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Boedhoe PSW, van Rooij D, Hoogman M, Twisk JWR, Schmaal L, Abe Y, Alonso P, Ameis SH, Anikin A, Anticevic A, Arango C, Arnold PD, Asherson P, Assogna F, Auzias G, Banaschewski T, Baranov A, Batistuzzo MC, Baumeister S, Baur-Streubel R, Behrmann M, Bellgrove MA, Benedetti F, Beucke JC, Biederman J, Bollettini I, Bose A, Bralten J, Bramati IE, Brandeis D, Brem S, Brennan BP, Busatto GF, Calderoni S, Calvo A, Calvo R, Castellanos FX, Cercignani M, Chaim-Avancini TM, Chantiluke KC, Cheng Y, Cho KIK, Christakou A, Coghill D, Conzelmann A, Cubillo AI, Dale AM, Dallaspezia S, Daly E, Denys D, Deruelle C, Di Martino A, Dinstein I, Doyle AE, Durston S, Earl EA, Ecker C, Ehrlich S, Ely BA, Epstein JN, Ethofer T, Fair DA, Fallgatter AJ, Faraone SV, Fedor J, Feng X, Feusner JD, Fitzgerald J, Fitzgerald KD, Fouche JP, Freitag CM, Fridgeirsson EA, Frodl T, Gabel MC, Gallagher L, Gogberashvili T, Gori I, Gruner P, Gürsel DA, Haar S, Haavik J, Hall GB, Harrison NA, Hartman CA, Heslenfeld DJ, Hirano Y, Hoekstra PJ, Hoexter MQ, Hohmann S, Høvik MF, Hu H, Huyser C, Jahanshad N, Jalbrzikowski M, James A, Janssen J, Jaspers-Fayer F, Jernigan TL, Kapilushniy D, Kardatzki B, Karkashadze G, Kathmann N, Kaufmann C, Kelly C, Khadka S, King JA, Koch K, Kohls G, Konrad K, Kuno M, Kuntsi J, Kvale G, Kwon JS, Lázaro L, Lera-Miguel S, Lesch KP, Hoekstra L, Liu Y, Lochner C, Louza MR, Luna B, Lundervold AJ, Malpas CB, Marques P, Marsh R, Martínez-Zalacaín I, Mataix-Cols D, Mattos P, McCarthy H, McGrath J, Mehta MA, Menchón JM, Mennes M, Martinho MM, Moreira PS, Morer A, Morgado P, Muratori F, Murphy CM, Murphy DGM, Nakagawa A, Nakamae T, Nakao T, Namazova-Baranova L, Narayanaswamy JC, Nicolau R, Nigg JT, Novotny SE, Nurmi EL, Weiss EO, O'Gorman Tuura RL, O'Hearn K, O'Neill J, Oosterlaan J, Oranje B, Paloyelis Y, Parellada M, Pauli P, Perriello C, Piacentini J, Piras F, Piras F, Plessen KJ, Puig O, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Reddy YCJ, Reif A, Reneman L, Retico A, Rosa PGP, Rubia K, Rus OG, Sakai Y, Schrantee A, Schwarz L, Schweren LJS, Seitz J, Shaw P, Shook D, Silk TJ, Simpson HB, Skokauskas N, Soliva Vila JC, Solovieva A, Soreni N, Soriano-Mas C, Spalletta G, Stern ER, Stevens MC, Stewart SE, Sudre G, Szeszko PR, Tamm L, Taylor MJ, Tolin DF, Tosetti M, Tovar-Moll F, Tsuchiyagaito A, van Erp TGM, van Wingen GA, Vance A, Venkatasubramanian G, Vilarroya O, Vives-Gilabert Y, von Polier GG, Walitza S, Wallace GL, Wang Z, Wolfers T, Yoncheva YN, Yun JY, Zanetti MV, Zhou F, Ziegler GC, Zierhut KC, Zwiers MP, Thompson PM, Stein DJ, Buitelaar J, Franke B, van den Heuvel OA. Subcortical Brain Volume, Regional Cortical Thickness, and Cortical Surface Area Across Disorders: Findings From the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD Working Groups. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177:834-843. [PMID: 32539527 PMCID: PMC8296070 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.19030331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are common neurodevelopmental disorders that frequently co-occur. The authors sought to directly compare these disorders using structural brain imaging data from ENIGMA consortium data. METHODS Structural T1-weighted whole-brain MRI data from healthy control subjects (N=5,827) and from patients with ADHD (N=2,271), ASD (N=1,777), and OCD (N=2,323) from 151 cohorts worldwide were analyzed using standardized processing protocols. The authors examined subcortical volume, cortical thickness, and cortical surface area differences within a mega-analytical framework, pooling measures extracted from each cohort. Analyses were performed separately for children, adolescents, and adults, using linear mixed-effects models adjusting for age, sex, and site (and intracranial volume for subcortical and surface area measures). RESULTS No shared differences were found among all three disorders, and shared differences between any two disorders did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. Children with ADHD compared with those with OCD had smaller hippocampal volumes, possibly influenced by IQ. Children and adolescents with ADHD also had smaller intracranial volume than control subjects and those with OCD or ASD. Adults with ASD showed thicker frontal cortices compared with adult control subjects and other clinical groups. No OCD-specific differences were observed across different age groups and surface area differences among all disorders in childhood and adulthood. CONCLUSIONS The study findings suggest robust but subtle differences across different age groups among ADHD, ASD, and OCD. ADHD-specific intracranial volume and hippocampal differences in children and adolescents, and ASD-specific cortical thickness differences in the frontal cortex in adults, support previous work emphasizing structural brain differences in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premika S W Boedhoe
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Daan van Rooij
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Martine Hoogman
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jos W R Twisk
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Yoshinari Abe
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Pino Alonso
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Stephanie H Ameis
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Anatoly Anikin
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Alan Anticevic
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Celso Arango
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Paul D Arnold
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Philip Asherson
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Francesca Assogna
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Guillaume Auzias
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Alexander Baranov
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Marcelo C Batistuzzo
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Sarah Baumeister
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Ramona Baur-Streubel
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Marlene Behrmann
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Mark A Bellgrove
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jan C Beucke
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Joseph Biederman
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Irene Bollettini
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Anushree Bose
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Janita Bralten
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Ivanei E Bramati
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Silvia Brem
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Brian P Brennan
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Geraldo F Busatto
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Sara Calderoni
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Anna Calvo
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Rosa Calvo
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Francisco X Castellanos
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Mara Cercignani
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Tiffany M Chaim-Avancini
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Kaylita C Chantiluke
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Kang Ik K Cho
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Anastasia Christakou
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - David Coghill
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Annette Conzelmann
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Ana I Cubillo
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Anders M Dale
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Sara Dallaspezia
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Eileen Daly
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Damiaan Denys
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Christine Deruelle
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Adriana Di Martino
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Ilan Dinstein
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Alysa E Doyle
