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Cai H, Scott EN, Britton RG, Parrott E, Ognibene TJ, Malfatti M, Khan M, Steward WP, Brown K. Distribution and metabolism of [14C]-resveratrol in human prostate tissue after oral administration of a "dietary-achievable" or "pharmacological" dose: what are the implications for anticancer activity? Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:1115-1125. [PMID: 33675348 PMCID: PMC8106746 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dietary polyphenol resveratrol prevents various malignancies in preclinical models, including prostate cancer. Despite attempts to translate findings to humans, gaps remain in understanding pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relations and how tissue concentrations affect efficacy. Such information is necessary for dose selection and is particularly important given the low bioavailability of resveratrol. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine concentrations of resveratrol in prostate tissue of men after a dietary-achievable (5 mg) or pharmacological (1 g) dose. We then examined whether clinically relevant concentrations of resveratrol/its metabolites had direct anticancer activity in prostate cell lines. METHODS A window trial was performed in which patients were allocated to 5 mg or 1 g resveratrol daily, or no intervention, before prostate biopsy. Patients (10/group) ingested resveratrol capsules for 7-14 d before biopsy, with the last dose [14C]-labeled, allowing detection of resveratrol species in prostate tissue using accelerator MS. Cellular uptake and antiproliferative properties of resveratrol/metabolites were assessed in cancer and nonmalignant cell cultures using HPLC with UV detection and cell counting, respectively. RESULTS [14C]-Resveratrol species were detectable in prostate tissue of all patients analyzed, with mean ± SD concentrations of 0.08 ± 0.04 compared with 22.1 ± 8.2 pmol/mg tissue for the 5 mg and the 1 g dose, respectively. However, total [14C]-resveratrol equivalents in prostate were lower than we previously reported in plasma and colorectum after identical doses. Furthermore, resveratrol was undetectable in prostate tissue; instead, sulfate and glucuronide metabolites dominated. Although resveratrol reduced prostate cell numbers in vitro over 7 d, the concentrations required (≥10 µM) exceeded the plasma maximum concentration. Resveratrol mono-sulfates and glucuronides failed to consistently inhibit cell growth, partly due to poor cellular uptake. CONCLUSIONS Low tissue concentrations of resveratrol species, coupled with weak antiproliferative activity of its conjugates, suggest daily doses of ≤1 g may not have direct effects on human prostate.This trial was registered at clinicaltrialsregister.eu as EudraCT 2007-002131-91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Edwina N Scott
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G Britton
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Parrott
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Ted J Ognibene
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | | | - Masood Khan
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - William P Steward
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Zimmermann M, Li T, Semrad TJ, Wu CY, Yu A, Cimino G, Malfatti M, Haack K, Turteltaub KW, Pan CX, Cho M, Kim EJ, Henderson PT. Oxaliplatin-DNA Adducts as Predictive Biomarkers of FOLFOX Response in Colorectal Cancer: A Potential Treatment Optimization Strategy. Mol Cancer Ther 2020; 19:1070-1079. [PMID: 32029633 PMCID: PMC7192311 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
FOLFOX is one of the most effective treatments for advanced colorectal cancer. However, cumulative oxaliplatin neurotoxicity often results in halting the therapy. Oxaliplatin functions predominantly via the formation of toxic covalent drug-DNA adducts. We hypothesize that oxaliplatin-DNA adduct levels formed in vivo in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are proportional to tumor shrinkage caused by FOLFOX therapy. We further hypothesize that adducts induced by subtherapeutic "diagnostic microdoses" are proportional to those induced by therapeutic doses and are also predictive of response to FOLFOX therapy. These hypotheses were tested in colorectal cancer cell lines and a pilot clinical study. Four colorectal cancer cell lines were cultured with therapeutically relevant (100 μmol/L) or diagnostic microdose (1 μmol/L) concentrations of [14C]oxaliplatin. The C-14 label enabled quantification of oxaliplatin-DNA adduct level with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Oxaliplatin-DNA adduct formation was correlated with oxaliplatin cytotoxicity for each cell line as measured by the MTT viability assay. Six colorectal cancer patients received by intravenous route a diagnostic microdose containing [14C]oxaliplatin prior to treatment, as well as a second [14C]oxaliplatin dose during FOLFOX chemotherapy, termed a "therapeutic dose." Oxaliplatin-DNA adduct levels from PBMC correlated significantly to mean tumor volume change of evaluable target lesions (5 of the 6 patients had measurable disease). Oxaliplatin-DNA adduct levels were linearly proportional between microdose and therapeutically relevant concentrations in cell culture experiments and patient samples, as was plasma pharmacokinetics, indicating potential utility of diagnostic microdosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, California
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Thomas J Semrad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Gene Upshaw Memorial Tahoe Forest Cancer Center, Truckee, California
| | - Chun-Yi Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - Aiming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California
| | - George Cimino
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Kurt Haack
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | | | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
| | - May Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Edward J Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Paul T Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, California
