Effect of 100% Orange Juice and a Volume-Matched Sugar-Sweetened Drink on Subjective Appetite, Food Intake, and Glycemic Response in Adults

Dietary recommendations to reduce the consumption of free sugars often group 100% fruit juice with other sugar-containing beverages. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of consuming 100% orange juice compared to an orange drink on next-meal food intake (FI), glycemic response, average appetite, emotions, and sensory characteristics in normal-weight adults. Thirty-six normal-weight adults (age: 26.8 ± 0.9 years) consumed, in random order and at least 5 days apart, three 240 mL test beverages as follows: (a) 100% orange juice, (b) orange drink, or (c) water. Subjective sweetness and pleasantness were determined immediately after test beverage consumption. Glycemic response, average appetite, and subjective emotions were measured every 15 min for 60 min. Food intake was determined at a pizza lunch 60 min later. Rest-of-day glycemic response and energy intake (EI) were determined using a continuous glucose monitor and food record, respectively. Lunch FI (p = 0.054) and total EI (p = 0.01) were both lower after 100% orange juice compared with the orange drink. Caloric compensation was 84% after 100% orange juice and -25% after the orange drink (p = 0.047). Average appetite was not significantly different between the test beverages (p > 0.05). Blood glucose iAUC adjusted for available carbohydrate was lower after 100% orange juice compared with the orange drink (p < 0.001). Rest-of-day blood glucose concentrations were lower after 100% orange juice compared with the orange drink (p = 0.03) and water control (p < 0.001). In conclusion, consumption of 100% orange juice as a preload resulted in higher caloric compensation, lower total daily EI, and lower blood glucose concentrations compared to the orange drink.

89 Centre-based child care attendance in early childhood and adiposity in later childhood: a prospective cohort study

Background

One in three children are living with overweight or obesity in North America. The burden of childhood obesity is disproportionately experienced by children from low-income families, who are more likely to have obesity. Centre-based child care attendance may influence important adiposity risk factors such as dietary intake, eating behaviour, and physical activity, but its impact on childhood obesity is unclear.

Objectives

The primary objective was to evaluate the relationship between the intensity of centre-based child care attendance between 1 and 4 years of age and Body Mass Index z-score (zBMI) from 4 to 10 years of age relative to non-centre-based child care (i.e., home-based, grandparents, relatives, and nanny’s). The secondary objective was to explore if family income modified the relationship.

Design/Methods

A prospective cohort study of children 1 to 10 years of age was conducted through the TARGet Kids! primary care research network. The primary exposure was intensity of centre-based child care attendance (hours/week). The primary outcome was zBMI, an age and sex adjusted measure of child adiposity. Interaction terms for child age and family income were explored. A linear mixed effects model and logistic generalized estimating equations were used to determine the association between centre-based child care attendance and child zBMI.

Results

3,503 children were included (mean age: 2.7 years). Children who attended centre-based child care full time (40 hours/week) had a 0.11 lower zBMI at 4 years (95% CI -0.19, -0.03; p=0.005) and lower odds of obesity (zBMI > 2) at 4 (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.34, 0.99; p=0.04) and 10 years of age (OR 0.52; 95% CI 0.29, 0.90; p=0.02) relative to children who attended non-centre-based child care. The relationship was modified by family income such that, children from families with an income of <$50,000CDN who attended centre-based child care full time had a 0.35 (95% CI -0.56, -0.15; p=0.001), 0.34 (95% CI -0.54, -0.13, p=0.001) and 0.29 (95% CI -0.50, -0.07, p=0.009) lower zBMI at 4, 7 and 10 years of age, respectively, relative to children who attended non-centre-based child care.

Conclusion

Centre-based child care attendance in early childhood was associated with lower adiposity and odds of obesity in later childhood. This relationship was stronger for children who were from lower income families. Centre-based child care may be an effective early intervention to prevent childhood obesity.

Centre-Based Child Care Attendance in Early Childhood and Growth in Later Childhood: A Prospective Cohort Study

Objectives

Attending centre-based child care in early childhood may influence important health behaviours including nutrition, physical activity and routines related to child growth and weight status. The primary objective was to evaluate the relationship between centre-based child care attendance between 1 and 4 years of age and Body Mass Index z-score (zBMI) from 4 to 10 years of age relative to non-centre-based child care (i.e., home-based, grandparents, relatives, and nanny's). The secondary objective was to explore if family income and child age modified the relationship.

Methods

A prospective cohort study of children aged 1 to 10 years was conducted through the TARGet Kids! primary care research network. The exposure was centre-based child care attendance (hours/week). Outcomes were zBMI and odds of overweight and obesity (zBMI > 1). Interaction terms for child age and family income were explored. Linear mixed effect models and logistic generalized estimating equations were used.

Results

3,503 children who attended child care were included (mean age: 2.7 years at baseline). Children who attended centre-based care full-time (40 hours/week) had a 0.11 (95% CI: −0.19, −0.03; p = 0.01) lower zBMI at 4 and 7 years of age and lower odds of overweight/obesity at 4 years of age (OR 0.78; 95% CI 0.62, 0.97; p = 0.03) relative to children who attended non-centre-based care. Children from families with income < $50,000CDN who attended centre-based care full time had a 0.32 (95% CI: −0.50, −0.14; p = 0.001) lower zBMI and lower odds of overweight/obesity (OR 0.52; 95% CI: 0.28, 0.99; p = 0.05) at 10 years of age relative to children who attended non-centre-based care.

