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Mesenburg MA, Restrepo-Mendez MC, Amigo H, Balandrán AD, Barbosa-Verdun MA, Caicedo-Velásquez B, Carvajal-Aguirre L, Coimbra CEA, Ferreira LZ, Flores-Quispe MDP, Flores-Ramírez C, Gatica-Dominguez G, Huicho L, Jinesta-Campos K, Krishnadath ISK, Maia FS, Marquez-Callisaya IA, Martinez MM, Mujica OJ, Pingray V, Retamoso A, Ríos-Quituizaca P, Velásquez-Rivas J, Viáfara-López CA, Walrond S, Wehrmeister FC, Del Popolo F, Barros AJ, Victora CG. Ethnic group inequalities in coverage with reproductive, maternal and child health interventions: cross-sectional analyses of national surveys in 16 Latin American and Caribbean countries. Lancet Glob Health 2018; 6:e902-e913. [PMID: 30012271 PMCID: PMC6057134 DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latin American and Caribbean populations include three main ethnic groups: indigenous people, people of African descent, and people of European descent. We investigated ethnic inequalities among these groups in population coverage with reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health interventions. METHODS We analysed 16 standardised, nationally representative surveys carried out from 2004 to 2015 in Latin America and the Caribbean that provided information on ethnicity or a proxy indicator (household language or skin colour) and on coverage of reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health interventions. We selected four outcomes: coverage with modern contraception, antenatal care coverage (defined as four or more antenatal visits), and skilled attendants at birth for women aged 15-49 years; and coverage with three doses of diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT3) vaccine among children aged 12-23 months. We classified women and children as indigenous, of African descent, or other ancestry (reference group) on the basis of their self-reported ethnicity or language. Mediating variables included wealth quintiles (based on household asset indices), woman's education, and urban-rural residence. We calculated crude and adjusted coverage ratios using Poisson regression. FINDINGS Ethnic gaps in coverage varied substantially from country to country. In most countries, coverage with modern contraception (median coverage ratio 0·82, IQR 0·66-0·92), antenatal care (0·86, 0·75-0·94), and skilled birth attendants (0·75, 0·68-0·92) was lower among indigenous women than in the reference group. Only three countries (Nicaragua, Panama, and Paraguay) showed significant gaps in DPT3 coverage between the indigenous and the reference groups. The differences were attenuated but persisted after adjustment for wealth, education, and residence. Women and children of African descent showed similar coverage to the reference group in most countries. INTERPRETATION The lower coverage levels for indigenous women are pervasive, and cannot be explained solely by differences in wealth, education, or residence. Interventions delivered at community level-such as vaccines-show less inequality than those requiring access to services, such as birth attendance. Regular monitoring of ethnic inequalities is essential to evaluate existing initiatives aimed at the inclusion of minorities and to plan effective multisectoral policies and programmes. FUNDING The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (through the Countdown to 2030 initiative) and the Wellcome Trust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Arndt Mesenburg
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.