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Wang F, Zhang H, Ma AH, Yu W, Zimmermann M, Yang J, Hwang SH, Zhu D, Lin TY, Malfatti M, Turteltaub KW, Henderson PT, Airhart S, Hammock BD, Yuan J, de Vere White RW, Pan CX. COX-2/sEH Dual Inhibitor PTUPB Potentiates the Antitumor Efficacy of Cisplatin. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 17:474-483. [PMID: 29284644 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin-based therapy is highly toxic, but moderately effective in most cancers. Concurrent inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) results in antitumor activity and has organ-protective effects. The goal of this study was to determine the antitumor activity of PTUPB, an orally bioavailable COX-2/sEH dual inhibitor, in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine (GC) therapy. NSG mice bearing bladder cancer patient-derived xenografts were treated with vehicle, PTUPB, cisplatin, GC, or combinations thereof. Mouse experiments were performed with two different PDX models. PTUPB potentiated cisplatin and GC therapy, resulting in significantly reduced tumor growth and prolonged survival. PTUPB plus cisplatin was no more toxic than cisplatin single-agent treatment as assessed by body weight, histochemical staining of major organs, blood counts, and chemistry. The combination of PTUPB and cisplatin increased apoptosis and decreased phosphorylation in the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways compared with controls. PTUPB treatment did not alter platinum-DNA adduct levels, which is the most critical step in platinum-induced cell death. The in vitro study using the combination index method showed modest synergy between PTUPB and platinum agents only in 5637 cell line among several cell lines examined. However, PTUPB is very active in vivo by inhibiting angiogenesis. In conclusion, PTUPB potentiated the antitumor activity of cisplatin-based treatment without increasing toxicity in vivo and has potential for further development as a combination chemotherapy partner. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 474-83. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuli Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.,Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Ai-Hong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Weimin Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.,Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Maike Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Daniel Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Tzu-Yin Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | | | | | - Paul T Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jianlin Yuan
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an City, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Ralph W de Vere White
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California. .,Department of Urology, School of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Rancho Cordova, California
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Wang SS, Zimmermann M, Zhang H, Lin TY, Malfatti M, Haack K, Turteltaub KW, Cimino GD, de Vere White R, Pan CX, Henderson PT. A diagnostic microdosing approach to investigate platinum sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:604-613. [PMID: 28437852 PMCID: PMC5497716 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The platinum-based drugs cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin are often used for chemotherapy, but drug resistance is common. The prediction of resistance to these drugs via genomics is a challenging problem since hundreds of genes are involved. A possible alternative is to use mass spectrometry to determine the propensity for cells to form drug-DNA adducts-the pharmacodynamic drug-target complex for this class of drugs. The feasibility of predictive diagnostic microdosing was assessed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell culture and a pilot clinical trial. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) was used to quantify [14 C]carboplatin-DNA monoadduct levels in the cell lines induced by microdoses and therapeutic doses of carboplatin, followed by correlation with carboplatin IC50 values for each cell line. The adduct levels in cell culture experiments were linearly proportional to dose (R2 = 0.95, p < 0.0001) and correlated with IC50 across all cell lines for microdose and therapeutically relevant carboplatin concentrations (p = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). A pilot microdosing clinical trial was conducted to define protocols and gather preliminary data. Plasma pharmacokinetics (PK) and [14 C]carboplatin-DNA adducts in white blood cells and tumor tissues from six NSCLC patients were quantified via AMS. The blood plasma half-life of [14 C]carboplatin administered as a microdose was consistent with the known PK of therapeutic dosing. The optimal [14 C]carboplatin formulation for the microdose was 107 dpm/kg of body weight and 1% of the therapeutic dose for the total mass of carboplatin. No microdose-associated toxicity was observed in the patients. Additional accruals are required to significantly correlate adduct levels with response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Maike Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, CA
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Tzu-yin Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | | | - Kurt Haack
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
| | | | | | | | - Chong-xian Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA
| | - Paul T. Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, CA
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Hum NR, Martin KA, Malfatti M, Haack K, Buchholz BA, Loots GG. Abstract 1977: Tracking cancer colonization in xenografts using ultrasensitive accelerator mass spectrometry methods. Cancer Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: The inability to effectively treat metastases is the main reason for the limited progress in reducing the rates of cancer morbidity and mortality. One major drawback is the lack of quantitative assays for assessing the size and tissue prevalence of tumors in newly diagnosed individuals. Current methods for quantifying tumor burden are mainly qualitative and include measuring the gross weight of the affected organ, counting tumors on the surface of the organ, or evaluating a small sample of the organ using histologic sections. These methods are crude measures of tumor burden and size distribution, and in the case of histology, they are time consuming, difficult to process an adequate sample size and non-quantitative.
