1
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Wee MYS, Quek S, Wu CS, Su MD, So CW. Isolable Spirocyclic Silylone: π-Delocalized Spiro[3.3]heptasila-2,6-diylidone. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38754079 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Strained cyclic tetrylones are important synthons due to various synthetic applications. Connecting two cyclic tetrylone rings through a single shared quaternary group 14 element atom to form a spirocyclic molecule has been unexplored both theoretically and experimentally. The formation of a spirocyclic motif has been a synthetic challenge. In contrast, the reaction of amidinato disilicon(I) 1, (Me3P)2SiCl4, and KC8 afforded π-delocalized spiro[3.3]heptasila-2,6-diylidone2 and tetrasilacyclobutadiene byproducts 3 and 4. Compound 2 is the smallest spirocyclic tetrylone derivative, which is composed of a σ-type lone pair and delocalized π bond in each all-silicon spirocyclic ring. The electronic property is supported by its coordination with a W(CO)5 moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meldon Yi-Shuo Wee
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Shina Quek
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Chi-Shiun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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2
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Siwatch RK, Yang MC, Su MD, So CW. A Digermanium(III) 1,2-Dication Stabilized by Amidinate and cAAC-Phosphinidenide Ligands. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:8511-8515. [PMID: 38687917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A digermanium(III) 1,2-dication comprises two cationic centers located at two interconnected Ge atoms. The strong Coulombic repulsion between two positively charged germanium cations hinders their bond formation. Balancing these two oppositions was achieved by using amidinate and cyclic (alkyl)amino carbene (cAAC)-phosphinidenide ligands, where an amidinato cAAC-phosphinidenidogermylene complex, [LGeP(cAACMe)] (2, where L = PhC(NtBu)2, cAACMe = :C{C(Me)2CH2C(Me)2NAr}, and Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), underwent one-electron oxidation with a bis(phosphinidene) radical cation, [(cAACMe)P]2•+, to form a digermanium(III) 1,2-dication, [LGeP(cAACMe)]22+, in compound 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Siwatch
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371 Singapore
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3
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Fan J, Koh AP, Wu CS, Su MD, So CW. Carbon dioxide capture and functionalization by bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)-borylene complexes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3052. [PMID: 38594261 PMCID: PMC11003992 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47381-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Derivatives of free monocoordinated borylenes have attracted considerable interest due to their ability to exhibit transition-metal-like reactivity, in particular small molecules capture. However, such complexes are rare as the formation is either endergonic, or the resulting adduct is a transient intermediate that is prone to reaction. Here, we present the synthesis of two bis(N-heterocyclic carbene)-borylene complexes capable of capturing and functionalizing carbon dioxide. The capture and subsequent functionalization of CO2 by the bis(NHC)-disilylamidoborylene 1 is demonstrated by the formation of the bis(NHC)-isocyanatoborylene-carbon dioxide complex 3. Reversible capture of CO2 is observed using the bis(NHC)-mesitylborylene 2, and the persistent bis(NHC)-mesitylborylene-carbon dioxide adduct 4 can be stabilized by hydrogen bonding with boric acid. The reactions of 4 with ammonia-borane and aniline demonstrate that the captured CO2 can be further functionalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - An-Ping Koh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Chi-Shiun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore.
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4
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Teo YC, Loh D, Leong BX, Zhang ZF, Su MD, So CW. NHC-Silyliumylidene Cation-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Isocyanates with Pinacolborane. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16867-16873. [PMID: 37792481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
The low-oxidation-state silicon-catalyzed hydroboration of isocyanates with pinacolborane (HBpin) using the NHC-silyliumylidene cation catalyst [(IMe)2SiH]I (1, IMe = :C{N(Me)C(Me)}2) is described. In the catalysis, the Si lone pair electrons activate isocyanates, and the latter react with HBpin to form N-boryl formamides at room temperature. Catalyst 1 further activates N-boryl formamides at 70 °C, the intermediates of which react with HBpin to form N-boryl methylamines and (pinB)2O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeow-Chuan Teo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Dexter Loh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Bi-Xiang Leong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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5
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Wu CS, Su MD. Reactivity Analysis of the [2 + 2] Cycloaddition between Group-6 ≡ Group-14 Triple-Bonded Complexes and Acetylene: Insights from Theoretical Studies. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16388-16400. [PMID: 37768726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical examinations of reactivity for the formal [2 + 2] cycloaddition of Me-C≡C-Ph to Group-6(G6)≡Group-14(G14) triple-bonded organometallic complexes have been carried out using the M06-2X-D3/def2-TZVP level of theory. Our theoretical findings suggest that Me-C≡C-Ph can undergo adduct formation with all G6≡Si complexes, resulting in the generation of four-membered ring structures. However, among the W≡Group-14 complex reactants, only W≡Si-based, W≡Ge-based, and W≡Sn-based organometallic molecules are capable of undergoing a [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction with Me-C≡C-Ph. Based on energy decomposition analysis, our theoretical investigations demonstrate that the bonding mechanism in such [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions involves the creation of two dative bonds between singlet fragments (the donor-acceptor model), as opposed to two electron-sharing bonds between triplet fragments. In addition, the examinations based on the activation strain model indicate that the activation barrier of the [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction is predominantly governed by the geometric deformation energy of the two reactants (G6≡G14-Rea and Me-C≡C-Ph). Our research using the M06-2X method shows that the barrier heights of [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions between Me-C≡C-Ph and G6≡Si-Rea are dependent on the geometric changes occurring in both fragments during the transition states, consistent with Hammond's postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shiun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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6
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Wang C, Su MD, Fang Z, Zhou J, Zhang H, Li X, Zuo D, Zhang ZF, Li Y. SiP-heterocycles derived from a bulky phosphanylsilylene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10275-10278. [PMID: 37539464 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02512h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Bis(1-adamantyl)phosphanylsilylene 1 was reacted with ArCCR (Ar = Ph, 4-iPr-C6H4, 3-F-C6H4; R = H, Ph) at 80 °C under microwave irradiation to afford fluorescence-active SiP-heterocycles 3a-d, which may undergo unique isomerizations starting from silirene intermediates. Moreover, the treatment of 1 with AdCP furnished a heavy congener of cyclopentadiene (4), whose formation involves cleavage of the Si(II)-P bond that is rarely observed in silylene chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenfeng Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Zijie Fang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Haoqi Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Xiaodi Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Darui Zuo
