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Vicosa Bauermann F, Maggioli MF. Pathogenesis and Host Responses to Viral Diseases in Livestock Species. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040925. [PMID: 37112905 PMCID: PMC10147033 DOI: 10.3390/v15040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases in livestock species are responsible for significant economic losses worldwide and constantly threaten food security [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Vicosa Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Mayara F. Maggioli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Paim WP, Maggioli MF, Weber MN, Rezabek G, Narayanan S, Ramachandran A, Canal CW, Bauermann FV. Virome characterization in serum of healthy show pigs raised in Oklahoma demonstrated great diversity of ssDNA viruses. Virology 2021; 556:87-95. [PMID: 33550118 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, show pigs are raised to compete in agricultural events. These animals are usually raised in small herds with extensive human, domestic, and wild animal contact. Therefore, pathogen monitoring in this animal category is critical for improved disease surveillance and preparedness. This study characterized the virome of healthy show pigs using high-throughput sequencing using pooled serum samples from 2018 or 2019 (200 samples each pool). Results demonstrated the presence of DNA viral families (Parvoviridae, Circoviridae, and Herpesviridae) and RNA families (Arteriviridae, Flaviviridae, and Retroviridae). Twenty-three viral species were identified, including the first detection of porcine bufavirus in the US. Moreover, important swine pathogens identified included porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, atypical porcine pestivirus, and porcine circovirus (PCV). Additionally, complete coding genomes of 17 viruses from the Parvoviridae, Anelloviridae, and Circoviridae families were retrieved and included the first near full-length genomes of US Ungulate bocaparvovirus 3 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian P Paim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA; Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mayara F Maggioli
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Grant Rezabek
- Serology diagnostic Section, Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (OADDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Sai Narayanan
- Molecular diagnostic Section, Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (OADDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Akhilesh Ramachandran
- Molecular diagnostic Section, Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (OADDL), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernando V Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University (OSU), Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Fernandes MHV, Maggioli MF, Otta J, Joshi LR, Lawson S, Diel DG. Senecavirus A 3C Protease Mediates Host Cell Apoptosis Late in Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:363. [PMID: 30918505 PMCID: PMC6424860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), an oncolytic picornavirus used for cancer treatment in humans, has recently emerged as a vesicular disease (VD)-causing agent in swine worldwide. Notably, SVA-induced VD is indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and other high-consequence VDs of pigs. Here we investigated the role of apoptosis on infection and replication of SVA. Given the critical role of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway on modulation of cell death, we first assessed activation of NF-κB during SVA infection. Results here show that while early during infection SVA induces activation of NF-κB, as evidenced by nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65 and NF-κB-mediated transcription, late in infection a cleaved product corresponding to the C-terminus of NF-κB-p65 is detected in infected cells, resulting in lower NF-κB transcriptional activity. Additionally, we assessed the potential role of SVA 3C protease (3Cpro) in SVA-induced host-cell apoptosis and cleavage of NF-κB-p65. Transient expression of SVA 3Cpro was associated with cleavage of NF-κB-p65 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), suggesting its involvement in virus-induced apoptosis. Most importantly, we showed that while cleavage of NF-κB-p65 is secondary to caspase activation, the proteolytic activity of SVA 3Cpro is essential for induction of apoptosis. Experiments using the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK confirmed the relevance of late apoptosis for SVA infection, indicating that SVA induces apoptosis, presumably, as a mechanism to facilitate virus release and/or spread from infected cells. Together, these results suggest an important role of apoptosis for SVA infection biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Diego G. Diel
- Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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Joshi LR, Okda FA, Singrey A, Maggioli MF, Faccin TC, Fernandes MHV, Hain KS, Dee S, Bauermann FV, Nelson EA, Diel DG. Passive immunity to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following immunization of pregnant gilts with a recombinant orf virus vector expressing the spike protein. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2327-2335. [PMID: 29725899 PMCID: PMC7086649 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Passive immunity is critical for protection of neonatal piglets against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of an orf virus (ORFV) vector expressing the full-length spike (S) protein of PEDV (ORFV-PEDV-S) in pregnant gilts and its ability to confer passive immunity and protection in piglets. Three doses of ORFV-PEDV-S were given to two groups of PEDV-negative pregnant gilts, with the last dose being administered two weeks prior to farrowing. One of the two groups immunized with the ORFV-PEDV-S recombinant virus was also exposed to live PEDV orally on day 31 post-immunization (pi). Antibody responses were assessed in serum, colostrum and milk of immunized gilts, and passive transfer of antibodies was evaluated in piglet sera. The protective efficacy of ORFV-PEDV-S was evaluated after challenge of the piglets with PEDV. PEDV-specific IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody (NA) responses were detected in ORFV-PEDV-S-immunized and ORFV-PEDV-S-immunized/PEDV-exposed gilts. PEDV NA, IgG and IgA were detected in the serum of piglets born to immunized gilts, demonstrating the transfer of antibodies through colostrum and milk. Piglets born to immunized gilts showed reduced morbidity and a marked reduction in mortality after PEDV challenge in comparison to control piglets. Piglets born to gilts that received ORFV-PEDV-S and were exposed to live PEDV showed stronger NA responses and lower clinical scores when compared to piglets born to gilts immunized with ORFV-PEDV-S alone. These results demonstrate the potential of ORFV as a vaccine delivery platform capable of eliciting passive immunity against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Faten A Okda
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Aaron Singrey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Mayara F Maggioli
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Tatiane C Faccin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maureen H V Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Kyle S Hain
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Scott Dee
- Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone, MN, 51164, USA
| | - Fernando V Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA. .,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Waters WR, Vordermeier HM, Rhodes S, Khatri B, Palmer MV, Maggioli MF, Thacker TC, Nelson JT, Thomsen BV, Robbe-Austerman S, Bravo Garcia DM, Schoenbaum MA, Camacho MS, Ray JS, Esfandiari J, Lambotte P, Greenwald R, Grandison A, Sikar-Gang A, Lyashchenko KP. Potential for rapid antibody detection to identify tuberculous cattle with non-reactive tuberculin skin test results. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:164. [PMID: 28592322 PMCID: PMC5463416 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (TB) control programs generally rely on the tuberculin skin test (TST) for ante-mortem detection of Mycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. RESULTS Present findings demonstrate that a rapid antibody test based on Dual-Path Platform (DPP®) technology, when applied 1-3 weeks after TST, detected 9 of 11 and 34 of 52 TST non-reactive yet M. bovis-infected cattle from the US and GB, respectively. The specificity of the assay ranged from 98.9% (n = 92, US) to 96.0% (n = 50, GB) with samples from TB-free herds. Multi-antigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) revealed the presence of antibodies to multiple antigens of M. bovis in sera from TST non-reactors diagnosed with TB. CONCLUSIONS Thus, use of serologic assays in series with TST can identify a significant number of TST non-reactive tuberculous cattle for more efficient removal from TB-affected herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ray Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Shelley Rhodes
- Tuberculosis Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Bhagwati Khatri
- Tuberculosis Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mayara F Maggioli
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tyler C Thacker
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jeffrey T Nelson
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bruce V Thomsen
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Doris M Bravo Garcia
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), USDA, Ames, IA, USA
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Maggioli MF, Palmer MV, Thacker TC, Vordermeier HM, McGill JL, Whelan AO, Larsen MH, Jacobs WR, Waters WR. Increased TNF-α/IFN-γ/IL-2 and Decreased TNF-α/IFN-γ Production by Central Memory T Cells Are Associated with Protective Responses against Bovine Tuberculosis Following BCG Vaccination. Front Immunol 2016; 7:421. [PMID: 27799930 PMCID: PMC5066095 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Central memory T cell (Tcm) and polyfunctional CD4 T cell responses contribute to vaccine-elicited protection with both human and bovine tuberculosis (TB); however, their combined role in protective immunity to TB is unclear. To address this question, we evaluated polyfunctional cytokine responses by CD4 T cell effector/memory populations from bacille Calmette–Guerin (BCG) vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves by flow cytometry prior to and after aerosol challenge with virulent Mycobacterium bovis. Polyfunctional cytokine expression patterns in the response by Tcm, effector memory, and effector T cell subsets were similar between BCG-vaccinated and M. bovis-infected calves, only differing in magnitude (i.e., infected > vaccinated). BCG vaccination, however, did alter the kinetics of the ensuing response to virulent M. bovis infection. Early after challenge (3 weeks post-infection), non-vaccinates had greater antigen-specific interferon-γ (IFN-γ)/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and lesser IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 responses by Tcm cells than did vaccinated animals. Importantly, these differences were also associated with mycobacterial burden upon necropsy. Polyfunctional responses to ESAT-6:CFP10 (antigens not synthesized by BCG strains) were detected in memory subsets, as well as in effector cells, as early as 3 weeks after challenge. These findings suggest that cell fate divergence may occur early after antigen priming in the response to bovine TB and that memory and effector T cells may expand concurrently during the initial phase of the immune response. In summary, robust IFN-γ/TNF-α response by Tcm cells is associated with greater mycobacterial burden, while IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-2 response by Tcm cells are indicative of a protective response to bovine TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara F Maggioli