Methods: Animal models of metastasis have been useful in identifying genes that regulate susceptibility to the development and progression of metastasis and have helped to highlight potential novel targets for drug development. In particular several small animal imaging technologies including magnetic resonance imaging, high frequency ultrasound, and optical imaging have been recently applied to this task. Each of these methods may be useful for specific research projects, based on their unique combination of resolution, image acquisition time, animal throughput, and cost-effectiveness, yet none of these modalities adequately address the need for rapid quantification of tumors across the entire organism, nor do they assess therapeutic effectiveness in eradicating cancer in xenograft models. We have developed an Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS)-based high precision quantitative method for assessing the metastatic potential of primary tumors isolated from newly diagnosed patients.
Results: Our AMS-based methodology to study metastasis uses xenograft cancer cells labeled with 14C-labeled thymidine that are delivered intravenously into NSG mice and allowed to develop metastatic cancer over the course of up to 10 weeks. At the end of the experiment, all vital organs are collected; the DNA is isolated and is examined by AMS for the presence of 14C-signal. The labeling was optimized to achieve sufficient signal such that a tumor derived from a single cell could be detected by AMS, in secondary tumors, in vivo, independent of histological data.
Conclusions: Using this approach we have determined that tissue colonization by tumor cells is a very rare event, where most metastatic tumors are initiated by less than 10 cells delivered into NSG mice. Further optimization of these techniques will allow us to explore the metastatic potential of primary tumors, isolated from biopsies and expanded in Avatar mice.
This study was supported in part by NIH P41MI03483 and was conducted under the auspices of the USDOE by LLNL (DE-AC52-07NA27344). IM number: LLNL-678306
Citation Format: Nicholas R. Hum, Kelly A. Martin, Michael Malfatti, Kurt Haack, Bruce A. Buchholz, Gabriela G. Loots. Tracking cancer colonization in xenografts using ultrasensitive accelerator mass spectrometry methods [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1977. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1977
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kurt Haack
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA
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6
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Zimmermann M, Wang SS, Zhang H, Lin TY, Malfatti M, Haack K, Ognibene T, Yang H, Airhart S, Turteltaub KW, Cimino GD, Tepper CG, Drakaki A, Chamie K, de Vere White R, Pan CX, Henderson PT. Microdose-Induced Drug-DNA Adducts as Biomarkers of Chemotherapy Resistance in Humans and Mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:376-387. [PMID: 27903751 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report progress on predicting tumor response to platinum-based chemotherapy with a novel mass spectrometry approach. Fourteen bladder cancer patients were administered one diagnostic microdose each of [14C]carboplatin (1% of the therapeutic dose). Carboplatin-DNA adducts were quantified by accelerator mass spectrometry in blood and tumor samples collected within 24 hours, and compared with subsequent chemotherapy response. Patients with the highest adduct levels were responders, but not all responders had high adduct levels. Four patient-derived bladder cancer xenograft mouse models were used to test the possibility that another drug in the regimen could cause a response. The mice were dosed with [14C]carboplatin or [14C]gemcitabine and the resulting drug-DNA adduct levels were compared with tumor response to chemotherapy. At least one of the drugs had to induce high drug-DNA adduct levels or create a synergistic increase in overall adducts to prompt a corresponding therapeutic response, demonstrating proof-of-principle for drug-DNA adducts as predictive biomarkers. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(2); 376-87. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.,Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, California
| | - Si-Si Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Tzu-Yin Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Kurt Haack
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | - Ted Ognibene
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
| | | | | | | | - George D Cimino
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, California
| | - Clifford G Tepper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, California
| | - Alexandra Drakaki
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karim Chamie
- Department of Urology, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ralph de Vere White
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California. .,Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California
| | - Paul T Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California. .,Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, California
