to maximize signal strength and ensure reproducibility. These factors include material, size, shape, interparticle spacing, and dielectric environment. All of these factors must be carefully controlled to ensure that the incident laser light maximally excites the LSPR in a reproducible manner. This article describes the use of nanosphere lithography for the fabrication of highly reproducible and robust SERS substrates for both fundamental studies and applications. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is introduced as a novel fabrication method for dielectric spacers to study the SERS distance dependence and control the nanoscale dielectric environment. Wavelength scanned SER excitation spectroscopy (WS SERES) measurements show that enhancement factors approximately 10(8) are obtainable from NSL-fabricated surfaces and provide new insight into the electromagneticfield enhancement mechanism. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is an extremely promising new development to improve the generality and information content of SERS. A 2D correlation analysis is applied to SMSERS data. Finally, the first in vivo SERS glucose sensing study is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon A Dieringer
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston IL 60208-3113, USA
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Abstract
A detailed wavelength-scanned surface-enhanced Raman excitation spectroscopy (WS SERES) study of benzenethiol adsorbed on Ag nanoparticle arrays, fabricated by nanosphere lithography (NSL), is presented. These NSL-derived Ag nanoparticle array surfaces are both structurally well-characterized and extremely uniform in size. The WS SERES spectra are correlated, both spatially and spectrally, with the corresponding localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectra of the nanoparticle arrays. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra were measured in two excitation wavelength ranges: (1) 425-505 nm, and (2) 610-800 nm, as well as with the 532-nm line from a solid-state diode-pumped laser. The WS SERES spectra have line shapes similar to those of the LSPR spectra. The maximum SERS enhancement factor is shown to occur for excitation wavelengths that are blue-shifted with respect to the LSPR lambda(max) of adsorbate-covered nanoparticle arrays. Three vibrational modes of benzenethiol (1575, 1081, and 1009 cm(-1)) are studied simultaneously on one substrate, and it is demonstrated that the smaller Raman shifted peak shows a maximum enhancement closer to the LSPR lambda(max) than that of a larger Raman shifted peak. This is in agreement with the predictions of the electromagnetic (EM) enhancement mechanism of SERS. Enhancement factors of up to approximately 10(8) are achieved, which is also in good agreement with our previous SERES studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D McFarland
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Abstract
A rapid detection protocol suitable for use by first-responders to detect anthrax spores using a low-cost, battery-powered, portable Raman spectrometer has been developed. Bacillus subtilis spores, harmless simulants for Bacillus anthracis, were studied using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) on silver film over nanosphere (AgFON) substrates. Calcium dipicolinate (CaDPA), a biomarker for bacillus spores, was efficiently extracted by sonication in nitric acid and rapidly detected by SERS. AgFON surfaces optimized for 750 nm laser excitation have been fabricated and characterized by UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and SERS. The SERS signal from extracted CaDPA was measured over the spore concentration range of 10(-14)-10(-12) M to determine the saturation binding capacity of the AgFON surface and to calculate the adsorption constant (Kspore=1.7 x 10(13) M(-1)). At present, an 11 min procedure is capable of achieving a limit of detection (LOD) of approximately 2.6 x 10(3) spores, below the anthrax infectious dose of 10(4) spores. The data presented herein also demonstrate that the shelf life of prefabricated AgFON substrates can be as long as 40 days prior to use. Finally, these sensing capabilities have been successfully transitioned from a laboratory spectrometer to a field-portable instrument. Using this technology, 10(4) bacillus spores were detected with a 5 s data acquisition period on a 1 month old AgFON substrate. The speed and sensitivity of this SERS sensor indicate that this technology can be used as a viable option for the field analysis of potentially harmful environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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Young MA, Cook JL, Purdam CR, Kiss ZS, Alfredson H. Eccentric decline squat protocol offers superior results at 12 months compared with traditional eccentric protocol for patellar tendinopathy in volleyball players. Br J Sports Med 2005; 39:102-5. [PMID: 15665207 PMCID: PMC1725109 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2003.010587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conservative treatment of patellar tendinopathy has been minimally investigated. Effective validated treatment protocols are required. OBJECTIVES To investigate the immediate (12 weeks) and long term (12 months) efficacy of two eccentric exercise programmes for the treatment of patellar tendinopathy. METHODS This was a prospective randomised controlled trial of 17 elite volleyball players with clinically diagnosed and imaging confirmed patellar tendinopathy. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups: a decline group and a step group. The decline group were required to perform single leg squats on a 25 degrees decline board, exercising into tendon pain and progressing their exercises with load. The step group performed single leg squats on a 10 cm step, exercising without tendon pain and progressing their exercises with speed then load. All participants completed a 12 week intervention programme during their preseason. Outcome measures used were the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment (VISA) score for knee function and 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) for tendon pain with activity. Measures were taken throughout the intervention period and at 12 months. RESULTS Both groups had improved significantly from baseline at 12 weeks and 12 months. Analysis of the likelihood of a 20 point improvement in VISA score at 12 months revealed a greater likelihood of clinical improvements in the decline group than the step group. VAS scores at 12 months did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSIONS Both exercise protocols improved pain and sporting function in volleyball players over 12 months. This study indicates that the decline squat protocol offers greater clinical gains during a rehabilitation programme for patellar tendinopathy in athletes who continue to train and play with pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Young
- Musculoskeletal Research Centre, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia.
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Beveridge DL, Barreiro G, Byun KS, Case DA, Cheatham TE, Dixit SB, Giudice E, Lankas F, Lavery R, Maddocks JH, Osman R, Seibert E, Sklenar H, Stoll G, Thayer KM, Varnai P, Young MA. Molecular dynamics simulations of the 136 unique tetranucleotide sequences of DNA oligonucleotides. I. Research design and results on d(CpG) steps. Biophys J 2004; 87:3799-813. [PMID: 15326025 PMCID: PMC1304892 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.104.045252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe herein a computationally intensive project aimed at carrying out molecular dynamics (MD) simulations including water and counterions on B-DNA oligomers containing all 136 unique tetranucleotide base sequences. This initiative was undertaken by an international collaborative effort involving nine research groups, the "Ascona B-DNA Consortium" (ABC). Calculations were carried out on the 136 cases imbedded in 39 DNA oligomers with repeating tetranucleotide sequences, capped on both ends by GC pairs and each having a total length of 15 nucleotide pairs. All MD simulations were carried out using a well-defined protocol, the AMBER suite of programs, and the parm94 force field. Phase I of the ABC project involves a total of approximately 0.6 mus of simulation for systems containing approximately 24,000 atoms. The resulting trajectories involve 600,000 coordinate sets and represent approximately 400 gigabytes of data. In this article, the research design, details of the simulation protocol, informatics issues, and the organization of the results into a web-accessible database are described. Preliminary results from 15-ns MD trajectories are presented for the d(CpG) step in its 10 unique sequence contexts, and issues of stability and convergence, the extent of quasiergodic problems, and the possibility of long-lived conformational substates are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Beveridge
- Chemistry Department, Molecular Biology & Biochemistry Department, and Molecular Biophysics Program, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA.
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Young MA, Stuart DA, Lyandres O, Glucksberg MR, Van Duyne RP. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with a laser pointer light source and miniature spectrometer. CAN J CHEM 2004. [DOI: 10.1139/v04-098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The initial steps toward a miniature, field portable sensor based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) are presented. It is demonstrated that a low-cost miniaturized Raman system can be used in place of a larger, higher-cost conventional Raman system. This system was developed by sequentially replacing components of a laboratory scale Raman spectroscopy system with smaller, lower-cost, commercially available components. For example, a green laser pointer was used as the excitation source, a reflectance probe fiber-optic cable was used for laser delivery and collection, and a compact card-based spectrometer was used for dispersion and detection. Spectra, collected with the laser pointer Raman system, are presented of a resonant (Rhodamine 6G) and a non-resonant (trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene) molecule as well as a self-assembled monolayer (1-decanethiol). Small, low-cost sensors are in demand for a variety of applications, and SERS is positioned to contribute significantly with its remarkable sensitivity and molecular specificity.Key words: Raman, SERS, fiber-optics, sensor.