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Sarah Durston
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Eric A Earl
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Christine Ecker
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Benjamin A Ely
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jeffrey N Epstein
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Thomas Ethofer
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Damien A Fair
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Andreas J Fallgatter
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jennifer Fedor
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Xin Feng
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jamie D Feusner
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jackie Fitzgerald
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Kate D Fitzgerald
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jean-Paul Fouche
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Christine M Freitag
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Egill A Fridgeirsson
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Thomas Frodl
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Matt C Gabel
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Louise Gallagher
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Tinatin Gogberashvili
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Ilaria Gori
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Patricia Gruner
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Deniz A Gürsel
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Shlomi Haar
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jan Haavik
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Geoffrey B Hall
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Neil A Harrison
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Yoshiyuki Hirano
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Marcelo Q Hoexter
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Marie F Høvik
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Hao Hu
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Chaim Huyser
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Anthony James
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Joost Janssen
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Fern Jaspers-Fayer
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Terry L Jernigan
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Dmitry Kapilushniy
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Bernd Kardatzki
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Georgii Karkashadze
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Norbert Kathmann
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Christian Kaufmann
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Clare Kelly
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Sabin Khadka
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Joseph A King
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Kathrin Koch
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Gregor Kohls
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Kerstin Konrad
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Masaru Kuno
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Gerd Kvale
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jun Soo Kwon
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Luisa Lázaro
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Sara Lera-Miguel
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Liesbeth Hoekstra
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Yanni Liu
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Christine Lochner
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Mario R Louza
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Beatriz Luna
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Charles B Malpas
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Paulo Marques
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Rachel Marsh
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - David Mataix-Cols
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Paulo Mattos
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Hazel McCarthy
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jane McGrath
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Mitul A Mehta
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - José M Menchón
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Maarten Mennes
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Mauricio Moller Martinho
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Pedro S Moreira
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Astrid Morer
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Pedro Morgado
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Filippo Muratori
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Clodagh M Murphy
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Akiko Nakagawa
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Takashi Nakamae
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Tomohiro Nakao
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Leyla Namazova-Baranova
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Rosa Nicolau
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Joel T Nigg
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Stephanie E Novotny
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Erika L Nurmi
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Eileen Oberwelland Weiss
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Ruth L O'Gorman Tuura
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Kirsten O'Hearn
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Joseph O'Neill
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Bob Oranje
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Yannis Paloyelis
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Mara Parellada
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Paul Pauli
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Chris Perriello
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - John Piacentini
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Federica Piras
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Kerstin J Plessen
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Olga Puig
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - J Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Y C Janardhan Reddy
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Andreas Reif
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Alessandra Retico
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Pedro G P Rosa
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Katya Rubia
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Oana Georgiana Rus
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Yuki Sakai
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Lena Schwarz
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Lizanne J S Schweren
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jochen Seitz
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Philip Shaw
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Devon Shook
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Tim J Silk
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - H Blair Simpson
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Norbert Skokauskas
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Juan Carlos Soliva Vila
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Anastasia Solovieva
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Noam Soreni
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Carles Soriano-Mas
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Emily R Stern
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Michael C Stevens
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - S Evelyn Stewart
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Gustavo Sudre
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Philip R Szeszko
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Leanne Tamm
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Margot J Taylor
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - David F Tolin
