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Liebrand M, Katsarakis A, Josi J, Diezig S, Michel C, Schultze-Lutter F, Rochas V, Mancini V, Kaess M, Hubl D, Koenig T, Kindler J. EEG microstate D as psychosis-specific correlate in adolescents and young adults with clinical high risk for psychosis and first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2024; 264:49-57. [PMID: 38096659 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) microstates are brief periods (60-120 ms) of quasi-stable scalp field potentials, indicating simultaneous activity of large-scale networks. Microstates are assumed to reflect basic neuronal information processing. A common finding in psychosis spectrum disorders is that microstates classes C and D are altered. Whereas evidence in adults with schizophrenia is substantial, little is known about effects in underage patients, particularly in those at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) and first-episode psychosis (FEP). The present study used 74-channel EEG to investigate microstate effects in a large sample of patients with CHR (n = 100) and FEP (n = 33), clinical controls (CC, n = 18), as well as age-matched healthy controls (HC, n = 68). Subjects span an age range from 9 to 35 years, thus, covering underage patients as well as the most vulnerable period for the emergence of psychosis and its prodrome. Four EEG microstates classes were analyzed (A-D). In class D, CHR and FEP patients showed a decrease compared to HC, and CHR patients also to CC. An increase in class C was found in CHR and FEP compared to HC but not to CC. Results were independent of age and no differences were found between the psychosis spectrum groups. The findings suggest an age-independent decrease of microstate class D to be specific to the psychosis spectrum, whereas the increase in class C seems to reflect unspecific psychopathology. Overall, present data strengthens the role of microstate D as potential biomarker for psychosis, as early as in adolescence and already in CHR status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Liebrand
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Angelos Katsarakis
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Josi
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Diezig
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Michel
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Schultze-Lutter
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Vincent Rochas
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Mancini
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Campus Biotech, Switzerland; Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Hubl
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Koenig
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Kindler
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Kindler J, Kaess M, Eliez S, Cosentino M, Liebrand M, Klauser P. Research training in child and adolescent psychiatry: lack of motivation or a structural problem? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:1817-1820. [PMID: 37740094 PMCID: PMC10533604 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Kindler
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Fondation Pôle Autisme, Département de psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Genève, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Maya Cosentino
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Matthias Liebrand
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klauser
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital and the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital and the University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Liebrand M, Rebsamen M, Nakamura-Utsunomiya A, von den Driesch L, Köck P, Caccia J, Hamann C, Wiest R, Kaess M, Walther S, Tschumi S, Hiyama TY, Kindler J. Case report: Psychosis and catatonia in an adolescent patient with adipsic hypernatremia and autoantibodies against the subfornical organ. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1206226. [PMID: 37539324 PMCID: PMC10396436 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1206226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This is the first description of a patient in which adipsic hypernatremia, a rare autoimmune encephalitis, presented in combination with complex psychiatric symptomatology, including psychosis and catatonia. Adipsic hypernatremia is characterized by autoantibodies against the thirst center of the brain. These autoantibodies cause inflammation and apoptosis in key regions of water homeostasis, leading to lack of thirst and highly increased serum sodium. To date, the symptoms of weakness, fatigue and drowsiness have been associated with adipsic hypernatremia, but no psychiatric symptomatology. Here, we showcase the first description of an adolescent patient, in which severe and complex psychiatric symptoms presented along with adipsic hypernatremia. The patient experienced delusion, hallucinations, restlessness and pronounced depression. Further, he showed ritualized, aggressive, disinhibited and sexualized behavior, as well as self-harm and psychomotor symptoms. Due to his severe condition, he was hospitalized on the emergency unit of the child and adolescent psychiatry for 8 months. Key symptoms of the presented clinical picture are: childhood-onset complex and treatment-resistant psychosis/catatonia, pronounced behavioral problems, fatigue, absent thirst perception, hypernatremia and elevated prolactin levels. This case report renders first evidence speaking for a causal link between the autoimmune adipsic hypernatremia and the psychotic disorder. Moreover, it sheds light on a new form of autoimmune psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Liebrand
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Rebsamen
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Akari Nakamura-Utsunomiya
- Department of Medical Genetics and Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Luisa von den Driesch
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Köck
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Caccia
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hamann
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kaess
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sibylle Tschumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Takeshi Y. Hiyama
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Graduate School and Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Jochen Kindler
