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Metta V, Chung-Faye G, Ts Benamer H, Mrudula R, Goyal V, Falup-Pecurariu C, Muralidharan N, Deepak D, Abdulraheem M, Borgohain R, Chaudhuri KR. Hiccups, Hypersalivation, Hallucinations in Parkinson's Disease: New Insights, Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Management. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13050711. [PMID: 37240881 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurological disorder and the second most common neurodegenerative condition. We report three common but overlooked symptoms in PD-hiccups, hypersalivation, and hallucinations-in terms of their prevalence, pathophysiology, and up-to-date evidence-based treatment strategies. Whilst all these three symptoms do occur in many other neurological and non-neurological conditions, early recognition and treatment are paramount. Whilst hiccups affect 3% of healthy people, their rate of occurrence is higher (20%) in patients with PD. Hypersalivation (Sialorrhea) is another common neurological manifestation of many neurological and other neurodegenerative conditions such as motor neuron disease (MND), with a median prevalence rate of 56% (range: 32-74%). A 42% prevalence of sialorrhea is also reported in sub-optimally treated patients with PD. Hallucinations, especially visual hallucinations, are commonly reported, with a prevalence of 32-63% in PD, and a 55-78% prevalence is noted in patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), followed by tactile hallucinations, which are indicated by a sensation of crawling bugs or imaginary creatures across the skin surface. Whilst mainstay and primary management strategies for all these three symptoms are carried out through history taking, it is also essential to identify and treat possible potential triggers such as infection, minimise or avoid causative (such as drug-induced) factors, and especially carry out patient education before considering more definitive treatment strategies, such as botulinum toxin therapies for hypersalivation, to improve the quality of life of patients. This original review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the disease mechanisms, pathophysiology, and management of hiccups, hypersalivation, and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Metta
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience and Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Kings College Hospital London, Dubai 263267, United Arab Emirates
| | - Guy Chung-Faye
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience and Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Kings College Hospital London, Dubai 263267, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hani Ts Benamer
- Department of Movement Disorders & Parkinson's Centre of Excellence, Mohammed Bin Rashid University, Dubai 263267, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rukmini Mrudula
- CNC Institute of Movement Disorders & Parkinson's Centre of Excellence, India
| | - Vinay Goyal
- Institute of Movement Disorders, Medanta Hospitals, India
| | | | | | - Desh Deepak
- Kings College Hospital London, Dubai 263267, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Rupam Borgohain
- CNC Institute of Movement Disorders & Parkinson's Centre of Excellence, India
| | - Kallol Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience and Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
- Kings College Hospital London, Dubai 263267, United Arab Emirates
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Zankanah F, Al Ani F, Shaker A, Taha A, Abdulraheem M. First- and Second-Derivative Spectrophotometry for Simultaneous Determination of lorazepam and clonazepam in pharmaceutical formulations. Egypt J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.21608/ejchem.2022.130646.5753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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