| | | | - Hugo Amigo
- Nutrition Department, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | - Carlos E A Coimbra
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sérgio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Z Ferreira
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Giovanna Gatica-Dominguez
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luis Huicho
- Centro de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral y Sostenible, Centro de Investigación en Salud Materna e Infantil and School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ingrid S K Krishnadath
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
| | - Fatima S Maia
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medical Science, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Verónica Pingray
- Institute for Clinical Effectiveness and Health Policy, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fernando C Wehrmeister
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Aluisio J Barros
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Cesar G Victora
- International Center for Equity in Health, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Shuster MJ, Vaish A, Cao HH, Guttentag AI, McManigle JE, Gibb AL, Martinez-Rivera M, Martinez MM, Nezarati RM, Hinds JM, Liao WS, Weiss PS, Andrews AM. Patterning small-molecule biocapture surfaces: microcontact insertion printing vs. photolithography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10641-3. [PMID: 21874174 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13002a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical patterns prepared by self-assembly, combined with soft lithography or photolithography, are directly compared. Pattern fidelity can be controlled in both cases but patterning at the low densities necessary for small-molecule probe capture of large biomolecule targets is better accomplished using microcontact insertion printing (μCIP). Surfaces patterned by μCIP are used to capture biomolecule binding partners for the small molecules dopamine and biotin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Shuster
- Center for Nanoscale Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Abstract
SUMMARY
When locomoting in water, animals experience hydrodynamic forces due to ambient water motion and their own motion through the water. Because an aquatic pedestrian must maintain contact with the substratum to locomote, hydrodynamic forces which can dislodge an animal have the capacity to constrain the postures, gaits and speeds an animal can use. This study measured hydrodynamic forces on the amphibious shore crab Grapsus tenuicrustatus in aquatic and terrestrial postures. The crabs’ locomotory speeds and ambient water velocities in their habitat were considered in predicting the conditions under which a crab is likely to overturn or wash away. A non-moving crab can withstand 200% faster flow in the aquatic posture than in the terrestrial posture. A crab using the terrestrial posture while locomoting through still water experiences 132% greater drag and 17% greater acceleration reaction forces than it does in the aquatic posture. Due to the lower hydrodynamic forces in the aquatic posture, a crab could locomote up to 50% more quickly or through a faster water flow environment than it could in the terrestrial posture. In faster flow environments like wave-swept rocky shores, a crab in either posture would have to actively grasp the substratum to keep from being dislodged, preventing it from using a punting gait. In slower flow environments, animals can locomote faster and take advantage of different gaits that are not available to them in faster flow environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Martinez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, 94720, USA.
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Martinez MM, Full RJ, Koehl MA. Underwater punting by an intertidal crab: a novel gait revealed by the kinematics of pedestrian locomotion in air versus water. J Exp Biol 1998; 201 (Pt 18):2609-23. [PMID: 9716513 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.201.18.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
As an animal moves from air to water, its effective weight is substantially reduced by buoyancy while the fluid-dynamic forces (e. g. lift and drag) are increased 800-fold. The changes in the magnitude of these forces are likely to have substantial consequences for locomotion as well as for resistance to being overturned. We began our investigation of aquatic pedestrian locomotion by quantifying the kinematics of crabs at slow speeds where buoyant forces are more important relative to fluid-dynamic forces. At these slow speeds, we used reduced-gravity models of terrestrial locomotion to predict trends in the kinematics of aquatic pedestrian locomotion. Using these models, we expected animals in water to use running gaits even at slow speeds. We hypothesized that aquatic pedestrians would (1) use lower duty factors and longer periods with no ground contact, (2) demonstrate more variable kinematics and (3) adopt wider stances for increased horizontal stability against fluid-dynamic forces than animals moving at the same speed on land. We tested these predictions by measuring the three-dimensional kinematics of intertidal rock crabs (Grapsus tenuicrustatus) locomoting through water and air at the same velocity (9 cm s-1) over a flat substratum. As predicted from reduced-gravity models of running, crabs moving under water showed decreased leg contact times and duty factors relative to locomotion on land. In water, the legs cycled intermittently, fewer legs were in contact with the substratum and leg kinematics were much more variable than on land. The width of the crab's stance was 19 % greater in water than in air, thereby increasing stability against overturning by hydrodynamic forces. Rather than an alternating tetrapod or metachronal wave gait, crabs in water used a novel gait we termed 'underwater punting', characterized by alternating phases of generating thrust against the substratum and gliding through the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- MM Martinez
