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Webb EW, Cheng K, Winton WP, Klein BJC, Bowden GD, Horikawa M, Liu SW, Wright JS, Verhoog S, Kalyani D, Wismer M, Krska SW, Sanford MS, Scott PJH. Development of High-Throughput Experimentation Approaches for Rapid Radiochemical Exploration. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10581-10590. [PMID: 38580459 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography is a widely used imaging platform for studying physiological processes. Despite the proliferation of modern synthetic methodologies for radiolabeling, the optimization of these reactions still primarily relies on inefficient one-factor-at-a-time approaches. High-throughput experimentation (HTE) has proven to be a powerful approach for optimizing reactions in many areas of chemical synthesis. However, to date, HTE has rarely been applied to radiochemistry. This is largely because of the short lifetime of common radioisotopes, which presents major challenges for efficient parallel reaction setup and analysis using standard equipment and workflows. Herein, we demonstrate an effective HTE workflow and apply it to the optimization of copper-mediated radiofluorination of pharmaceutically relevant boronate ester substrates. The workflow utilizes commercial equipment and allows for rapid analysis of reactions for optimizing reactions, exploring chemical space using pharmaceutically relevant aryl boronates for radiofluorinations, and constructing large radiochemistry data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- E William Webb
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kevin Cheng
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Wade P Winton
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Brandon J C Klein
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Gregory D Bowden
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen 72074, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen 72074, Germany
| | - Mami Horikawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - S Wendy Liu
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jay S Wright
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stefan Verhoog
- Translational Imaging, Merck and Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Dipannita Kalyani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael Wismer
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shane W Krska
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Melanie S Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Peter J H Scott
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, 428 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Zhang R, Li G, Wismer M, Vachal P, Colletti SL, Shi ZC. Profiling and Application of Photoredox C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Cross-Coupling in Medicinal Chemistry. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:773-777. [PMID: 30034617 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent visible-light photoredox catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling provides a novel transformation to potentially enable the synthesis of medicinal chemistry targets. Here, we report a profiling study of photocatalytic C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling, both decarboxylative coupling and cross-electrophile coupling, with 18 pharmaceutically relevant aryl halides by using either Kessil lamp or our newly developed integrated photoreactor. Integrated photoreactor accelerates reaction rate and improves reaction success rate. Cross-electrophile coupling gives higher success rate with broad substrate scope on alkyl halides than that of the decarboxylative coupling. In addition, a successful application example on a discovery program demonstrates the efficient synthesis of medicinal chemistry targets via photocatalytic C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling by using our integrated photoreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Guoqing Li
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Michael Wismer
- Scientific Engineering & Design, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Petr Vachal
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Steven L. Colletti
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhi-Cai Shi
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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Napolitano C, Wismer M, Furlano E, Harris G, Uhrig B, Blake K, Kath G, Dufresne C. An In-House Built Semiautomated Countercurrent Chromatography Workstation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jala.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
An elution—extrusion countercurrent chromatography workstation was designed and built in-house for fractionating crude natural product extracts. The engineering efforts of this project included both custom hardware and software integration. The resulting workstation operates four individual chromatography coils for natural product extract separation and purification. The workstation offers the ability to collect fractions into 16 × 100 mm borosilicate glass test tubes or allows for stream splitting of the coil effluent so that the fractions can be collected into both 16 × 100 mm borosilicate test tubes and a 96-well microplate. Solvent pumping for each of the chromatography columns is achieved through the use of syringe pumps. The workstation is controlled though a custom control software application, C_Cubed, written in Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6). Software architecture consists of three levels. At the lowest level, there are ActiveX dll device drivers that interface with the physical hardware. The middle layer is a custom scheduler allowing for multitasking of instrument movements. The upper level is composed of a Wizard-style user interface that mimics the scientific workflow. Finally, by using a software timer the software application was written to operate on a single thread, but exhibit multithreaded behavior.
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