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, PR China
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7
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Reactivity of the Intramolecular Vicinal Group-13/P- and B/Group-15-Based Frustrate Lewis Pairs with Sulfur Dioxide: Mechanistic Insight from DFT. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13315-13327. [PMID: 37549232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
The emission of SO2 gas by industrialized societies contributes to the occurrence of acid rain in natural environments. In this study, we put forward a theoretical investigation into the capture reactions of SO2. Our analysis centers on the energy profiles of intramolecular 1,2-cyclohexylene-bridged FLP-associated molecules. We will particularly examine the reactions involving G13/P-based (with G13 denoting Group 13 element) and B/G15-based (with G15 representing Group 15 element) FLP-associated molecules. Except for Tl/P-FLP, B/N-FLP, and B/Bi-FLP, our theoretical examinations indicate that the remaining six FLP-associated molecules, namely G13'/P-FLP (G13' = B, Al, Ga, and In) and B/G15 ' -FLP (G15' = P, As, and Sb), can easily undergo SO2 capture reactions due to their energetic feasibility. Particularly, our theoretical findings suggested that 1,2-cyclohexylene-bridged Al/P-FLP, Ga/P-FLP, B/As-FLP, and B/Sb-FLP are capable of undergoing a reversible reaction and returning to the initial reactant state. Our theoretical evidence indicates that the G13-G15 bond length in the 1,2-cyclohexylene-linked G13/G15-FLP can serve as a basis for evaluating the free activation barrier associated with its reaction with SO2. Two theoretical methods, namely, the frontier molecular orbital theory and the energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals of chemical valence approach, are utilized to investigate the electronic structure and bonding nature of the reactions under consideration. Moreover, the analyses based on the activation strain model revealed that it is the geometrical deformation energies of G13/G15-FLP, which is the key factor that greatly influences the activation barriers of such SO2 capture reactions. Further, our theoretical computations indicate that such capturing reactions of SO2 by intramolecular 1,2-cyclohexylene-linked G13/G15-based FLP-type molecules obey the Hammond postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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8
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Wu CS, Su MD. Computational insights into CO 2 binding reactions by intramolecular geminal group-IV +/phosphorus- and zirconium +/group-15-based frustrated Lewis pairs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023. [PMID: 37477570 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01648j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
In order to reduce global warming, there is growing interest in the design of frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) molecules for CO2 capture. This research aims to investigate the influence of group IV (M) or group 15 (G15) elements on the reactivity of intramolecular geminal M+/G15-based frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) molecules in CO2 capture. Theoretical findings suggest that M+/P-FLP, Zr+/P-FLP, Zr+/As-FLP, and Zr+/Sb-FLP can readily undergo CO2 capture reactions without difficulty. Furthermore, Zr+/As-FLP and Zr+/Sb-FLP are predicted to undergo reversible CO2 binding reactions. Interestingly, our theoretical results suggest that the M-P bond length in isolated M+/P-FLP can serve as a criterion for assessing the free activation and free reaction energy of CO2 binding. To investigate the physical factors governing the reactivity trends for the capture of CO2 reactions by intramolecular geminal M+/G15-FLP, we employed frontier molecular orbital theory, energy decomposition analysis in conjunction with natural orbitals and chemical valence, and the activation strain model. Our theoretical information can assist experimental chemists in applying key factors in the design and synthesis of novel intramolecular geminal M+/G15-FLP molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Shiun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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9
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Fan J, Koh AP, Zhou J, Zhang ZF, Wu CS, Webster RD, Su MD, So CW. Tetrakis( N-heterocyclic Carbene)-Diboron(0): Double Single-Electron-Transfer Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11669-11677. [PMID: 37201187 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The use of 1,3,4,5-tetramethylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMe) to coordinate with diatomic B2 species afforded a tetrakis(N-heterocyclic carbene)-diboron(0) [(IMe)2B-B(IMe)2] (2). The singly bonded B2 moiety therein possesses a valence electronic configuration 1σg21πu21πg*2 with four vacant molecular orbitals (1σu*, 2σg, 1πu', 1πg'*) coordinated with IMe. Its unprecedented electronic structure is analogous to the energetically unfavorable planar hydrazine with a D2h symmetry. The two highly reactive πg* antibonding electrons enable double single-electron-transfer (SET) reactivity in small-molecule activation. Compound 2 underwent a double SET reduction with CO2 to form two carbon dioxide radical anions CO2•-, which then reduced pyridine to yield a carboxylated pyridine reductive coupling dianion [O2CNC5(H)5-C5(H)5NCO2]2- and converted compound 2 to the tetrakis(N-heterocyclic carbene)-diborene dication [(IMe)2B═B(IMe)2]2+ (32+). This is a remarkable transition-metal-free SET reduction of CO2 without ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - An-Ping Koh
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Jingsong Zhou
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Shiun Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Richard D Webster
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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10
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Influence of Group 15 elements on the [3 + 2] cycloaddition reactivity of G15 = G15-G15-based 1,3-dipoles with cyclooctyne. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4796-4807. [PMID: 36939158 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00313b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The influence of Group 15 elements (G15s) on the reactivity of the cycloaddition reactions of inorganic 1,3-dipolar analogs with cyclooctyne was computationally explored with density functional theory. To this end, the G15G15G15'-based 1,3-dipole, an interestingly representative model molecule of 1,3-dipole chemistry, was selected. The present computational investigations suggest that all NNG15-Rea and G15G15P-Rea molecules can be energetically feasible to undergo 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with cyclic alkynes, except for only the NNN-Rea 1,3-dipole molecule. The key factor, which can greatly affect the activation barriers, is quantitatively analyzed in detail through the frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory, the activation strain model (ASM), and the energy decomposition analysis (EDA) approach. Our theoretical findings based on the FMO theory and the EDA suggest that two types of bonding interactions occur in such 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions: forward bonding (filled p-π orbital (cyclooctyne) → the empty p-π* orbital (G15 = G15)) and back bonding (empty p-π* orbital (cyclooctyne) ← the lone pair (G15')). Notably, the bonding interactions of the former mechanism are much stronger than those of the latter mechanism. Evidence from the ASM reveals that the activation barriers of G15G15G15'-based 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions strongly depend on the atomic radius of the G15 element. These theoretical conclusions allow a number of predictions to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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11