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Hoehe MR, Otterud B, Hsieh WT, Martinez MM, Stauffer D, Holik J, Berrettini WH, Byerley WF, Gershon ES, Lalouel JM. Genetic mapping of adrenergic receptor genes in humans. J Mol Med (Berl) 1995; 73:299-306. [PMID: 7583452 DOI: 10.1007/bf00231616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have genetically mapped the genes encoding four human adrenergic receptors (ARs) of subtypes alpha 1C, alpha 2A, alpha 2B, and beta 1, which are prototypic G protein coupled receptors that mediate the physiological effects of neurotransmitters, hormones, and drugs. We placed these genes onto the Cooperative Human Linkage Center (CHLC) and Genethon framework maps, within confidence intervals with greater than 1000:1 odds. With multipoint analysis the alpha 1C gene (locus ADRA1C) mapped to the interval between NEFL and D8S283; alpha 2-C4, the gene encoding the alpha 2C AR (locus ADRA2C), mapped to the interval between D4S126 and D4S62; and the alpha 2-C10 (alpha 2A AR)/beta 1 haplotype (loci ADRA2A/ADRB1) mapped to the interval between D10S259 and D10S187. A fifth AR gene, beta 2, yielded significant LOD scores with markers on the long arm of chromosome 5; however, this locus (ADRB2) could not be mapped to any specific interval with odds of greater than 1000:1. The two AR genes that are completely linked, alpha 2-C10 and beta 1, were oriented on their shared 225-kb genomic fragment relative to the direction of transcription, with beta 1 being 5' to alpha 2-C10. The positioning of these genes on high-density framework maps allows them to be tested as candidates in a spectrum of diseases that might involve AR dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hoehe
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
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Hoehe MR, Caenazzo L, Martinez MM, Hsieh WT, Modi WS, Gershon ES, Bonner TI. Genetic and physical mapping of the human cannabinoid receptor gene to chromosome 6q14-q15. New Biol 1991; 3:880-5. [PMID: 1931832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding a G protein-coupled receptor that appears to mediate the behavioral effects of cannabinoids, the psychoactive ingredients of marijuana, has recently been cloned from rat cerebral cortex and expressed. We have now determined the genomic location of the human cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR) by a combination of genetic linkage mapping and chromosomal in situ hybridization. The segregation pattern of a CNR DNA polymorphism was analyzed in 508 individuals from two or three generations of 40 families. Linkage of CNR to chromosome 6 centromeric loci and to DNA markers on the long and short arms was detected. CNR was tightly linked to D6S27, which is known to be located at 6q (log10 odds ratio [lod score, Zmax] of 10.54 at a recombination fraction [theta] of 0.02). Close linkage was suggested between CNR and CGA, the locus for the alpha subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (Zmax = 2.71 at theta = 0). Moreover, CNR was linked to the two markers 308/BamHI (theta = 0.14) and 308/TaqI (theta = 0.20) defining locus D6Z1, an extended, highly repetitive, and highly conserved sequence localized exclusively to centromeres of all chromosomes and enriched on chromosome 6. In situ hybridization using a biotinylated cosmid probe localizes the gene to 6q14-q15, thereby confirming the linkage analysis and defining a precise alignment of the genetic and cytogenetic maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hoehe
- Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Martinez MM, Goldin LR. The detection of linkage and heterogeneity in nuclear families for complex disorders: one versus two marker loci. Am J Hum Genet 1989; 44:552-9. [PMID: 2929598 PMCID: PMC1715576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Using exact expected likelihoods, we have computed the average number of phase-unknown nuclear families needed to detect linkage and heterogeneity. We have examined the case of both dominant and recessive inheritance with reduced penetrance and phenocopies. Most of our calculations have been carried out under the assumption that 50% of families are linked to a marker locus. We have varied both the number of offspring per family and the sampling scheme. We have also investigated the increased power when the disease locus is midway between two marker loci 10 cM apart. For recessive inheritance, both linkage and heterogeneity can be detected in clinically feasible sample sizes. For dominant inheritance, linkage can be detected but heterogeneity cannot be detected unless larger sibships (four offspring) are sampled or two linked markers are available. As expected, if penetrance is reduced, sampling families with all sibs affected is most efficient. Our results provide a basis for estimating the amount of resources needed to find genes for complex disorders under conditions of heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Martinez
- Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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