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Michela Tosetti
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Fernanda Tovar-Moll
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Aki Tsuchiyagaito
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Guido A van Wingen
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Alasdair Vance
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Oscar Vilarroya
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Yolanda Vives-Gilabert
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Georg G von Polier
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Susanne Walitza
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Gregory L Wallace
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Zhen Wang
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Thomas Wolfers
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Yuliya N Yoncheva
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Je-Yeon Yun
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Marcus V Zanetti
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Fengfeng Zhou
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Georg C Ziegler
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Kathrin C Zierhut
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Paul M Thompson
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Dan J Stein
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Jan Buitelaar
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Barbara Franke
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
| | - Odile A van den Heuvel
- The full list of authors in the ENIGMA working groups, author affiliations, author disclosures, and acknowledgments are provided in online supplements
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van Rooij D, Anagnostou E, Arango C, Auzias G, Behrmann M, Busatto GF, Calderoni S, Daly E, Deruelle C, Di Martino A, Dinstein I, Duran FLS, Durston S, Ecker C, Fair D, Fedor J, Fitzgerald J, Freitag CM, Gallagher L, Gori I, Haar S, Hoekstra L, Jahanshad N, Jalbrzikowski M, Janssen J, Lerch J, Luna B, Martinho MM, McGrath J, Muratori F, Murphy CM, Murphy DG, O’Hearn K, Oranje B, Parellada M, Retico A, Rosa P, Rubia K, Shook D, Taylor M, Thompson PM, Tosetti M, Wallace GL, Zhou F, Buitelaar JK. Cortical and Subcortical Brain Morphometry Differences Between Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: Results From the ENIGMA ASD Working Group. Am J Psychiatry 2018; 175:359-369. [PMID: 29145754 PMCID: PMC6546164 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroimaging studies show structural differences in both cortical and subcortical brain regions in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared with healthy subjects. Findings are inconsistent, however, and it is unclear how differences develop across the lifespan. The authors investigated brain morphometry differences between individuals with ASD and healthy subjects, cross-sectionally across the lifespan, in a large multinational sample from the Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics Through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) ASD working group. METHOD The sample comprised 1,571 patients with ASD and 1,651 healthy control subjects (age range, 2-64 years) from 49 participating sites. MRI scans were preprocessed at individual sites with a harmonized protocol based on a validated automated-segmentation software program. Mega-analyses were used to test for case-control differences in subcortical volumes, cortical thickness, and surface area. Development of brain morphometry over the lifespan was modeled using a fractional polynomial approach. RESULTS The case-control mega-analysis demonstrated that ASD was associated with smaller subcortical volumes of the pallidum, putamen, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (effect sizes [Cohen's d], 0.13 to -0.13), as well as increased cortical thickness in the frontal cortex and decreased thickness in the temporal cortex (effect sizes, -0.21 to 0.20). Analyses of age effects indicate that the development of cortical thickness is altered in ASD, with the largest differences occurring around adolescence. No age-by-ASD interactions were observed in the subcortical partitions. CONCLUSIONS The ENIGMA ASD working group provides the largest study of brain morphometry differences in ASD to date, using a well-established, validated, publicly available analysis pipeline. ASD patients showed altered morphometry in the cognitive and affective parts of the striatum, frontal cortex, and temporal cortex. Complex developmental trajectories were observed for the different regions, with a developmental peak around adolescence. These findings suggest an interplay in the abnormal development of the striatal, frontal, and temporal regions in ASD across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan van Rooij
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Evdokia Anagnostou
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Celso Arango
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Guillaume Auzias
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Marlene Behrmann
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Geraldo F. Busatto
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Sara Calderoni
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Eileen Daly
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Christine Deruelle
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Adriana Di Martino
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Ilan Dinstein
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Fabio Luis Souza Duran
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Sarah Durston
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Christine Ecker
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Damien Fair
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Jennifer Fedor
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Jackie Fitzgerald
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Louise Gallagher
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Ilaria Gori
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Shlomi Haar
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Liesbeth Hoekstra
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Maria Jalbrzikowski
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Joost Janssen
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Jason Lerch
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Beatriz Luna
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Mauricio Moller Martinho
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Jane McGrath
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Filippo Muratori
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Clodagh M. Murphy
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Declan G.M. Murphy
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Kirsten O’Hearn
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Bob Oranje
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Mara Parellada
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Alessandra Retico
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Pedro Rosa
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Katya Rubia
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Devon Shook
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Margot Taylor
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Paul M. Thompson
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Michela Tosetti
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Gregory L. Wallace
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Fengfeng Zhou
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
| | - Jan K. Buitelaar
- From the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Donders Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; the Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen; the Bloorview Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto; the Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Gregorio Marañón General University Hospital, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, CIBERSAM, Madrid
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