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Computational insights into the reactivity for the [2+5] cycloaddition reactions of norbornene-linked group 14 element/P-based and Si/group 15 element-based frustrated Lewis pairs with benzaldehyde. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:7423-7435. [PMID: 36847783 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05135d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The element effects of Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB) on the potential energy surfaces of [2+5] cycloaddition reactions of norbornene-based G14/P-based (G14 = group 14 element) and Si/G15-based (G15 = group 14 element) frustrated Lewis pair (FLP)-type molecules with benzaldehyde were theoretically examined via density functional theory and several sophisticated methods. The theoretical findings indicated that among the above nine norbornene-linked G14/G15-based FLPs, only the Si/N-Rea, Si/P-Rea, and Si/As-Rea FLP-assisted compounds can readily undergo cycloaddition reactions with doubly bonded organic systems from kinetic and thermodynamic viewpoints. The energy decomposition analysis showed that the bonding interactions between the norbornene-based G14/G15-FLPs and benzaldehyde are better described in terms of the singlet-singlet model (donor-acceptor model) rather than the triplet-triplet model (electron-sharing model). In particular, natural orbitals for chemical valence findings revealed that the forward bonding is the lone pair (G15) → p-π*(C) interaction, which is a significantly strong FLP-to-benzaldehyde interaction. However, the back-bonding is the p-π*(G14) ← lone-pair orbital(O) interaction, which is a weak benzaldehyde-to-FLP interaction. The analyses based on the activation strain model showed that the larger the atomic radius of either the G14(LA) or the G15(LB) atom, the greater the G14⋯G15 separation distance in the norbornene-based G14/G15-FLP molecule, the smaller the orbital overlaps between G14/G15-FLP and Ph(H)CO, and the higher the activation barrier during its cycloaddition reaction with benzaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan. .,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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12
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Insights into the Reactivity of the Ring-Opening Reaction of Tetrahydrofuran by Intramolecular Group-13/P- and Al/Group-15-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. ACS Omega 2023; 8:5316-5331. [PMID: 36816703 PMCID: PMC9933199 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical study concerning key factors affecting activation energies for ring-opening reactions of tetrahydrofuran (THF) by G13/P-based (G13 = B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl) and Al/G15-based (G15 = N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) featuring the dimethylxanthene scaffold was performed using density functional theory. Our theoretical findings indicate that only dimethylxanthene backbone Al/P-Rea (Rea = reactant) FLP-type molecules can be energetically favorable to undergo the ring-opening reaction with THF. Our theoretical evidence reveals that the shorter the separating distance between Lewis acidic (LA) and Lewis basic (LB) centers of the dimethylxanthene backbone FLP-type molecules, the greater the orbital overlaps between the FLP and THF and the lower the activation barrier for such a ring-opening reaction. Energy decomposition analysis (EDA) evidence suggests that the bonding interaction for such a ring-opening reaction is predominated by the donor-acceptor interaction (singlet-singlet interaction) compared to the electron-sharing interaction (triplet-triplet interaction). In addition, the natural orbitals for chemical valence (NOCV) evidence demonstrate that the bonding situations of such ring-opening reactions can be best described as FLP-to-THF forward bonding (the lone pair (G15) → the empty σ*(C-O)) and THF-to-FLP back bonding (the empty σ*(G13) ← filled p-π(O)). The EDA-NOCV observations show that the former plays a predominant role and the latter plays a minor role in such bonding conditions. The activation strain model reveals that the deformation energy of THF is the key factor in determining the activation energy of their ring-opening reactions. Comparing the geometrical structures of the transition states with their corresponding reactants, a linear relationship between them can be rationally explained by the Hammond postulate combined with the respective activation barriers calculated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung80708, Taiwan
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13
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Abstract
The reactivities of o-carborane-fused silylenes toward molecules with C≡E (E = C, P) bonds are reported. The reactions of bis(silylene) [(LSi:)C]2B10H10 (1a, L = PhC(NtBu)2) with arylalkynes afforded bis(silylium) carborane adducts 2 and 3, showing a Si(μ-C2)Si structure with an open-cage nido-carborane backbone. In contrast, the reaction of 1a with a phosphaalkyne AdC≡P (Ad = 1-adamantyl) smoothly furnished compound 4, comprising fused CPSi rings with a C=Si double bond and Si-Si single bond, and the related formation mechanism was investigated by DFT calculations. Furthermore, when monosilylene [(LSi:)C]CHB10H10 (1b) was employed to react with AdC≡P, compound 5 was isolated. The structure of 5 features a 1,2,3-triphosphetene core. All products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and/or X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Chenfeng Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, P. R. China
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14
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Influence of the Element and Substituent Effects on the Reactivity of Catching Reactions of Difluorocarbene by Benzene-Bridged and Group-13/Group-15-Based Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1018-1031. [PMID: 36604303 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The trapping reactions of CF2 by benzene-bridged Group-13/P-based and B/Group-15-based frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) have been computationally investigated based on density functional theory. Interestingly, our theoretical calculations predict that the capture of CF2 by all five Group-13/P-based FLPs is energetically feasible. However, in the B/Group-15-based FLPs, only the phosphorus-based B/P-FLP can trap CF2 from kinetic and thermodynamical viewpoints. According to the analyses of the activation strain model, it can be known that the atomic radius of the G15 element (Lewis base) of benzene-bridged B/Group-15-FLP plays an important role in controlling the reactivity of the CF2 catching reactions, whereas the atomic radius of the Group-13 center (Lewis acid) does not play a role in influencing the activation barrier of these CF2 catching reactions. Our theoretical findings based on sophisticated methods suggest that the forward bonding is the FLP-to-CF2 interaction, the LP (Group-15-donor) → vacant p-π-orbital (CF2), which was quantitatively proved to be strong in such present CF2 catching reactions. However, the back bonding is the CF2-to-FLP interaction, the empty σ-orbital (Group-13-acceptor) ← sp2-σ-orbital (CF2), which was verified to be relatively weak. Our theoretical pieces of evidence reveal that the stronger electron-donating ability of the substituents is attached to the Lewis basic center and can make the reaction barrier of the benzene-bridged Group-13/Group-15-based FLP-related compound catching CF2 smaller and more exothermic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung80708, Taiwan
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15
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Fan J, Yang MC, Su MD, So CW. N-Phosphinoamidinato Silylene- and Phosphine-Borylborylene Complexes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:863-870. [PMID: 36600552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This work describes a straightforward method to synthesize a borylborylene without proceeding via the rearrangement of a diborene. An amidinato amidosilylene [LSiNMe2] (L = PhC(NtBu)2) and PMe3 were reacted with an N-phosphinoamidinato diborane 1 and KC8 to form a stable silylene-borylborylene 2 and a persistent phosphine-borylborylene 3, respectively. Compound 2 is stable as the borylene center is well stabilized by the silylene donor and boryl substituent, whereas compound 3 is unstable in solution due to labile PMe3. The latter was illustrated by reacting compound 3 with Ar'NC (Ar' = 2,6-Me2C6H3), where Ar'NC displaced PMe3 and inserted into the N-phosphinoamidinate ligand and B-B bond to form compound 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
