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Dennis MR, Pires PW, Banek CT. Vascular Dysfunction in Polycystic Kidney Disease: A Mini-Review. J Vasc Res 2023; 60:125-136. [PMID: 37536302 PMCID: PMC10947982 DOI: 10.1159/000531647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is one of the most common hereditary kidney diseases, which is characterized by progressive cyst growth and secondary hypertension. In addition to cystogenesis and renal abnormalities, patients with PKD can develop vascular abnormalities and cardiovascular complications. Progressive cyst growth substantially alters renal structure and culminates into end-stage renal disease. There remains no cure beyond renal transplantation, and treatment options remain largely limited to chronic renal replacement therapy. In addition to end-stage renal disease, patients with PKD also present with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, yet the timing and interactions between the cardiovascular and renal effects of PKD progression are understudied. Here, we review the vascular dysfunction found in clinical and preclinical models of PKD, including the clinical manifestations and relationship to hypertension, stroke, and related cardiovascular diseases. Finally, our discussion also highlights the critical questions and emerging areas in vascular research in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Dennis
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Paulo W Pires
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Christopher T Banek
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Parvin I, Gauthier MM, Dennis MR, Encinas NM, Nangia EL, Schwartz KL, Banek CT. Sequential afferent and sympathetic renal denervation impact on cardiovascular and renal homeostasis in the male Sprague-Dawley rat. Life Sci 2023; 325:121768. [PMID: 37169146 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Renal denervation (RDNx) is emerging as a promising treatment for cardiovascular disease, yet the underlying mechanisms and contributions of afferent (sensory) and efferent (sympathetic) renal nerves in healthy conditions remains limited. We hypothesize that sympathetic renal nerves contribute to long-term MAP and renal function, whereas afferent renal nerves do not contribute to the maintenance of cardiovascular and renal function. To test this hypothesis, we performed two experiments. In experiment one, we performed total renal denervation (T-RDNx), ablating afferent and sympathetic renal nerves, in normotensive adult SD rats to determine effects on MAP and renal function. Experiment 2 employed a sequential surgical ablation using: (1) afferent targeted renal denervation (A-RDNx), then (2) sympathetic (T-RDNx) denervation to determine the individual contributions to cardiovascular and renal homeostasis. In experiment 1, MAP decreased following T-RDNx and GFR increased. In experiment 2, A-RDNx led to an increase in MAP but did not change renal function. In contrast, T-RDNx decreased MAP and improved renal filtration. Together, these data partially support our hypothesis that renal sympathetic nerves contribute to the chronic regulation of arterial pressure and renal function. Contrary to the hypothesis, A-RDNx produced an increase in MAP without a detected change in renal function. We concluded that renal sympathetic nerves influence MAP and renal function regulation through a well-defined tonic contribution to renal vascular resistance and sodium reabsorption, whereas afferent renal nerves likely contribute to the maintenance of MAP through a tonic sympatho-inhibitory, negative feedback regulation in the normotensive, healthy rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irin Parvin
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Madeline M Gauthier
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Melissa R Dennis
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Noah M Encinas
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ellen L Nangia
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kyle L Schwartz
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher T Banek
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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Parvin I, Gauthier M, Dennis MR, Morales M, Banek CT. Hypertension Precedes Changes in Afferent Renal Nerve Activity and Renal Dysfunction in DOCA‐Salt Rat Model. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r5868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Gauthier MM, Dennis MR, Morales MN, Brooks HL, Banek CT. Contribution of Afferent Renal Nerves to Cystogenesis and Arterial Pressure Regulation in a Preclinical Model of Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 322:F680-F691. [PMID: 35466689 PMCID: PMC9159540 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00009.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is the most common inheritable cause of kidney failure, and the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely uncovered. Renal nerves contribute to hypertension and chronic kidney disease - frequent complications of PKD. There is limited evidence that renal nerves may contribute to cardiorenal dysfunction in PKD, and no investigations of the role of sympathetic versus afferent nerves in PKD. Afferent renal nerve activity (ARNA) is elevated in models of renal disease and fibrosis. However, it remains unknown if this is true in PKD. We tested the hypothesis that ARNA is elevated in a preclinical model of autosomal recessive PKD (ARPKD), and that targeted renal nerve ablation would attenuate cystogenesis and cardiorenal dysfunction. We tested this by performing a total (T-RDNx) or afferent (A-RDNx) denervation in 4-week-old male and female PCK rats, then quantifying renal and cardiovascular responses 6 weeks following treatment. Cystogenesis was attenuated with A-RDNx and T-RDNx vs. sham controls, highlighting a crucial role for renal afferent nerves in cystogenesis. In contrast, blood pressure was improved with T-RDNx but not A-RDNx. Importantly, treatments produced similar results in both males and females. Direct renal afferent nerve recordings revealed that ARNA was 2-fold greater in PCK rats vs. non-cystic controls and was directly correlated to cystic severity. To our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that PCK rats have greater ARNA than non-cystic, age-matched controls. The findings of these studies support a novel and crucial role for renal afferent innervation in cystogenesis in the PCK rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline M Gauthier
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Melissa R Dennis
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Mark N Morales
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Heddwen L Brooks
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Christopher T Banek