Conclusions

Attending centre-based child care in early childhood was associated with a lower zBMI and lower odds of overweight/obesity in later childhood, and associations were stronger for children from lower income families. Centre-based child care may be an effective early intervention for the prevention of childhood obesity.

Funding Sources

Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR).

Test-retest reliability and validity of body composition methods in adults

Cost-effective and efficient body composition measurement devices that are reliable and valid are necessary for identifying health risk as well as for understanding the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test-retest reliability and validity of three body composition measurement devices. Forty-nine adults (mean age (SD) = 31.5 (10.7) y; BMI = 23.5 (3.0) kg/m² ) completed a reference air displacement plethysmography (ADP) measure, and duplicate measures using skinfold callipers (Lange), ultrasound (BodyMetrix A-mode) and a 3-dimensional photonic scanner (3DPS; Fit3D ProScanner). Skinfold thickness was measured at seven sites using callipers and ultrasound; percent body fat (%BF) was then estimated using population-specific algorithms. The 3DPS was used to measure body circumferences, and then %BF was estimated using its beta-software. While skinfold callipers showed poor absolute reliability (mean differences (Δ) [95% CI] = 0.54% [0.22, 0.87], standard error of measurement (SEM) = 0.63%), ultrasound and the 3DPS showed excellent absolute (Δ = 0.17% [-0.25, 0.58], SEM = 0.78%; and Δ = -0.01% [-0.43, 0.40], SEM = 0.67%, respectively) and relative reliability (ICC_2,1  = 0.988 [0.979, 0.993]; and ICC_2,1  = 0.983 [0.968, 0.991], respectively). Compared to ADP (n = 43), skinfold callipers underestimated %BF (Δ = -4.53 [-7.72, -1.34]; p = 0.003), while ultrasound (Δ = -0.32 [-3.51, 2.87]; p = 0.99) and the 3DPS (Δ = 1.06 [-2.12. 4.26]; p = 0.77) were not significantly different. Bland-Altman plots showed a minimal bias of ultrasound [95% limit of agreement (LOA) = -7.87, 7.23] and the 3DPS [95% LOA = -6.66, 8.79]. In conclusion, estimating %BF from subcutaneous fat measurements using ultrasound and body circumferences using a 3DPS may be reliable and valid methods that require minimal technician expertise.

Containing COVID-19 by Matching Messages on Social Distancing to Emergent Mindsets-The Case of North America

Public compliance with social distancing is key to containing COVID-19, yet there is a lack of knowledge on which communication 'messages' drive compliance. Respondents (224 Canadians and Americans) rated combinations of messages about compliance, systematically varied by an experimental design. Independent variables were perceived risk; the agent communicating the policy; specific social distancing practices; and methods to enforce compliance. Response patterns to each message suggest three mindset segments in each country reflecting how a person thinks. Two mindsets, the same in Canada and the US, were 'tell me exactly what to do,' and 'pandemic onlookers.' The third was 'bow to authority' in Canada, and 'tell me how' in the US. Each mindset showed different messages strongly driving compliance. To effectively use messaging about compliance, policy makers may assign any person or group in the population to the appropriate mindset segment by using a Personal Viewpoint Identifier that we developed.

Effects of Eggs and Egg Components on Cognitive Performance, Glycemic Response, and Subjective Appetite in Children Aged 9–14 Years (P14-017-19)

Objectives

Childhood is a critical time for regular intake of high-quality nutrients to aid developing brains. Dietary protein and fat independently and additively enhance cognitive performance in adults, however there are limited studies in children. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of whole eggs and its components (egg whites [protein-rich, fat-free] vs. egg yolks [containing protein and essential fatty acids]) on cognitive performance, glycemic response, and subjective appetite in children.

Methods

Using a randomized within-subject repeated-measures design, 19 children (age: 12.2 ± 0.4 years) completed five test conditions, at least seven days apart. Following the consumption of a standardized breakfast 3 h prior to arriving at the laboratory, children consumed one of the following treatments: whole eggs (147 kcal), egg yolks (112 kcal), egg whites (35 kcal), full fat yogurt (147 kcal), or continued to fast. Cognitive performance, blood glucose, and subjective appetite were assessed at baseline and 15, 30, 60, and 90-min post-treatment. A battery of cognitive performance tests assessed attention, learning and memory, executive functioning, and spatial working memory.

Results

Word recall (learning and memory) was higher after egg yolks (Δ = 1.7 ± 0.6 words; P = 0.03) compared with egg whites. Change from baseline cognitive processing test scores (attention) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) after egg yolks by 1.11, 1.25, and 1.21 trials compared with whole eggs, egg whites, and yogurt, respectively. Change from baseline subjective average appetite was lower after yogurt compared with snack skipping (Δ = 9.7 ± 2.9 mm; P = 0.01). Change from baseline blood glucose was lower after yogurt compared with egg yolks (P = 0.001) and egg whites (P = 0.01); and blood glucose was lower after whole eggs compared with egg yolks (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Egg yolks resulted in higher short-term learning and memory scores compared with egg whites, and attention was higher after egg yolks compared with egg whites, whole eggs and yogurt. In conclusion, consumption of egg yolks may be beneficial for supporting cognitive performance in children.

Funding Sources

Egg Nutrition Center.