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16
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Theoretical Study of Reaction Mechanisms of Carbon Dioxide with E–CH 2–Z-Type Frustrated Lewis Pairs (E = C–Pb; Z = N–Bi). Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung80708, Taiwan
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17
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Liu C, Liu R, Wang C, Tang Y, Zhang ZF, Su MD, Li Y. Isolation of Silacycles from the Reactions of a Monochlorosilylene LSi(:)Cl (L = PhC(N tBu) 2) with Ethynyl Lithium Salts. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:15864-15870. [PMID: 36178201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of amidinate silylene chloride LSi(:)Cl (L = PhC(NtBu)2) with TMS- and Ph-ethynyl lithium salts gave rise to silacycles 1 and 4, respectively. The formation of 1 and 4 may undergo cyclo-condensations of transient ethynylsilylene intermidiates and the activation of an amidinate backbone. The distinct structures of 1 and 4 may be derived from the different electronic or steric properties of ethynyl substituents, and their formation mechanisms were investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Moreover, a sequential reaction of LSi(:)Cl with BH3·SMe2 and TMSC≡CLi as well as a reaction of LSi(:)Cl with TMSC≡CLi under O2 exclusively obtained ethynylsilanes 2 and 3, respectively, which indicated that either blocking a lone pair of a Si(II) atom or oxidizing Si(II) to Si(IV) prevents the further conversion of ethynylsilylenes to silacycle 1. All products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghuan Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Rui Liu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Chenfeng Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yanyan Tang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yan Li
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China.,Key Laboratory of Silicone Materials Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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18
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Fan J, Chia PT, Zhang ZF, Yang MC, Su MD, So CW. A Pyridine‐Stabilized N‐Phosphinoamidinato N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Diboravinyl Cation: Boron Analogue of Vinyl Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212842. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology SINGAPORE
| | - Pei-Ting Chia
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology SINGAPORE
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Ming-Der Su
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore SINGAPORE
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19
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Fan J, Chia PT, Zhang ZF, Yang MC, Su MD, So CW. A Pyridine‐Stabilized N‐Phosphinoamidinato N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Diboravinyl Cation: Boron Analogue of Vinyl Cation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology SINGAPORE
| | - Pei-Ting Chia
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology SINGAPORE
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Ming-Der Su
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore SINGAPORE
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20
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. The reactivity of the trapping reaction of the benzene-bridged boron/phosphorus-based frustrated Lewis pair with difluorocarbene and its group 14 analogs: A theoretical investigation. J Comput Chem 2022; 43:1783-1792. [PMID: 36063085 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The trapping reactions of carbene analogs G14F2 (G14 = group 14 element) by the benzene-bridged B/P-Rea frustrated Lewis pair (FLPs) molecule are studied using density functional theory (B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2-TZVP). Our theoretical investigations predict that only the CF2 intermediate rather than other heavy carbene analogs can be trapped by the B/P-Rea FLP-type molecule. Energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) analyses indicate that the bonding nature of the G14F2 catching reactions by the B/P-Rea FLP-type molecule is a donor-acceptor (singlet-singlet) interaction rather than an electron-sharing (triplet-triplet) interaction. Moreover, EDA-NOCV and frontier molecular orbital (FMO) theory findings strongly suggest that the lone pair (LP) (P) → vacant p-π-orbital (G14F2 ) interaction rather than the empty σ-orbital (B) ← sp2 -σ-orbital (G14F2 ) interaction plays a predominant role in establishing its bonding condition during the G14F2 trapping reaction with the B/P-Rea FLP-associated molecule. Our activation strain model findings reveal that the atomic radius of the G14 element of G14F2 plays a key role in determining the activation barrier of the G14F2 trapping reactions by the benzene-bridged B/P-Rea FLP. The valence bond state correlation diagram (VBSCD) model developed by Shaik is used to rationalize the calculated results. The VBSCD findings demonstrate that in the present trapping reactions, the singlet triplet splitting of G14F2 plays a significant role in influencing its reaction barrier and reaction enthalpy. Our theoretical results demonstrate that the relationship between the geometrical parameters of the transition states and the corresponding reaction free energy barriers agrees well with the findings based on the Hammond postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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21
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Theoretical Study of the Activation Reaction of a Zr +/P-Based Frustrated Lewis Pair with Carbon Dioxide. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5534-5544. [PMID: 35960144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The combination reactions of carbon dioxide with a Zr+/P-based frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) were computationally explored within the density functional theory framework [B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2-TZVP]. Results showed that these reactions are exothermic, associated with relatively low activation barriers, and proceed concertedly involving Zr+-O and P-C chemical bond formations. Theoretical analysis revealed that the shorter the Zr+···P bond length of the Zr+/P-based FLP, the shorter the stretching O-C bond length of CO2 upon reaction, the larger the ∠OCO bending angle of CO2, the smaller the deformation energy of CO2, the lower the barrier height, and the greater the reactivity between the Zr+/P-based FLP and CO2. According to the energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence, the bonding natures of their associated transition states are determined by the singlet-singlet interaction (donor-acceptor interaction), not the triplet-triplet interaction (electron-sharing interaction). Moreover, the bonding characteristics between Zr+/P-based FLPs and CO2 are established predominantly by the lone pair orbital(P) → the empty p-π* orbital (CO2) interaction, not the empty d-orbital(Zr+) ← the filled p-π orbital (CO2) interaction. With the use of the activation strain model, theoretical examinations showed that the reactivity trend of such combination reactions is mainly attributed to the deformation energies of the deformed reactants. The relationship between deformed geometrical structures and related activation energies is in good agreement with Hammond's postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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22