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, AZ, United States.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Malhotra T, Gutiérrez-Cuevas R, Hassett J, Dennis MR, Vamivakas AN, Alonso MA. Measuring Geometric Phase without Interferometry. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:233602. [PMID: 29932727 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.233602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A simple noninterferometric approach for probing the geometric phase of a structured Gaussian beam is proposed. Both the Gouy and Pancharatnam-Berry phases can be determined from the intensity distribution following a mode transformation if a part of the beam is covered at the initial plane. Moreover, the trajectories described by the centroid of the resulting intensity distributions following these transformations resemble those of ray optics, revealing an optical analogue of Ehrenfest's theorem associated with changes in the geometric phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Malhotra
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - R Gutiérrez-Cuevas
- Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - J Hassett
- Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M R Dennis
- H. H. Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, United Kingdom
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - A N Vamivakas
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Materials Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - M A Alonso
- Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Aix-Marseille Université, SNRF, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, UMR 7249, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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Bode B, Dennis MR, Foster D, King RP. Knotted fields and explicit fibrations for lemniscate knots. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160829. [PMID: 28690405 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We give an explicit construction of complex maps whose nodal lines have the form of lemniscate knots. We review the properties of lemniscate knots, defined as closures of braids where all strands follow the same transverse (1, ℓ) Lissajous figure, and are therefore a subfamily of spiral knots generalizing the torus knots. We then prove that such maps exist and are in fact fibrations with appropriate choices of parameters. We describe how this may be useful in physics for creating knotted fields, in quantum mechanics, optics and generalizing to rational maps with application to the Skyrme-Faddeev model. We also prove how this construction extends to maps with weakly isolated singularities.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bode
- H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - M R Dennis
- H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - D Foster
- H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - R P King
- H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
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Dennis MR, Alonso MA. Swings and roundabouts: optical Poincaré spheres for polarization and Gaussian beams. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 375:rsta.2015.0441. [PMID: 28069772 PMCID: PMC5247485 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The connection between Poincaré spheres for polarization and Gaussian beams is explored, focusing on the interpretation of elliptic polarization in terms of the isotropic two-dimensional harmonic oscillator in Hamiltonian mechanics, its canonical quantization and semiclassical interpretation. This leads to the interpretation of structured Gaussian modes, the Hermite-Gaussian, Laguerre-Gaussian and generalized Hermite-Laguerre-Gaussian modes as eigenfunctions of operators corresponding to the classical constants of motion of the two-dimensional oscillator, which acquire an extra significance as families of classical ellipses upon semiclassical quantization.This article is part of the themed issue 'Optical orbital angular momentum'.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Dennis
- H H Wills Physics Laboratory, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK
| | - M A Alonso
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
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Romero J, Leach J, Jack B, Dennis MR, Franke-Arnold S, Barnett SM, Padgett MJ. Entangled optical vortex links. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:100407. [PMID: 21469778 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.100407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical vortices are lines of phase singularity which percolate through all optical fields. We report the entanglement of linked optical vortex loops in the light produced by spontaneous parametric down-conversion. As measured by using a Bell inequality, this entanglement between topological features extends over macroscopic and finite volumes. The entanglement of photons in complex three-dimensional topological states suggests the possibility of entanglement of similar features in other quantum systems describable by complex scalar functions, such as superconductors, superfluids, and Bose-Einstein condensates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Romero
- School of Physics and Astronomy, SUPA, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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O’Holleran K, Flossmann F, Dennis MR, Padgett MJ. Methodology for imaging the 3D structure of singularities in scalar and vector optical fields. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1088/1464-4258/11/9/094020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Höhmann R, Kuhl U, Stöckmann HJ, Urbina JD, Dennis MR. Density and correlation functions of vortex and saddle points in open billiard systems. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2009; 79:016203. [PMID: 19257118 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.79.016203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present microwave measurements for the density and spatial correlation of current critical points in an open billiard system and compare them with new and previous predictions of the random-wave model (RWM). In particular, due to an improvement of the experimental setup, we determine experimentally the spatial correlation of saddle points of the current field. An asymptotic expression for the vortex-saddle and saddle-saddle correlation functions based on the RWM is derived, with experiment and theory agreeing well. We also derive an expression for the density of saddle points in the presence of a straight boundary with general mixed boundary conditions in the RWM and compare with experimental measurements of the vortex and saddle density in the vicinity of a straight wall satisfying Dirichlet conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Höhmann
- Fachbereich Physik der Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 5, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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Berry MV, Dennis MR. Knotting and unknotting of phase singularities: Helmholtz waves, paraxial waves and waves in 2+1 spacetime. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1088/0305-4470/34/42/311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Dennis MR, Bundey S. Genetic counseling in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle Nerve 1981; 4:81-2. [PMID: 7231452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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