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Cai H, Scott E, Kholghi A, Andreadi C, Rufini A, Karmokar A, Britton RG, Horner-Glister E, Greaves P, Jawad D, James M, Howells L, Ognibene T, Malfatti M, Goldring C, Kitteringham N, Walsh J, Viskaduraki M, West K, Miller A, Hemingway D, Steward WP, Gescher AJ, Brown K. Cancer chemoprevention: Evidence of a nonlinear dose response for the protective effects of resveratrol in humans and mice. Sci Transl Med 2016. [PMID: 26223300 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa7619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol is widely promoted as a potential cancer chemopreventive agent, but a lack of information on the optimal dose prohibits rationally designed trials to assess efficacy. To challenge the assumption that "more is better," we compared the pharmacokinetics and activity of a dietary dose with an intake 200 times higher. The dose-response relationship for concentrations generated and the metabolite profile of [(14)C]-resveratrol in colorectal tissue of cancer patients helped us to define clinically achievable levels. In Apc(Min) mice (a model of colorectal carcinogenesis) that received a high-fat diet, the low resveratrol dose suppressed intestinal adenoma development more potently than did the higher dose. Efficacy correlated with activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and increased expression of the senescence marker p21. Nonlinear dose responses were observed for AMPK and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling in mouse adenoma cells, culminating in autophagy and senescence. In human colorectal tissues exposed to low dietary concentrations of resveratrol ex vivo, we measured enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and autophagy. The expression of the cytoprotective NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 (NQO1) enzyme was also increased in tissues from cancer patients participating in our [(14)C]-resveratrol trial. These findings warrant a revision of developmental strategies for diet-derived agents designed to achieve cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Edwina Scott
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Abeer Kholghi
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Catherine Andreadi
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Alessandro Rufini
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Ankur Karmokar
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Robert G Britton
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Emma Horner-Glister
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Peter Greaves
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Dhafer Jawad
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Mark James
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Lynne Howells
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Ted Ognibene
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Michael Malfatti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94551, USA
| | - Christopher Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Joanne Walsh
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Maria Viskaduraki
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Support Hub, University of Leicester, Maurice Shock Building, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Kevin West
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - Andrew Miller
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - David Hemingway
- University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester LE1 5WW, UK
| | - William P Steward
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Andreas J Gescher
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK
| | - Karen Brown
- Cancer Chemoprevention Group, Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, UK.
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8
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Wang S, Zhang H, Scharadin TM, Zimmermann M, Hu B, Pan AW, Vinall R, Lin TY, Cimino G, Chain P, Vuyisich M, Gleasner C, Mcmurry K, Malfatti M, Turteltaub K, de Vere White R, Pan CX, Henderson PT. Molecular Dissection of Induced Platinum Resistance through Functional and Gene Expression Analysis in a Cell Culture Model of Bladder Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146256. [PMID: 26799320 PMCID: PMC4723083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We report herein the development, functional and molecular characterization of an isogenic, paired bladder cancer cell culture model system for studying platinum drug resistance. The 5637 human bladder cancer cell line was cultured over ten months with stepwise increases in oxaliplatin concentration to generate a drug resistant 5637R sub cell line. The MTT assay was used to measure the cytotoxicity of several bladder cancer drugs. Liquid scintillation counting allowed quantification of cellular drug uptake and efflux of radiolabeled oxaliplatin and carboplatin. The impact of intracellular drug inactivation was assessed by chemical modulation of glutathione levels. Oxaliplatin- and carboplatin-DNA adduct formation and repair was measured using accelerator mass spectrometry. Resistance factors including apoptosis, growth factor signaling and others were assessed with RNAseq of both cell lines and included confirmation of selected transcripts by RT-PCR. Oxaliplatin, carboplatin, cisplatin and gemcitabine were significantly less cytotoxic to 5637R cells compared to the 5637 cells. In contrast, doxorubicin, methotrexate and vinblastine had no cell line dependent