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA; Imbio, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
| | - Tyler C Thacker
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
| | | | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University , Manhattan, KS , USA
| | - Adam O Whelan
- Defense Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down , Wiltshire , UK
| | - Michelle H Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - William R Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , Bronx, NY , USA
| | - W Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center , Ames, IA , USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara F Maggioli
- a Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA.,b Department of Veterinary Pathology , College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames , IA , USA
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Waters WR, Maggioli MF, Palmer MV, Thacker TC, McGill JL, Vordermeier HM, Berney-Meyer L, Jacobs WR, Larsen MH. Interleukin-17A as a Biomarker for Bovine Tuberculosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2016; 23:168-80. [PMID: 26677202 PMCID: PMC4744917 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00637-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17)-associated cytokines are integral to the immune responses to tuberculosis, initiating both protective and harmful inflammatory responses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate applied aspects of interleukin-17 (IL-17) biology in the context of Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle. Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq), numerous Th17-associated cytokine genes (including IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-19, and IL-27) were upregulated >9-fold in response to purified protein derivative stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from experimentally M. bovis-infected cattle. Protective vaccines elicited IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, and IL-27 responses. Reduced IL-17A responses by vaccine recipients, compared to nonvaccinated animals, at 2.5 weeks after M. bovis challenge correlated with reduced disease burdens. Additionally, IL-17A and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) responses were highly correlated and exhibited similar diagnostic capacities. The present findings support the use of Th17-associated cytokines as biomarkers of infection and protection in the immune responses to bovine tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ray Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Mayara F Maggioli
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tyler C Thacker
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | | | - Linda Berney-Meyer
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - William R Jacobs
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Michelle H Larsen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bronx, New York, USA
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Maggioli MF, Palmer MV, Vordermeier HM, Whelan AO, Fosse JM, Nonnecke BJ, Waters WR. Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle. J Vis Exp 2015:e52833. [PMID: 26275095 PMCID: PMC4544920 DOI: 10.3791/52833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector and memory T cells are generated through developmental programing of naïve cells following antigen recognition. If the infection is controlled up to 95 % of the T cells generated during the expansion phase are eliminated (i.e., contraction phase) and memory T cells remain, sometimes for a lifetime. In humans, two functionally distinct subsets of memory T cells have been described based on the expression of lymph node homing receptors. Central memory T cells express C-C chemokine receptor 7 and CD45RO and are mainly located in T-cell areas of secondary lymphoid organs. Effector memory T cells express CD45RO, lack CCR7 and display receptors associated with lymphocyte homing to peripheral or inflamed tissues. Effector T cells do not express either CCR7 or CD45RO but upon encounter with antigen produce effector cytokines, such as interferon-γ. Interferon-γ release assays are used for the diagnosis of bovine and human tuberculosis and detect primarily effector and effector memory T cell responses. Central memory T cell responses by CD4(+) T cells to vaccination, on the other hand, may be used to predict vaccine efficacy, as demonstrated with simian immunodeficiency virus infection of non-human primates, tuberculosis in mice, and malaria in humans. Several studies with mice and humans as well as unpublished data on cattle, have demonstrated that interferon-γ ELISPOT assays measure central memory T cell responses. With this assay, peripheral blood mononuclear cells are cultured in decreasing concentration of antigen for 10 to 14 days (long-term culture), allowing effector responses to peak and wane; facilitating central memory T cells to differentiate and expand within the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara F Maggioli
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University;