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Scannell RT, Arrington MP, Bayless L, Cai X, Eckman JB, Eckert M, Ene DG, Ellis JL, Hussoin S, Latham GM, Lewis TA, Libertine L, Nicolas J, Selig WM, Schwartz CE, Wels BF, Wypij DM, Young MA, Zou D. Novel dual acting molecules possessing 5-lipoxygenase enzyme inhibition and histamine H(1) receptor antagonist properties. Inflamm Res 2004; 53 Suppl 1:S33-4. [PMID: 15054606 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-003-0315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2003] [Accepted: 01/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R T Scannell
- UCB Research, Inc., 840 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Lobb EA, Butow PN, Barratt A, Meiser B, Gaff C, Young MA, Haan E, Suthers G, Gattas M, Tucker K. Communication and information-giving in high-risk breast cancer consultations: influence on patient outcomes. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:321-7. [PMID: 14735171 PMCID: PMC2409563 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This longitudinal study aimed to document (i) the information-giving and patient-communication styles of clinical geneticists and genetic counsellors (consultants) in familial breast cancer clinics and (ii) assess the effect of these styles on women's knowledge, whether their expectations were met, satisfaction, risk perception and psychological status. A total of 158 women from high-risk breast cancer families completed self-report questionnaires at 2 weeks preconsultation and 4 weeks postconsultation. The consultations were audiotaped, transcribed and coded. Multivariate logistic regressions showed that discussing prophylactic mastectomy (P=0.00) and oophorectomy (P=0.01) led to women having significantly more expectations met; discussing genetic testing significantly decreased anxiety (P=0.03) and facilitating understanding significantly decreased depression (P=0.05). Receiving a summary letter of the consultation significantly lowered anxiety (P=0.01) and significantly increased the accuracy of perceived risk (P=0.02). Women whose consultant used more supportive communications experienced significantly more anxiety about breast cancer at the 4 weeks follow-up (P=0.00). These women were not significantly more anxious before genetic counselling. In conclusion, this study found that consultants vary in the amount of information they give and the way they communicate; and this variation can result in better or worse psychosocial outcomes. Greater use of supportive and counselling communications appeared to increase anxiety about breast cancer. Identifying methods to assist consultants to address emotional issues effectively may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Lobb
- Medical Psychology Research Unit, Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
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Southey MC, Tesoriero A, Young MA, Holloway AJ, Jenkins MA, Whitty J, Misfud S, McLachlan SA, Venter DJ, Armes JE. A specific GFP expression assay, penetrance estimate, and histological assessment for a putative splice site mutation in BRCA1. Hum Mutat 2003; 22:86-91. [PMID: 12815598 DOI: 10.1002/humu.10224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Genetic testing for cancer predisposing mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 has been of benefit to many individuals from breast and ovarian cancer-prone kindreds. However, a function has not been assigned to many of the domains that make up these complex proteins and hence, the significance of many sequence variants, including missense mutations, splice-site mutations, and in-frame deletions/insertions, remains unclear. We identified a putative splice site mutation (IVS6-2delA) in BRCA1 in a family attending a Familial Cancer Centre that had a significant history of both breast and ovarian cancer. This sequence variant was not novel but the exact effect on mRNA splicing and hence the biological impact of this sequence variation was unclear and therefore the finding was unable to be used in genetic counseling of the family. Via the construction of novel GFP-based expression fusion constructs, we demonstrated that this sequence variation prevented normal splicing of the BRCA1 transcript. By combining these data with an assessment of the histopathological features of the breast carcinomas in this family and mutation penetrance estimate we were able to conclude that this BRCA1 variant conveyed an increased risk of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Southey
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Australia.