difference in cytotoxicity. Upon exposure to therapeutically relevant doses of oxaliplatin, 5637R cells had lower drug-DNA adduct levels than 5637 cells. This difference was partially accounted for by pre-DNA damage mechanisms such as drug uptake and intracellular inactivation by glutathione, as well as faster oxaliplatin-DNA adduct repair. In contrast, both cell lines had no significant differences in carboplatin cell uptake, efflux and drug-DNA adduct formation and repair, suggesting distinct resistance mechanisms for these two closely related drugs. The functional studies were augmented by RNAseq analysis, which demonstrated a significant change in expression of 83 transcripts, including 50 known genes and 22 novel transcripts. Most of the transcripts were not previously associated with bladder cancer chemoresistance. This model system and the associated phenotypic and genotypic data has the potential to identify some novel details of resistance mechanisms of clinical importance to bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Tiffany M. Scharadin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Maike Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Dublin, California, United States of America
| | - Bin Hu
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Amy Wang Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Ruth Vinall
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Tzu-yin Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - George Cimino
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Dublin, California, United States of America
| | - Patrick Chain
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Momchilo Vuyisich
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Cheryl Gleasner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Kim Mcmurry
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Michael Malfatti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Turteltaub
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California, United States of America
| | - Ralph de Vere White
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Chong-xian Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PTH); (CXP)
| | - Paul T. Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Dublin, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PTH); (CXP)
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Jiang S, Pan AW, Lin TY, Zhang H, Malfatti M, Turteltaub K, Henderson PT, Pan CX. Paclitaxel Enhances Carboplatin-DNA Adduct Formation and Cytotoxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:2250-2. [PMID: 26544157 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This rapid report focuses on the pharmacodynamic mechanism of the carboplatin/paclitaxel combination and correlates it with its cytotoxicity. Consistent with the synergistic to additive antitumor activity (the combination index ranging from 0.53 to 0.94), cells exposed to this combination had significantly increased carboplatin-DNA adduct formation when compared to that of carboplatin alone (450 ± 30 versus 320 ± 120 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides at 2 h, p = 0.004). Removal of paclitaxel increased the repair of carboplatin-DNA adducts: 39.4 versus 33.1 adducts per 10(8) nucleotides per hour in carboplatin alone (p = 0.021). This rapid report provides the first pharmacodynamics data to support the use of carboplatin/paclitaxel combination in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , 4501 X Street, Room 3016, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Amy W Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , 4501 X Street, Room 3016, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Tzu-yin Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , 4501 X Street, Room 3016, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , 4501 X Street, Room 3016, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Michael Malfatti
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, United States
| | - Kenneth Turteltaub
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551-0808, United States
| | - Paul T Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , 4501 X Street, Room 3016, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Chong-xian Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Davis , 4501 X Street, Room 3016, Sacramento, California 95817, United States.,Department of Urology, University of California Davis , 4501 X Street, Room 3016, Sacramento, California 95817, United States.,Hematology and Oncology, VA Northern California Health Care System , 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, California 95655, United States
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10
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Chow H, Wang S, Zhang H, Zimmermann M, Lin TY, Scharadin T, Malfatti M, Evans CP, Cimino G, Turteltaub K, de Vere White R, Henderson PT, Pan CX. A microdosing study to identify chemoresistance in bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 2015. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2015.33.7_suppl.356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
