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Mainz L, Sarhan MAFE, Roth S, Sauer U, Kalogirou C, Eckstein M, Gerhard-Hartmann E, Seibert HD, Voelker HU, Geppert C, Rosenwald A, Eilers M, Schulze A, Diefenbacher M, Rosenfeldt MT. Acute systemic knockdown of Atg7 is lethal and causes pancreatic destruction in shRNA transgenic mice. Autophagy 2022; 18:2880-2893. [PMID: 35343375 PMCID: PMC9673934 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2052588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The notion that macroautophagy/autophagy is a potentially attractive therapeutic target for a variety of diseases, including cancer, largely stems from pre-clinical mouse studies. Most of these examine the effects of irreversible and organ confined autophagy deletion using site specific Cre-loxP recombination of the essential autophagy regulating genes Atg7 or Atg5. Model systems with the ability to impair autophagy systemically and reversibly at all disease stages would allow a more realistic approach to evaluate the consequences of authophagy inhibition as a therapeutic concept and its potential side effects. Here, we present shRNA transgenic mice that via doxycycline (DOX) regulable expression of a highly efficient miR30-E-based shRNA enabled knockdown of Atg7 simultaneously in the majority of organs, with the brain and spleen being noteable exceptions. Induced animals deteriorated rapidly and experienced profound destruction of the exocrine pancreas, severe hypoglycemia and depletion of hepatic glycogen storages. Cessation of DOX application restored apparent health, glucose homeostasis and pancreatic integrity. In a similar Atg5 knockdown model we neither observed loss of pancreatic integrity nor diminished survival after DOX treatment, but identified histological changes consistent with steatohepatitis and hepatic fibrosis in the recovery period after termination of DOX. Regulable Atg7-shRNA mice are valuable tools that will enable further studies on the role of autophagy impairment at various disease stages and thereby help to evaluate the consequences of acute autophagy inhibition as a therapeutic concept.Abbreviations: ACTB: actin, beta; AMY: amylase complex; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B, cysteine peptidase; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG7: autophagy related 7; Cag: CMV early enhancer/chicken ACTB promoter; Col1a1: collagen, type I, alpha 1; Cre: cre recombinase; DOX: doxycycline; GCG: glucagon; GFP: green fluorescent protein; INS: insulin; LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; miR30-E: optimized microRNA backbone; NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; PNLIP: pancreatic lipase; rtTA: reverse tetracycline transactivator protein; SQSTM1/p62: sequestome 1; TRE: tetracycline responsive element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mainz
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed A. F. E. Sarhan
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Roth
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Sauer
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charis Kalogirou
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Eckstein
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elena Gerhard-Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helen-Desiree Seibert
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Voelker
- Department of Pathology, Leopoldina Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum, Schweinfurt, Germany
| | - Carol Geppert
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin Eilers
- Biocenter, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Almut Schulze
- Division of Metabolism and Microenvironment, Tumor Metabolism and Microenvironment, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Germany
| | - Markus Diefenbacher
- Biocenter, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias T. Rosenfeldt
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranke, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany,CONTACT Mathias T. Rosenfeldt Institute of Pathology – University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2,97080Würzburg, Germany
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Mainz L, Sarhan MAFE, Roth S, Sauer U, Maurus K, Hartmann EM, Seibert HD, Rosenwald A, Diefenbacher ME, Rosenfeldt MT. Autophagy Blockage Reduces the Incidence of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma in the Context of Mutant Trp53. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:785252. [PMID: 35372352 PMCID: PMC8965752 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.785252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a homeostatic process that preserves cellular integrity. In mice, autophagy regulates pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) development in a manner dependent on the status of the tumor suppressor gene Trp53. Studies published so far have investigated the impact of autophagy blockage in tumors arising from Trp53-hemizygous or -homozygous tissue. In contrast, in human PDACs the tumor suppressor gene TP53 is mutated rather than allelically lost, and TP53 mutants retain pathobiological functions that differ from complete allelic loss. In order to better represent the patient situation, we have investigated PDAC development in a well-characterized genetically engineered mouse model (GEMM) of PDAC with mutant Trp53 (Trp53R172H) and deletion of the essential autophagy gene Atg7. Autophagy blockage reduced PDAC incidence but had no impact on survival time in the subset of animals that formed a tumor. In the absence of Atg7, non-tumor-bearing mice reached a similar age as animals with malignant disease. However, the architecture of autophagy-deficient, tumor-free pancreata was effaced, normal acinar tissue was largely replaced with low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) and insulin expressing islet β-cells were reduced. Our data add further complexity to the interplay between Atg7 inhibition and Trp53 status in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mainz
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mohamed A. F. E. Sarhan
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Roth
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ursula Sauer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Maurus
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elena M. Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Helen-Desiree Seibert
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenwald
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus E. Diefenbacher
- Biocenter, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias T. Rosenfeldt
- Institute of Pathology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mathias T. Rosenfeldt,
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Yehya YM, Hussein AM, Ezam K, Eid EA, Ibrahim EM, Sarhan MAFE, Elsayed A, Sarhan ME. Blockade of Renin Angiotensin System Ameliorates the Cardiac Arrhythmias and Sympathetic Neural Remodeling in Hearts of Type 2 DM Rat Model. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 20:464-478. [PMID: 31544705 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190809150921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate the effects of renin angiotensin system (RAS) blockade on cardiac arrhythmias and sympathetic nerve remodelling in heart tissues of type 2 diabetic rats. METHODS Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups; a) normal control group: normal rats, b) DM group; after type 2 diabetes induction, rats received 2ml oral saline daily for 4 weeks, c) DM+ ACEi: after type 2 diabetes induction, rats were treated with enalapril (10 mg/kg, orally for 4 weeks) and d) DM+ ARBs: after type 2 diabetes induction, rats were treated with losartan (30 mg/kg, orally for 4 weeks). RESULTS In type 2 diabetic rats, the results demonstrated significant prolongation in Q-T interval and elevation of blood sugar, HOMA-IR index, TC, TGs, LDL, serum CK-MB, myocardial damage, myocardial MDA, myocardial norepinephrine and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) density with significant reduction in serum HDL, serum insulin and myocardial GSH and CAT. On the other hand, blockade of RAS at the level of either ACE by enalapril or angiotensin (Ag) receptors by losartan resulted in significant improvement in ECG parameters (Q-T), cardiac enzymes (CK-MB), cardiac morphology, myocardial oxidative stress (low MDA, high CAT and GSH) and myocardial TH density. CONCLUSION RAS plays a role in the cardiac sympathetic nerve sprouting and cardiac arrhythmias induced by type 2 DM and its blockade might have a cardioprotective effect via attenuation of sympathetic nerve fibres remodelling, myocardial norepinephrine contents and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna M Yehya
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Abdelaziz M Hussein
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Khaled Ezam
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Elsayed A Eid
- Department of internal Medicine and endocrinology, Delta University, Gamasa, Egypt
| | - Eman M Ibrahim
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A F E Sarhan
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Aya Elsayed
- Medical Experimental Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E Sarhan
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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