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Liebrand M, Solbakk AK, Funderud I, Buades-Rotger M, Knight RT, Krämer UM. Intact Proactive Motor Inhibition after Unilateral Prefrontal Cortex or Basal Ganglia Lesions. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1862-1879. [PMID: 34375417 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Previous research provided evidence for the critical importance of the PFC and BG for reactive motor inhibition, that is, when actions are cancelled in response to external signals. Less is known about the role of the PFC and BG in proactive motor inhibition, referring to preparation for an upcoming stop signal. In this study, patients with unilateral lesions to the BG or lateral PFC performed in a cued go/no-go task, whereas their EEG was recorded. The paradigm called for cue-based preparation for upcoming, lateralized no-go signals. Based on previous findings, we focused on EEG indices of cognitive control (prefrontal beta), motor preparation (sensorimotor mu/beta, contingent negative variation [CNV]), and preparatory attention (occipital alpha, CNV). On a behavioral level, no differences between patients and controls were found, suggesting an intact ability to proactively prepare for motor inhibition. Patients showed an altered preparatory CNV effect, but no other differences in electrophysiological activity related to proactive and reactive motor inhibition. Our results suggest a context-dependent role of BG and PFC structures in motor inhibition, being critical in reactive, unpredictable contexts, but less so in situations where one can prepare for stopping on a short timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Kristin Solbakk
- University of Oslo, Norway.,Oslo University Hospital, Norway.,Helgeland Hospital, Mosjøen, Norway
| | - Ingrid Funderud
- University of Oslo, Norway.,Helgeland Hospital, Mosjøen, Norway
| | - Macià Buades-Rotger
- University of Lübeck, Germany.,Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Buades-Rotger M, Solbakk AK, Liebrand M, Endestad T, Funderud I, Siegwardt P, Enter D, Roelofs K, Krämer UM. Patients with Ventromedial Prefrontal Lesions Show an Implicit Approach Bias to Angry Faces. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1069-1081. [PMID: 34428788 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Damage to the ventromedial PFC (VMPFC) can cause maladaptive social behavior, but the cognitive processes underlying these behavioral changes are still uncertain. Here, we tested whether patients with acquired VMPFC lesions show altered approach-avoidance tendencies to emotional facial expressions. Thirteen patients with focal VMPFC lesions and 31 age- and gender-matched healthy controls performed an implicit approach-avoidance task in which they either pushed or pulled a joystick depending on stimulus color. Whereas controls avoided angry faces, VMPFC patients displayed an incongruent response pattern characterized by both increased approach and reduced avoidance of angry facial expressions. The approach bias was stronger in patients with higher self-reported impulsivity and disinhibition and in those with larger lesions. We further used linear ballistic accumulator modeling to investigate latent parameters underlying approach-avoidance decisions. Controls displayed negative drift rates when approaching angry faces, whereas VMPFC lesions abolished this pattern. In addition, VMPFC patients had weaker response drifts than controls during avoidance. Finally, patients showed reduced drift rate variability and shorter nondecision times, indicating impulsive and rigid decision-making. Our findings thus suggest that VMPFC damage alters the pace of evidence accumulation in response to social signals, eliminating a default, protective avoidant bias and facilitating a dysfunctional approach behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Kristin Solbakk
- University of Oslo.,Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet.,Helgeland Hospital, Mosjøen, Norway
| | | | - Tor Endestad
- University of Oslo.,Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet.,Helgeland Hospital, Mosjøen, Norway
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Abstract
Proactive motor control is a preparatory mechanism facilitating upcoming action inhibition or adaptation. Previous studies investigating proactive motor control mostly focused on response inhibition, as in the classical go-nogo or stop-signal tasks. However, everyday life rarely calls for the complete suppression of actions without subsequent behavioral adjustment. Therefore, we conducted a modified cued go-nogo-change task, in which cues indicated whether participants might have to change to an alternative action or inhibit the response to an upcoming target. Based on the dual-mechanisms of control framework and using electroencephalography (EEG), we investigated the role of the sensorimotor cortex and of prefrontal regions in preparing to change and cancel motor responses. We focused on mu and beta power over sensorimotor cortex ipsi- and contralateral to an automatic motor response and on prefrontal beta power. Over ipsilateral sensorimotor cortex, mu and beta power was relatively decreased when anticipating to change or inhibit the automatic motor behavior. Moreover, alpha phase coupling between ipsilateral motor cortex and prefrontal areas decreased when preparing to change, suggesting a decoupling of sensorimotor regions from prefrontal control. When the standard motor action actually had to be changed, prefrontal beta power increased, reflecting enhanced cognitive control. Our data highlight the role of the ipsilateral motor cortex in preparing to inhibit and change upcoming motor actions. Here, especially mu power and phase coupling seem to be critical to guide upcoming behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Liebrand
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Graduate School for Computing in Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jascha Kristek
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Elinor Tzvi
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrike M. Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Tzvi E, Bauhaus LJ, Kessler TU, Liebrand M, Wöstmann M, Krämer UM. Alpha-gamma phase amplitude coupling subserves information transfer during perceptual sequence learning. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 149:107-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Heldmann M, Paracka L, Liebrand M, Rasche D, Tronnier V, Krauss J, Münte T. P 94 Integration of audio-visual information in the subthalamic nucleus – evidence from local field potential recordings. Clin Neurophysiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.06.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Proactive motor inhibition refers to endogenous preparatory mechanisms facilitating action inhibition, whereas reactive motor inhibition is considered to be a sudden stopping process triggered by external signals. Previous studies were inconclusive about the temporal dynamics of involved neurocognitive processes during proactive and reactive motor control. Using electroencephalography (EEG), we investigated the time-course of proactive and reactive inhibition, measuring event-related oscillations and event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants performed in a cued go/nogo paradigm with cues indicating whether the motor response might or might not have to be inhibited. Based on the dual mechanisms of control (DMC) framework by Braver, we investigated the role of attentional effects, motor preparation in the sensorimotor cortex and prefrontal cognitive control mechanisms, separating effects before and after target onset. In the cue-target interval, proactive motor inhibition was associated with increased attention, reflected in reduced visual alpha power and an increased contingent negative variation (CNV). At the same time, motor inhibition was modulated by reduced sensorimotor beta power. After target onset, proactive inhibition resulted in an increased N1, indicating allocation of attention towards relevant stimuli, increased prefrontal beta power and a modulation of sensorimotor mu activity. As in previous studies, reactive stopping of motor actions was associated with increased prefrontal beta power and increased sensorimotor beta activity. The results stress the relevance of attentional mechanisms for proactive inhibition and speak for different neurocognitive mechanisms being involved in the early preparation for and in later implementation of motor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Liebrand