356 Background: DNA adduct formation and incorporation of gemcitabine into genomic DNA are critical steps in cancer cell response to platinum (Pt) and gemcitabine chemotherapy, respectively. We hypothesize that levels of Pt-DNA adducts and gemcitabine in genomic DNA below a threshold are predictive of chemoresistance. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is an ultrasensitive method for measuring radiocarbon. By measuring 14C bound to DNA, AMS was used to quantify carboplatin-DNA damage and gemcitabine incorporation into DNA after mice or patients received nontoxic “microdoses” of 14C-labeled carboplatin or gemcitabine. Methods: Cancer cells and mice bearing tumor xenografts were treated with one microdose (1% of the therapeutic dose) or therapeutic dose of [14C]carboplatin or [14C]gemcitabine. Carboplatin-DNA adducts and gemcitabine incorporation in DNA were correlated with cell/tumor response to chemotherapy. In the Phase 0 trial, patients with advanced bladder or non-small cell lung cancer were treated with one microdose of [14C]carboplatin followed by tumor sampling 24 hours later. Carboplatin-DNA adducts and other relevant parameters, such as pharmacokinetics and repair of DNA damage, were measured and correlated with cancer response to chemotherapy. Results: The levels of microdose-induced carboplatin-DNA damage were linearly proportional to that caused by the therapeutic dose (R2=0.92, p<0.001); and correlated with chemoresistance to carboplatin. Low gemcitabine incorporation into DNA correlated to gemcitabine resistance in patient-derived bladder cancer xenografts (p<0.001). In the Phase 0 trial, 18 patients have been enrolled. DNA damage induced by carboplatin was measured by AMS in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and, in some patients, in tumor tissues; and will be correlated with cancer response to chemotherapy. The pharmacokinetics and DNA adduct levels were linear between microdose and therapeutic doses. No microdose-related toxicity was observed. The radiation exposure was less than that of one chest X-ray per microdose. Conclusions: The levels of DNA damage induced by nontoxic microdosing carboplatin can potentially predict chemoresistance. The current status of the Phase 0 trial will be presented. Clinical trial information: NCT01261299.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Chow
- University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Sisi Wang
- University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | | | | | - Tzu-yin Lin
- UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, CA
| | | | | | | | - George Cimino
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Dublin, CA
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11
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Pan AW, Wang S, Zhang H, Vinall R, Lin TY, Malfatti M, Zimmermann M, Scharadin T, Turteltaub K, White RDV, Pan CX, Henderson P. Abstract 905: Molecular dissection of platinum resistance through functional analysis. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Platinum (Pt) agents (cisplatin, carboplatin and oxaliplatin) are active in many cancers including bladder cancer. Chemoresistance is the most common cause of treatment failure. This study is to determine the feasibility of using ultrasensitive accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) to identify chemoresistance after cancer cells or patients are treated with one non-toxic microdose (1/100th of therapeutic dose) of Pt agents. The long-term goal is to identify chemoresistance before cancer patients receive toxic chemotherapy, and to determine the underlying resistance mechanisms to design personalized chemotherapy.
METHODS: Cellular sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents was determined by the MTT assay. Platinum-induced DNA adduct formation and repair of adducts was measured with AMS after cells were exposed 14C-labeled carboplatin and oxaliplatin. AMS quantifies the 14C label that is attached to genomic DNA when the 14C-labled drug forms adducts with DNA. Cell uptake and efflux was measured by liquid scintillation counting. Intracellular glutathione levels were measured by colorimetric analysis.
RESULTS: Compared to the parental bladder cancer 5637 cells, chemoresistant 5637R cells are resistant to oxaliplatin (IC50: 2.45 µM versus 27.27 µM, p<0.0001), and cisplatin (0.59 µM versus 2.99 µM, p=0.049), carboplatin (24.34 µM versus 72.18 µM, p<0.0001), and gemcitabine (0.12 µM versus 1.44 µM, p=0.0015). Both 5637 and 5637R cells are still sensitive to other chemotherapeutic agents commonly used in treating bladder cancer, such as doxorubicin, methotrexate and vinblastine. Consistent with our hypothesis, chemoresistant 5637R cells have low oxaliplatin-induced DNA adduct levels than the parental 5637 cells (AUC of 943 versus 2,772 adducts per 109 nucleotide-hour for 5637, p=0.001). This low level of oxaliplatin-DNA adduct formation might be secondary to the pre-DNA damage mechanisms, such as decreased uptake (AUC of 4.42 versus 5.12 X 109 oxaliplatin molecules per cell for 5637, p=0.037) and increased intracellular inactivation of oxaliplatin by glutathione (53.91 versus 46.93 nmol/mg protein for 5637, p=0.003), plus increased repair of oxaliplatin-DNA adducts (3.48 versus 1.34 adducts per 108 nucleotides per hour for 5637, p=0.0004). We found the same correlation of low Pt-DNA adduct levels and chemoresistance in non-small cell lung (NSCLC) and breast cancer cell lines, and determined the same resistant mechanisms, such as cell uptake/efflux, intracellular inactivation and DNA repair. Carboplatin had partially different resistant mechanisms.