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Yang MC, Zhang ZF, Su MD. Understanding the Reactivity of Combination Reactions of Intramolecular Geminal Group 13 Element/Phosphorus and Gallium/Group 15 Element Frustrated Lewis Pairs with CS 2. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:12959-12976. [PMID: 35930703 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of CS2 captured by intramolecular geminal G13/P-based (G13 = group 13 elements) and Ga/G15-based (G15 = group 15 elements) frustrated Lewis pairs have been theoretically examined by using density functional theory (DFT) computations. With regard to the nine FLP-related compounds, our DFT calculated results reveal that only Al/P-Rea and Ga/P-Rea can kinetically and thermodynamically precede the energetically feasible combination reactions with CS2 to form the five-membered heterocyclic adducts. Our activation strain model analyses on the nine aforementioned model molecules indicate that the atomic radius of the Lewis acceptor (G13) and the Lewis donor (G15) plays a role in controlling their barrier heights to obtain good orbital overlaps among G13/P-Rea, Ga/G15-Rea, and CS2. Our theoretical observations based on the energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) approach strongly indicate that the donor-acceptor bonding (i.e., singlet-singlet bonding) rather than the electron-sharing bonding (i.e., triplet-triplet bonding) plays a central role in determining the bonding conditions of the transition states, G13/P-TS and Ga/G15-TS. In addition, the theoretical evidence obtained by the frontier molecular orbital theory and EDA-NOCV analyses reveals that the best description for the bonding natures of the combination reactions of intramolecular geminal G13/P-Rea and Ga/G15-Rea with CS2 is the lone pair(G15) → p-π*(C) interaction rather than the p-π*(G13) ← p-π(S) interaction. Moreover, our present DFT computations concerning the calculated structures and corresponding relative energetics of the stationary points connected with the aforementioned sophisticated approaches are in accordance with the Hammond postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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23
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Lee J, Fan J, Koh AP, Cheang WJJ, Yang MC, Su MD, So CW. An Amidinato Isopropylmethylamidosilylene‐Catalyzed Hydroboration of Carbonyl Compounds. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Lee
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Jun Fan
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - An-Ping Koh
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Wan-Jun Joslyn Cheang
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry SINGAPORE
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Ming-Der Su
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore SINGAPORE
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24
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Chia CC, Li Y, Xiao L, Yang MC, Su MD, So CW. Lewis Pair Polymerization of Alkyl Methacrylate by Amidinato Silicon Compounds and Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cher-Chiek Chia
- Nanyang Technological University School of Physical and Mathematical sciences SINGAPORE
| | - Yan Li
- Hangzhou Normal University Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education CHINA
| | | | - Ming-Chung Yang
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Ming-Der Su
- National Chiayi University Department of Applied Chemistry TAIWAN
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Nanyang Technological University Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore SINGAPORE
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25
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Yang MC, Zhang ZF, Su MD. Insights into the Factors Controlling the H–H Bond Cleavage Reactions by Five-Membered G13/P (G13 = Group 13 Element) and B/G15 (G15 = Group 15 Element) Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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26
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Theoretical investigations in the reactions of group 15 analogues of the monocationic five-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes: interplay of electrophilicity, basicity, and aromaticity governing the reactivity. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04631d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The nature of the group 15 analogs of the five-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes (G15-Rea; G15 = N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) was investigated by using various methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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27
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Abstract
The N-phosphinoamidinato digermynes [LG̈e-G̈eL] (L = tBu2PNC(Ph)NAr, 4: Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, 5: Ar = Ph) underwent reversible CO2 activation to form [LG̈eOC(O)G̈eL] (6: Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, 7: Ar = Ph). Compound 7 was further reacted with diphenylacetylene and hexafluorobenzene, which proceeded through compound 5 in the first step, to form CO2, [LG̈eC(Ph) = C(Ph) G̈eL] (8), [LG̈eF] (9) and [LG̈eC6F5] (10), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shina Quek
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore.
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28
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Abstract
The amidinatoamidosilylene [LSiNMe2] [1; L = PhC(NtBu)2] was reacted with B2Br4(SMe2)2 in toluene at room temperature to form the bis(silylene)tetrabromodiborane [L{Me2N}Si]2B2Br4 (2). It was then reacted with excess KC8 in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature to afford the bis(silylene)dibromodiborene [L{Me2N}Si]2B2Br2 (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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29
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Zhang ZF, Yang MC, Su MD. Significant Insight into the Origin of Reaction Barriers Determining Dihydrogen Activation by G13-P-P (G13 = Group 13 Element) and G15-P-Ga (G15 = Group 15 Element) Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15253-15269. [PMID: 34570484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The heterolytic cleavage of H2 by multiply bonded phosphorus-bridged G13-P-P-Rea (G13 = B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl) and G15-P-Ga-Rea (G15 = N, P, As, Sb, and Bi) frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) has been theoretically investigated using density functional theory calculations. For the above nine FLP-type molecules, our theoretical findings suggest that only Al-P-P-Rea, Ga-P-P-Rea, and In-P-P-Rea can undergo the energetically feasible H2 activation reaction from kinetic and thermodynamic viewpoints. Our study based on the activation strain model (ASM) reveals that gaining a better orbital overlap between G13-P-P-Rea and G15-P-Ga-Rea molecules and H2 affected the reaction barriers through the atomic radius of G13 and G15. According to our energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) results, the bonding of these H2 activation reactions involving G13-P-P-Rea and G15-P-Ga-Rea is dominated by the donor-acceptor interaction (singlet-singlet interaction) rather than the electron-sharing interaction (triplet-triplet interaction). Moreover, our EDA-NOCV evidence reveals that the best description for the above bonding situations is the lone pair(G15) → σ*(H2) interaction rather than the empty p-π-orbital(G13) ← σ(H2) interaction. In particular, the findings in this work based on theoretically calculated geometries and the corresponding relative free energies of the stationary points combined with the results from the above sophisticated methods nicely agree with the famous Hammond postulate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Insights into the Factors Controlling the Origin of Activation Barriers in Group 13 Analogues of the Four-Membered N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. ACS Omega 2021; 6:22272-22283. [PMID: 34497916 PMCID: PMC8412915 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of C-H bond insertion and alkene cycloaddition were investigated theoretically using five model systems: group 13 analogues of the four-membered nucleophilic N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) (1E; E = group 13 element). The theoretical findings indicate that, except for 1B with H2C=CH2, these four-membered NHCs undergo insertion and [1 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with difficulty because their activation barriers are quite high (31 kcal/mol). The theoretically confirmed chemical inertness of the four-membered NHCs 1Ga and 1In might explain why they have been experimentally detected at room temperature. Additionally, our theoretical observations indicate that the reactivity of these four-membered NHCs featuring a central group 13 element follows the order 1B ≫ 1Al > 1Ga > 1In > 1Tl. The theoretical examination suggests that the smaller the atomic radius of the central group 13 element in the four-membered NHC analogue is, the larger the aromaticity of this carbenic molecule is, the higher the basicity of this carbenic molecule in nature is, the larger its nucleophilic attack on other oncoming molecules is, the smaller the barrier heights of its C-H bond insertion and [1 + 2] cycloaddition reactions will be, the higher its exothermicities for these products will be, and thus, the greater its reactivity will be. Moreover, the present theoretical findings reveal that the reactivity of 1B is governed by its highest occupied molecular orbital, a nonbonding sp2 lone pair orbital. In contrast, the reactivity of the four heavier 1E' (E' = Al, Ga, In, and Tl) molecules is mainly determined by their lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, a vacant p-π orbital. The conclusions gained from this study allow many predictions to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Fan J, Yang MC, Hooper TJN, Su MD, So CW. Diboron-Carbene Complexes Derived from a Geminal Dianion. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Thomas J. N. Hooper