- Department of Neurology, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany.,Graduate School for Computing in Medicine and Life Sciences, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany
| | - Inga Pein
- Department of Neurology, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany
| | - Elinor Tzvi
- Department of Neurology, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany.,Institute of Psychology II, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany
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Maier O, Menze BH, von der Gablentz J, Ḧani L, Heinrich MP, Liebrand M, Winzeck S, Basit A, Bentley P, Chen L, Christiaens D, Dutil F, Egger K, Feng C, Glocker B, Götz M, Haeck T, Halme HL, Havaei M, Iftekharuddin KM, Jodoin PM, Kamnitsas K, Kellner E, Korvenoja A, Larochelle H, Ledig C, Lee JH, Maes F, Mahmood Q, Maier-Hein KH, McKinley R, Muschelli J, Pal C, Pei L, Rangarajan JR, Reza SMS, Robben D, Rueckert D, Salli E, Suetens P, Wang CW, Wilms M, Kirschke JS, Kr Amer UM, Münte TF, Schramm P, Wiest R, Handels H, Reyes M. ISLES 2015 - A public evaluation benchmark for ischemic stroke lesion segmentation from multispectral MRI. Med Image Anal 2016; 35:250-269. [PMID: 27475911 DOI: 10.1016/j.media.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease, and its diagnosis, treatment, and study relies on non-invasive imaging. Algorithms for stroke lesion segmentation from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumes are intensely researched, but the reported results are largely incomparable due to different datasets and evaluation schemes. We approached this urgent problem of comparability with the Ischemic Stroke Lesion Segmentation (ISLES) challenge organized in conjunction with the MICCAI 2015 conference. In this paper we propose a common evaluation framework, describe the publicly available datasets, and present the results of the two sub-challenges: Sub-Acute Stroke Lesion Segmentation (SISS) and Stroke Perfusion Estimation (SPES). A total of 16 research groups participated with a wide range of state-of-the-art automatic segmentation algorithms. A thorough analysis of the obtained data enables a critical evaluation of the current state-of-the-art, recommendations for further developments, and the identification of remaining challenges. The segmentation of acute perfusion lesions addressed in SPES was found to be feasible. However, algorithms applied to sub-acute lesion segmentation in SISS still lack accuracy. Overall, no algorithmic characteristic of any method was found to perform superior to the others. Instead, the characteristics of stroke lesion appearances, their evolution, and the observed challenges should be studied in detail. The annotated ISLES image datasets continue to be publicly available through an online evaluation system to serve as an ongoing benchmarking resource (www.isles-challenge.org).
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Maier
- Institut for Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Graduate School for Computing in Medicine and Live Science, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bjoern H Menze
- Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Levin Ḧani
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Stefan Winzeck
- Institute for Advanced Study and Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Abdul Basit
- Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Paul Bentley
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Liang Chen
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Daan Christiaens
- ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Karl Egger
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chaolu Feng
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ben Glocker
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Michael Götz
- Junior Group Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Haeck
- ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanna-Leena Halme
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering NBE, Aalto University School of Science, Aalto, Finland
| | | | - Khan M Iftekharuddin
- Vision Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Elias Kellner
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
| | - Antti Korvenoja
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Christian Ledig
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Jia-Hong Lee
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Frederik Maes
- ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Belgium
| | - Qaiser Mahmood
- Signals and Systems, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Klaus H Maier-Hein
- Junior Group Medical Image Computing, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard McKinley
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital Bern, Switzerland
| | - John Muschelli
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chris Pal
- Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada
| | - Linmin Pei
- Vision Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Janaki Raman Rangarajan
- ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Belgium
| | - Syed M S Reza
- Vision Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - David Robben
- ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- Biomedical Image Analysis Group, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Eero Salli
- HUS Medical Imaging Center, Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Paul Suetens
- ESAT/PSI, Department of Electrical Engineering, KU Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ching-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Matthias Wilms
- Institut for Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan S Kirschke
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike M Kr Amer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Peter Schramm
- Institute of Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Lübeck
| | - Roland Wiest
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Handels
- Institut for Medical Informatics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mauricio Reyes
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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