CONCLUSION: Functional analysis of major resistant steps can identify some chemoresistance mechanisms that can potentially help design personalized chemotherapy to overcome resistance. This approach can be applied to several different cancer types. A Phase 0 microdosing clinical trial is currently going on in patients with NSCLC and bladder cancer.
Citation Format: Amy W. Pan, Sisi Wang, Hongyong Zhang, Ruth Vinall, Tzu-yin Lin, Michael Malfatti, Maike Zimmermann, Tiffany Scharadin, Kenneth Turteltaub, Ralph de Vere White, Chong-xian Pan, Paul Henderson. Molecular dissection of platinum resistance through functional analysis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 905. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-905
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W. Pan
- 1University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Sisi Wang
- 2The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | | | - Ruth Vinall
- 4California Northstate University College of Pharmacy, Rancho Cordova, CA
| | - Tzu-yin Lin
- 3University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
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Malfatti M, Schloss KB, Albertazzi L, Palmer SE. Shape-to-Color Associations in Non-synesthetes: Evidence for Emotional Mediation. J Vis 2014. [DOI: 10.1167/14.10.1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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13
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Pan C, Wang S, deVere White R, Gandara DR, Lara P, Li T, Mack P, Rodriguez-Fahrni A, Lee JS, Malfatti M, Turteltaub K, Henderson PT. A phase 0 microdosing trial of an in vivo assay for predicting chemoresistance to platinum. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.15_suppl.2578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Henderson PT, Li T, He M, Zhang H, Malfatti M, Gandara D, Grimminger PP, Danenberg KD, Beckett L, de Vere White RW, Turteltaub KW, Pan CX. A microdosing approach for characterizing formation and repair of carboplatin-DNA monoadducts and chemoresistance. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:1425-34. [PMID: 21128223 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Formation and repair of platinum (Pt)-induced DNA adducts is a critical step in Pt drug-mediated cytotoxicity. Measurement of Pt-DNA adduct kinetics in tumors may be useful for better understanding chemoresistance and therapeutic response. However, this concept has yet to be rigorously tested because of technical challenges in measuring the adducts at low concentrations and consistent access to sufficient tumor biopsy material. Ultrasensitive accelerator mass spectrometry was used to detect [(14)C]carboplatin-DNA monoadducts at the attomole level, which are the precursors to Pt-DNA crosslink formation, in six cancer cell lines as a proof-of-concept. The most resistant cells had the lowest monoadduct levels at all time points over 24 hr. [(14)C]Carboplatin "microdoses" (1/100th the pharmacologically effective concentration) had nearly identical adduct formation and repair kinetics compared to therapeutically relevant doses, suggesting that the microdosing approach can potentially be used to determine the pharmacological effects of therapeutic treatment. Some of the possible chemoresistance mechanisms were also studied, such as drug uptake/efflux, intracellular inactivation and DNA repair in selected cell lines. Intracellular inactivation and efficient DNA repair each contributed significantly to the suppression of DNA monoadduct formation in the most resistant cell line compared to the most sensitive cell line studied (p < 0.001). Nucleotide excision repair (NER)-deficient and -proficient cells showed substantial differences in carboplatin monoadduct concentrations over 24 hr that likely contributed to chemoresistance. The data support the utility of carboplatin microdosing as a translatable approach for defining carboplatin-DNA monoadduct formation and repair, possibly by NER, which may be useful for characterizing chemoresistance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Henderson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Wang S, Zhang H, Malfatti M, de Vere White R, Lara PN, Turteltaub K, Henderson P, Pan CX. Gemcitabine causes minimal modulation of carboplatin-DNA monoadduct formation and repair in bladder cancer cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1653-5. [PMID: 21028869 DOI: 10.1021/tx1003547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We are developing a method to identify cellular resistance to carboplatin by using accelerator mass spectrometry to measure carboplatin-DNA adducts formed from drug microdoses (∼1/100th the therapeutic dose). Such an approach would be particularly useful if it is still valid in combination chemotherapy. We examined whether the addition of gemcitabine, another chemotherapeutic drug, could influence carboplatin-DNA adduct levels. There were no substantial differences in the levels of carboplatin-DNA adducts in cells upon exposure to the carboplatin/gemcitabine combination at various doses and schedules. These data demonstrate that microdosing is feasible for the characterization of carboplatin resistance when given in combination with gemcitabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wang
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Cancer Center, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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