- High Field NMR Facility, Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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Abstract
The use of the N-phosphinoamidinato NHC-diborene catalyst 2 for hydroboration is described. The N-phosphinoamidine tBu2PN(H)C(Ph)═N(2,6-iPr2C6H3) was reacted with nBuLi in Et2O to afford the lithium derivative, which was then treated with B2Br4(SMe2)2 in toluene to form the N-phosphinoamidinate-bridged diborane 1. It was reacted with the N-heterocyclic carbene IMe (:C{N(CH3)C(CH3)}2) and excess potassium graphite at room temperature in toluene to give the N-phosphinoamidinato NHC-diborene compound 2. It can stoichiometrically activate ammonia-borane and carbon dioxide. It also showed catalytic capability. A 2 mol % portion of 2 catalyzed the hydroboration of carbon dioxide (CO2) with pinacolborane (HBpin) in deuterated benzene (C6D6) at 110 °C (conversion >99%), which afforded the methoxyborane [pinBOMe] (yield 97.8%, TOF 33.3 h-1) and the bis(boryl) oxide [(pinB)2O]. In addition, 5 mol % of 2 catalyzed the N-formylation of secondary and primary amines by carbon dioxide and pinacolborane to yield the N-formamides (average yield 91.6%, TOF 25.9 h-1). Moreover, 2 showed chemoselectivity toward catalytic hydroboration of carbonyl compounds. In mechanistic studies, the B═B double bond in compound 2 activated the substrates, the intermediates of which then underwent hydroboration with pinacolborane to yield the products and regenerate catalyst 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Jian-Qiang Mah
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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Li TL, Zhang ZF, Su MD. Reactivity of dicationic N-heterocyclic chalcogen carbene analogues with methane and ethene: a theoretical investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:2419-2429. [PMID: 33459738 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06173e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of chalcogen N-heterocyclic carbenic (NHC) dications [(Dipp2DAB)M2+, M = O, S, Se, and Te, and Dipp2DAB = 1,4-(2,6-diisopropyl)phenyl-1,4-diaza-1,3-butadiene] with methane and ethene are investigated by the density functional theory. The activation energies and reaction enthalpies are analyzed by the energy decomposition analysis (EDA) to understand the reactivity of the reactions. Calculations show that the oxide carbenic dication (Dipp2DAB)O2+ reactant has a pair of rather unbalanced O-N bonds due to the combined effects of the smallness of the central O atom and the bulkiness of the two Dipp ligands surrounding the DAB ring, suggesting the oxide reactant is much less stable than the chalcogenide ones. Because of its unique characteristics, the oxide carbenic dication distinguishes itself from the rest of the chalcogen family. The differences between oxides and chalcogenides of the chalcogen family complexes well known in inorganic chemistry are also observed in this theoretical investigation. This work further reveals that the reasons for the distinctive characteristics between oxide and chalcogenide complexes are due to the fundamental fact that the 2s and 2p atomic orbitals are more amenable to hybridization than those of higher valences, and the mixing of the former valence orbitals results in much smaller atoms than the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Lung Li
- Department of Electrophysics, National Chia-Yi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Mechanistic insights into the insertion and addition reactions of group 13 analogues of the six-membered N-heterocyclic carbenes: interplay of electrophilicity, basicity, and aromaticity governing the reactivity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:20070-20080. [PMID: 35479910 PMCID: PMC9033959 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra02703d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three fundamental concepts (aromaticity/basicity/electrophilicity), being heavily used in modern chemistry, have been applied in this work to study the chemical reactivity of six-membered-ring group 13 N-heterocyclic carbenes (G13-6-Rea; G13 = group 13 elements) using density functional theory (BP86-D3(BJ)/def2-TZVP). G13-6-Rea is isolobal to benzene. Two model reactions have been used in the present study: the insertion reaction of G13-6-Rea with methane and the [1 + 2] cycloaddition reaction of G13-6-Rea with ethene. Our theoretical analysis reveals that the chemical reactivity of B-6-Rea, Al-6-Rea, and Ga-6-Rea is governed by their HOMO (the sp2-σ lone pair orbital on the G13 element), and thus they can be considered nucleophiles. Conversely, the chemical behavior of In-6-Rea and Tl-6-Rea is determined by their LUMO (the vacant p-π orbital on the G13 element), and thus they can be considered electrophiles. On the basis of the VBSCD (valence bond state correlation diagram) model and ASM (activation strain model), this theoretical evidence demonstrates that the origin of activation barriers for the above model reactions is due to the atomic radius of the pivotal group 13 element in the six-membered-ring of G13-6-Rea. Accordingly, our theoretical conclusions suggest that the lower the atomic number and the smaller the atomic radius of the G13 atom, the higher the aromaticity of the six-membered-ring of G13-6-Rea and the smaller the singlet–triplet energy splitting ΔEst of this N-heterocyclic carbene analogue, which will facilitate its chemical reactions. The theoretical findings originating from this study allow many predictions in experiments to be made. On the basis of sophisticated theoretical models, the theoretical study demonstrated that the atomic radius of a group 13 element in a six-membered-ring NHC analogue plays an important role in determining its chemical reactivity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Xiang Leong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Yeow-Chuan Teo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Cloé Condamines
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
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Yang MC, Su MD. A theoretical study of the reactivity of ethene and benzophenone with a hyper-coordinated alkene containing a so-called E=E (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) unit. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12842-12853. [PMID: 32902537 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of a reported hyper-coordinated alkene (Rea-E; Rea = reactant; E = group 14 element) featuring a central E[double bond, length as m-dash]E moiety was theoretically analyzed using DFT (density functional theory) and the EDA-NOCV (energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence) method. M06-2X/def2-SVP and B3LYP-D3/def2-SVP results demonstrate that five Rea-E molecules have an energy minimum as their structures have no imaginary frequency. Theoretical examinations based on three types of bond order calculations (Wiberg, Mayer, and Fuzzy), the LOL (localized orbital locator) analyses, Lewis structures and the NBO (natural bond orbital) analyses suggest that a very weak central Si-Si single bond and an extremely weak central Ge-Ge single bond, rather than a double bond, are present in the Rea-Si and Rea-Ge molecules, respectively. On the other hand, no bond is found between the two central group 14 atoms in Rea-C, Rea-Sn, and Rea-Pb. The theoretical investigation demonstrates that the reactivity of the Rea-E compound decreases in the order Rea-Si > Rea-Ge > Rea-C, a trend that results from the differences in the atomic radii of the group 14 elements. Carbon has the smallest atomic radius in the group 14 family, causing steric crowding between Rea-C and other attacking species. This circumstance, in turn, increases the activation energies of its addition reactions and renders these reactions energetically infeasible. For the cyclic product of Rea-Ge, the theoretical evidence reveals that the comparatively large atomic radius of Ge induces the weakest Pauli repulsions and the smallest overlap integrals between Rea-Ge and the other doubly bonded molecules. This situation, in turn, makes the overall cyclization reaction of Rea-Ge endothermic. As a result, only the silicon-centered molecule, Rea-Si, can undergo the [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with doubly bonded molecules without kinetic or thermodynamic difficulty, which agrees well with the available experimental findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan and Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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Liu C, Zhu K, Han W, Liu X, Zhang ZF, Su MD, Wu D, Li Y. Formation of Alkynylgermyl-Substituted Germylenes via a Catenation of Ge Atoms. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:10123-10128. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenghuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Keke Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Weichun Han
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Di Wu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
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Zhang ZF, Li TL, Su MD. Understanding the reactivity of carbene-analogous phosphane complexes with group 13 elements as a central atom: a theoretical investigation. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01708f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The reactions of carbenic cations (PtBu3)2M+ (M = B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl) with methane and ethene are studied using density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lung Li
- Department of Electrophysics
- National Chia-Yi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
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Zhang ZF, Li TL, Su MD. Correction: Understanding the reactivity of carbene-analogous phosphane complexes with group 13 elements as a central atom: a theoretical investigation. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj90117b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Correction for ‘Understanding the reactivity of carbene-analogous phosphane complexes with group 13 elements as a central atom: a theoretical investigation’ by Zheng-Feng Zhang et al., New J. Chem., 2020, 44, 12815–12826, DOI: 10.1039/D0NJ01708F.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lung Li
- Department of Electrophysics
- National Chia-Yi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
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Yang MC, Su MD. A mechanistic study of the activation of small molecules (H 2 and C 2H 2) by group 14 analogues of selenophene. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the reactivity influenced by group 14 elements (E = C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb), which are used as substituents in heterocyclic five-membered rings, was theoretically examined by using density functional theory (B3PW91/def2-SVP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry
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Leong BX, Lee J, Li Y, Yang MC, Siu CK, Su MD, So CW. A Versatile NHC-Parent Silyliumylidene Cation for Catalytic Chemo- and Regioselective Hydroboration. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:17629-17636. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Xiang Leong
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Jiawen Lee
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Kit Siu
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
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Zhang SL, Yang MC, Su MD. A computational study to determine whether substituents make E 13[triple bond, length as m-dash]nitrogen (E 13 = B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl) triple bonds synthetically accessible. RSC Adv 2019; 9:12195-12208. [PMID: 35515843 PMCID: PMC9063501 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00318e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study theoretically determines the effect of substituents on the stability of the triple-bonded L–E13N–L (E13 = B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl) compound using the M06-2X/Def2-TZVP, B3PW91/Def2-TZVP, and B3LYP/LANL2DZ+dp levels of theory. Five small substituents (F, OH, H, CH3 and SiH3) and four large substituents (SiMe(SitBu3)2, SiiPrDis2, Tbt (
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C6H2-2,4,6-{CH(SiMe3)2}3) and Ar* (C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3)2)) are used. Unlike other triply bonded L–E13P–L, L–E13As–L, L–E13Sb–L and L–E13Bi–L molecules that have been studied, the theoretical findings for this study show that both small (but electropositive) ligands and bulky substituents can effectively stabilize the central E13N triple bond. Nevertheless, these theoretical observations using the natural bond orbital and the natural resonance theory show that the central E13N triple bond in these acetylene analogues must be weak, since these E13N compounds with various ligands do not have a real triple bond. This study theoretically determines the effect of substituents on the stability of the triple-bonded L–E13N–L (E13 = B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl) compound using the M06-2X/Def2-TZVP, B3PW91/Def2-TZVP, and B3LYP/LANL2DZ+dp levels of theory.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Lin Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University Chiayi 60004 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University Chiayi 60004 Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University Chiayi 60004 Taiwan .,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
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Yang MC, Su MD. A Theoretical Study on the Stability of PtL 2 Complexes of Endohedral Fullerenes: The Influence of Encapsulated Ions, Cage Sizes, and Ligands. ACS Omega 2019; 4:3105-3113. [PMID: 31459530 PMCID: PMC6649168 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The {η2-(X@C n )}PtL2 complexes possessing three kinds of encapsulated ions (X = F-, Ø, Li+), three various ligands (L = CO, PPh3, NHCMe), and twelve cage sizes (C60, C70, C72, C74, C76, C78, C80, C84, C86, C90, C96, C100) are theoretically examined by using the density functional theory (M06/LANL2DZ). The present computational results demonstrate that the backward-bonding orbital interactions, rather than the forward-bonding orbital interactions, play a dominant role in the stability of {η2-(X@C n )}PtL2 complexes. Additionally, our theoretical study shows that the presence of the encapsulated Li+ ion can greatly improve the stability of {η2-(X@C n )}PtL2 complexes, whereas the existence of the encapsulated F- ion can heavily reduce the stability of {η2-(X@C n )}PtL2 complexes. Moreover, the theoretical evidence strongly suggests that the backward-bonding orbital interactions as well as the stability increase in the order {η2-(X@C n )}Pt(CO)2 < {η2-(X@C n )}Pt(PPh3)2 < {η2-(X@C n )}Pt(NHCMe)2. As a result, these theoretical observations can provide experimental chemists a promising synthetic direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Yang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Huang Y, Wang X, Li Y, Yang MC, Su MD, Zhu H. A self-hydrosilylation of phosphanylhydrosilylalkynes promoted by B(C 6F 5) 3? An experimental and mechanistic study. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:1494-1497. [PMID: 30648174 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc09022j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphanylhydrosilylalkynes Me2HSiC[triple bond, length as m-dash]CPAr2 (Ar = Ph, 1a; 4-MeC6H4, 1b) were synthesized, which reacted with B(C6F5)3 to produce alkenes [(E)-(C6F5)3BCH[double bond, length as m-dash]C(PAr2)SiMe2]2 (2a and 2b) and (Z)-(C6F5)2BCH[double bond, length as m-dash]C(PAr2)SiMe2(C6F5) (3a and 3b). The formation of 2a (or 2b) involved a Wrackmeyer's SiHMe2 migration followed by Si-H addition across the C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C bond, whereas, that of 3a (or 3b) involved a similar mechanism with a further C6F5 migration. The B(C6F5)3-promoted reaction of the Si-centered geminal H and C[triple bond, length as m-dash]C groups is thus realized, which may be considered as a self-hydrosilylation. Mechanistic studies by both variable temperature NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations were accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. The mechanistic investigations of photochemical decarbonylations and oxidative addition reactions for M(CO) 5 (M = Fe, Ru, Os) complexes. RSC Adv 2019; 9:2626-2640. [PMID: 35520498 PMCID: PMC9059829 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07669c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms for the photochemical CO-dissociation and the oxidative addition reactions are studied theoretically using three model systems: M(CO)5 (M = Fe, Ru, and Os) and the CASSCF/Def2-SVP (fourteen-electron/ten-orbital active space) and MP2-CAS/Def2-SVP//CASSCF/Def2-SVP methods. The structures of the intersystem crossings and the conical intersections, which play a decisive role in these CO photo-extrusion reactions, are determined. The intermediates and the transition structures in either the singlet or triplet states are also computed, in order to explain the reaction routes. These model studies suggest that after the irradiation of Fe(CO)5 with UV light, it quickly loses one CO molecule to generate a 16-electron iron tetracarbonyl, in either the singlet or the triplet states. It is found that the triplet Fe(CO)4 plays a vital role in the formation of the final oxidative addition product, Fe(CO)4(H)(SiMe3), but the singlet Fe(CO)4 plays a relatively minor role in the formation of the final product. However, its vacant coordination site interacts weakly with solvent molecules ((Me3)SiH) to yield the alkyl-solvated iron complexes, which are detectable experimentally. The theoretical observations show that Ru(CO)5 and Os(CO)5 have similar photochemical and thermal potential energy profiles. In particular, this study demonstrates that the oxidative addition yield for Fe is much greater than those for its Ru and Os counterparts, under the same chemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi UniversityChiayi 60004Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi UniversityChiayi 60004Taiwan,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiung 80708Taiwan
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Yang MC, Su MD. Theoretical investigations of the reactivity of neutral molecules that feature an MM (M = B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl) double bond. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01294j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The geometry, the electronic structure and the reactivity of compounds that feature a central MM (M = group 13 element) double bond with two sterically bulky ligands (L1 = tBu2MeSi and L2 = NHCiPr), L1L2MML1L2 (Rea-MM) are studied at the B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2-SVP level of theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University
- Chiayi 60004
- Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University
- Kaohsiung 80708
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Khoo S, Cao J, Yang MC, Shan YL, Su MD, So CW. Frontispiece: Synthesis of a Dimeric Base-Stabilized Cobaltosilylene Complex for Catalytic C−H Bond Functionalization and C−C Bond Formation. Chemistry 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201885464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Khoo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Jiajia Cao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chiayi University; Chiayi 60004 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Shan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chiayi University; Chiayi 60004 Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
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Khoo S, Cao J, Yang MC, Shan YL, Su MD, So CW. Synthesis of a Dimeric Base-Stabilized Cobaltosilylene Complex for Catalytic C−H Bond Functionalization and C−C Bond Formation. Chemistry 2018; 24:14329-14334. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Khoo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Jiajia Cao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chiayi University; Chiayi 60004 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Liang Shan
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry; National Chiayi University; Chiayi 60004 Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung 80708 Taiwan
| | - Cheuk-Wai So
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry; School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore 637371 Singapore
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Lu JS, Yang MC, Su MD. Is It Possible To Prepare and Stabilize Triple-Bonded Thallium≡Antimony Molecules Using Substituents? ACS Omega 2018; 3:10163-10171. [PMID: 31459144 PMCID: PMC6644622 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The M06-2X/Def2-TZVP, B3PW91/Def2-TZVP, and B3LYP/LANL2DZ+dp levels of theory were used to investigate the effect of substituents on the stability of the triple-bonded RTl≡SbR molecule. For comparison, small groups (F, OH, H, CH3, and SiH3) and sterically bulky substituents, (Ar* (=C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-i-Pr3)2), Tbt (=C6H2-2,4,6-{CH(SiMe3)2}3), SiiPrDis2, and SiMe(SitBu3)2), were chosen for the present study. The density functional theory results indicate that the triple-bonded RTl≡SbR compounds with small ligands are transient intermediates, so their experimental detections should be extremely difficult. Nevertheless, the theoretical observations demonstrate that only the bulkier ligands can effectively stabilize the central Tl≡Sb triple bond. In addition, the valence-electron bonding model reveals that the bonding characters of the triple-bonded RTl≡SbR species possessing sterically bulky groups can be represented as RTl ← SbR. Nevertheless, on the basis of the natural resonance theory, the natural bond orbital, and the charge decomposition analysis, the theoretical observations suggest that the Tl≡Sb triple bond in the acetylene analogues, RTl≡SbR, should be very weak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Syun Lu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chung Yang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung
Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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Su SH, Su MD. Theoretical Study of the Photolysis Mechanisms of Methylpentaphenyldimetallanes (Ph3MM′Ph2Me; M, M′ = Si and Ge). Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23061351. [PMID: 29867070 PMCID: PMC6100199 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of the photolysis reactions are studied theoretically at the M06-2X/6-311G(d) level of theory, using the four types of group 14 molecules that have the general structure, Ph3M–M′Ph2Me (M and M′ = Si and Ge), as model systems. This study provides the first theoretical evidence for the mechanisms of these photorearrangements of compounds that contain a M–M′ single bond. The model investigations indicate that the preferred reaction route for the photolysis reactions is, as follows: reactant → Franck-Condon (FC) region → minimum (triplet) → transition state (triplet) → triplet/singlet intersystem crossing → photoproducts (both di-radicals and singlets). The theoretical findings demonstrate that the formation of radicals results from reactions of the triplet states of these reactants. This could be because both the atomic radius and the chemical properties of silicon and germanium are quite similar to each other and compared to other group 14 elements, their photolytic mechanisms are nearly the same. The results for the photolytic mechanisms that are studied in this work are consistent with the available experimental observations and allow for a number of predictions for other group 14 dimetallane analogues to be made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Hao Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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