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
| | | | | | - James M Fosse
- Visual Services, National Centers for Animal Health, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture
| | - Brian J Nonnecke
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
| | - W Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
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Waters WR, Thacker TC, Nelson JT, DiCarlo DM, Maggioli MF, Greenwald R, Esfandiari J, Lyashchenko KP, Palmer MV. Virulence of two strains of mycobacterium bovis in cattle following aerosol infection. J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:410-9. [PMID: 25306158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, highly virulent strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have emerged and spread rapidly in man, suggesting a selective advantage based on virulence. A similar scenario has not been described for Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle (i.e. bovine tuberculosis). An epidemiological investigation of a recent outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in a USA dairy indicated that the causative strain of M. bovis (strain 10-7428) was particularly virulent, with rapid spread within the herd. In the present study, the virulence of this strain (10-7428) was directly compared in the target host with a well-characterized strain (95-1315) of relevance to the USA bovine tuberculosis eradication programme. Aerosol inoculation of 10(4) colony forming units of M. bovis 95-1315 (n = 8) or 10-7428 (n = 8) resulted in a similar distribution and severity of gross and microscopical lesions of tuberculosis as well as mycobacterial colonization, primarily affecting the lungs and lung-associated lymph nodes. Specific cell-mediated and antibody responses, including kinetics of the response, as well as antigen recognition profiles, were also comparable between the two treatment groups. Present findings demonstrate that M. bovis strains 95-1315 and 10-7428 have similar virulence when administered to cattle via aerosol inoculation. Other factors such as livestock management practices likely affected the severity of the outbreak in the dairy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Waters
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - T C Thacker
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - J T Nelson
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - D M DiCarlo
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - M F Maggioli
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - R Greenwald
- Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Medford, NY 11763, USA
| | - J Esfandiari
- Chembio Diagnostic Systems, Inc., Medford, NY 11763, USA
| | | | - M V Palmer
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Waters WR, Maggioli MF, McGill JL, Lyashchenko KP, Palmer MV. Relevance of bovine tuberculosis research to the understanding of human disease: historical perspectives, approaches, and immunologic mechanisms. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 159:113-32. [PMID: 24636301 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pioneer studies on infectious disease and immunology by Jenner, Pasteur, Koch, Von Behring, Nocard, Roux, and Ehrlich forged a path for the dual-purpose with dual benefit approach, demonstrating a profound relevance of veterinary studies for biomedical applications. Tuberculosis (TB), primarily due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans and Mycobacterium bovis in cattle, is an exemplary model for the demonstration of this concept. Early studies with cattle were instrumental in the development of the use of Koch's tuberculin as an in vivo measure of cell-mediated immunity for diagnostic purposes. Calmette and Guerin demonstrated the efficacy of an attenuated M. bovis strain (BCG) in cattle prior to use of this vaccine in humans. The interferon-γ release assay, now widely used for TB diagnosis in humans, was developed circa 1990 for use in the Australian bovine TB eradication program. More recently, M. bovis infection and vaccine efficacy studies with cattle have demonstrated a correlation of vaccine-elicited T cell central memory (TCM) responses to vaccine efficacy, correlation of specific antibody to mycobacterial burden and lesion severity, and detection of antigen-specific IL-17 responses to vaccination and infection. Additionally, positive prognostic indicators of bovine TB vaccine efficacy (i.e., responses measured after infection) include: reduced antigen-specific IFN-γ, iNOS, IL-4, and MIP1-α responses; reduced antigen-specific expansion of CD4(+) T cells; and a diminished activation profile on T cells within antigen stimulated cultures. Delayed type hypersensitivity and IFN-γ responses correlate with infection but do not necessarily correlate with lesion severity whereas antibody responses generally correlate with lesion severity. Recently, serologic tests have emerged for the detection of tuberculous animals, particularly elephants, captive cervids, and camelids. B cell aggregates are consistently detected within tuberculous lesions of humans, cattle, mice and various other species, suggesting a role for B cells in the immunopathogenesis of TB. Comparative immunology studies including partnerships of researchers with veterinary and medical perspectives will continue to provide mutual benefit to TB research in both man and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ray Waters
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Mayara F Maggioli
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L McGill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
| | | | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, United States
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