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44
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Lobb EA, Butow PN, Meiser B, Barratt A, Gaff C, Young MA, Kirk J, Gattas M, Gleeson M, Tucker K. Women's preferences and consultants' communication of risk in consultations about familial breast cancer: impact on patient outcomes. J Med Genet 2003; 40:e56. [PMID: 12746410 PMCID: PMC1735473 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.40.5.e56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Nagar B, Hantschel O, Young MA, Scheffzek K, Veach D, Bornmann W, Clarkson B, Superti-Furga G, Kuriyan J. Structural basis for the autoinhibition of c-Abl tyrosine kinase. Cell 2003; 112:859-71. [PMID: 12654251 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00194-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 614] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
c-Abl is normally regulated by an autoinhibitory mechanism, the disruption of which leads to chronic myelogenous leukemia. The details of this mechanism have been elusive because c-Abl lacks a phosphotyrosine residue that triggers the assembly of the autoinhibited form of the closely related Src kinases by internally engaging the SH2 domain. Crystal structures of c-Abl show that the N-terminal myristoyl modification of c-Abl 1b binds to the kinase domain and induces conformational changes that allow the SH2 and SH3 domains to dock onto it. Autoinhibited c-Abl forms an assembly that is strikingly similar to that of inactive Src kinases but with specific differences that explain the differential ability of the drug STI-571/Gleevec/imatinib (STI-571) to inhibit the catalytic activity of Abl, but not that of c-Src.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Nagar
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Arthanari H, McConnell KJ, Beger R, Young MA, Beveridge DL, Bolton PH. Assessment of the molecular dynamics structure of DNA in solution based on calculated and observed NMR NOESY volumes and dihedral angles from scalar coupling constants. Biopolymers 2003; 68:3-15. [PMID: 12579576 DOI: 10.1002/bip.10263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To assess the accuracy of the molecular dynamics (MD) models of nucleic acids, a detailed comparison between MD-calculated and NMR-observed indices of the dynamical structure of DNA in solution has been carried out. The specific focus of our comparison is the oligonucleotide duplex, d(CGCGAATTCGCG)(2), for which considerable structural data have been obtained from crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. An MD model for the structure of d(CGCGAATTCGCG)(2) in solution, based on the AMBER force field, has been extended with a 14 ns trajectory. New NMR data for this sequence have been obtained in order to allow a detailed and critical comparison between the calculated and observed parameters. Observable two-dimensional (2D) nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (NOESY) volumes and scalar coupling constants were back-calculated from the MD trajectory and compared with the corresponding NMR data. The comparison of these results indicate that the MD model is in generally good agreement with the NMR data, and shows closer accord with experiment than back-calculations based on the crystal structure of d(CGCGAATTCGCG)(2) or the canonical A or B forms of the sequence. The NMR parameters are not particularly sensitive to the known deficiency in the AMBER MD model, which is a tendency toward undertwisting of the double helix when the parm.94 force field is used. The MD results are also compared with a new determination of the solution structure of d(CGCGAATTCGCG)(2) using NMR dipolar coupling data.
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Lobb EA, Butow PN, Meiser B, Barratt A, Gaff C, Young MA, Kirk J, Suthers GK, Tucker K. Tailoring communication in consultations with women from high risk breast cancer families. Br J Cancer 2002; 87:502-8. [PMID: 12189544 PMCID: PMC2376156 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2001] [Revised: 04/23/2002] [Accepted: 06/06/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This multicentre study examined the influence of patient demographic, disease status and psychological variables on clinical geneticists/genetic counsellors (consultants) behaviours in initial consultations with women from high-risk breast cancer families. One hundred and fifty-eight women completed a pre-clinic self-report questionnaire. The consultations were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim and coded. Consultants did not vary their behaviour according to women's expectations. However, significantly more aspects of genetic testing were discussed with women who were affected with breast cancer (P<0.001), screening and management with unaffected women (P=0.01) and breast cancer prevention with younger women (P=0.01). Prophylactic mastectomy was discussed more frequently with women with medical and allied health training (P=0.02), and prophylactic oophorectomy with women affected with breast cancer (P=0.03), those in non-professional occupations (P=0.04) and with a family history of breast and ovarian cancer (P<0.001). Consultants used significantly more behaviours to facilitate understanding with women who were in non-professional occupations (P=0.04); facilitated active patient involvement more with women affected with breast cancer (P<0.001) and used more supportive and counselling behaviours with affected women (P=0.02). This study showed that patient demographics were more likely to predict consultants' communication behaviours than the woman's psychological status. Methods to facilitate assessment of psychological morbidity are needed to allow more tailored communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Lobb
- Medical Psychology Research Unit, Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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Wisniewski D, Lambek CL, Liu C, Strife A, Veach DR, Nagar B, Young MA, Schindler T, Bornmann WG, Bertino JR, Kuriyan J, Clarkson B. Characterization of potent inhibitors of the Bcr-Abl and the c-kit receptor tyrosine kinases. Cancer Res 2002; 62:4244-55. [PMID: 12154026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The early stage of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is caused by the tyrosine kinase Bcr-Abl. Imatinib mesylate (also known as STI-571 and Gleevec), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown encouraging results in CML clinical trials and has become a paradigm for targeted cancer therapeutics. Recent reports of resistance to imatinib argue for further development of therapies for CML. During studies of signal transduction, we observed that the pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine src tyrosine kinase inhibitor PD173955 inhibited Bcr-Abl-dependent cell growth. Subsequently, a related compound, PD180970, was reported as a potent inhibitor of Bcr-Abl. We have compared the potency of these two compounds and four other analogues with imatinib on Bcr-Abl-dependent cell growth, cytokine-dependent cell growth, and tyrosine kinase inhibition. PD173955 inhibited Bcr-Abl-dependent cell growth with an IC(50) of 2-35 nM in different cell lines. Fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analyses of cells treated with PD173955 showed cell cycle arrest in G(1). PD173955 has an IC(50) of 1-2 nM in kinase inhibition assays of Bcr-Abl, and in cellular growth assays it inhibits Bcr-Abl-dependent substrate tyrosine phosphorylation. Of the six pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine analogues studied, PD166326 was the most potent inhibitor of Bcr-Abl-dependent cell growth. PD173955 inhibited kit ligand-dependent c-kit autophosphorylation (IC(50) = approximately 25 nM) and kit ligand-dependent proliferation of M07e cells (IC(50) = 40 nM) but had a lesser effect on interleukin 3-dependent (IC(50) = 250 nM) or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (IC(50) = 1 microM)-dependent cell growth. These compounds are potent inhibitors of both the Bcr-Abl and c-kit receptor tyrosine kinases and deserve further study as potential treatments for both CML and for diseases in which c-kit has a role.
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MESH Headings
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/physiology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/chemistry
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl
- G1 Phase/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/enzymology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Models, Molecular
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/drug effects
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/metabolism
- Pyridones/chemistry
- Pyridones/pharmacology
- Pyrimidines/chemistry
- Pyrimidines/pharmacology
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Structure-Activity Relationship
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wisniewski
- Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Young MA, Thomas CC, Zhang DY. Systematic Studies of the σ and π Stabilizing Effects in the Nitrosyl-Containing Molecules and Their Isovalent Analogues. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp014511z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington 98119-1997
| | - Cienna C. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington 98119-1997
| | - Daisy Y. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington 98119-1997
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Abstract
In the last five years we have witnessed a significant increase in the number publications describing accurate and reliable all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of nucleic acids. This increase has been facilitated by the development of fast and efficient methods for treating the long-range electrostatic interactions, the availability of faster parallel computers, and the development of well-validated empirical molecular mechanical force fields. With these technologies, it has been demonstrated that simulation is not only capable of consistently reproducing experimental observations of sequence specific fine structure of DNA, but also can give detailed insight into prevalent problems in nucleic acid structure, ion association and specific hydration of nucleic acids, polyadenine tract bending, and the subtle environmental dependence of the A-DNA-B-DNA duplex equilibrium. Despite the advances, there are still issues with the methods that need to be resolved through rigorous controlled testing. In general, these relate to deficiencies of the underlying molecular mechanical potentials or applied methods (such as the imposition of true periodicity in Ewald simulations and the need for energy conservation), and significant limits in effective conformational sampling. In this perspective, we provide an overview of our experiences, provide some cautionary notes, and provide recommendations for further study in molecular dynamics simulation of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Cheatham
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 South, 2000 East, Skaggs Hall 201, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5820, USA.
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