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Shahid M, Saeed NK, Ahmad N, Shadab M, Joji RM, Al-Mahmeed A, Bindayna KM, Tabbara KS, Ismaeel AY, Dar FK. Molecular Screening of Carbapenem-Resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) Clinical Isolates for Concomitant Occurrence of Beta-Lactam Genes (CTX-M, TEM, and SHV) in the Kingdom of Bahrain. J Clin Med 2023; 12:7522. [PMID: 38137591 PMCID: PMC10744081 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12247522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae, including CRKP infections, has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. We aimed to explore the presence of bla genes (CTX-M, TEM, and SHV) in CRKP isolates. A total of 24 CRKP isolates were randomly selected from the Salmaniya Medical Complex Microbiology Laboratory. These isolates, which were positive for carbapenemases, were further explored for CTX-M, TEM, and SHV genes using PCR. All the CTX-M PCR amplicons were sent for sequencing. To determine genetic relatedness, molecular typing by ERIC-PCR was performed. The bla gene testing demonstrated that a significant proportion of these isolates harbored SHV, CTX-M, and TEM genes (100%, 91.6%, and 45.8%), respectively. Bioinformatic analyses confirmed CTX-M-15 in these isolates. ERIC-PCR analysis showed three clusters demonstrating genetic relatedness. The study findings reveal the concomitant carriage of the SHV and CTX-M-15 and a comparatively lower carriage of TEM genes in CRKP isolates. Our findings highlight the significance of routinely reporting the presence of antibiotic resistance genes along with regular antibiotic sensitivity reports, as this will aid clinicians in prescribing appropriate antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain; (N.A.); (M.S.); (R.M.J.); (A.A.-M.); (K.M.B.); (K.S.T.); (A.Y.I.); (F.K.D.)
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama 435, Bahrain;
| | - Nayeem Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain; (N.A.); (M.S.); (R.M.J.); (A.A.-M.); (K.M.B.); (K.S.T.); (A.Y.I.); (F.K.D.)
| | - Mohd Shadab
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain; (N.A.); (M.S.); (R.M.J.); (A.A.-M.); (K.M.B.); (K.S.T.); (A.Y.I.); (F.K.D.)
| | - Ronni Mol Joji
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain; (N.A.); (M.S.); (R.M.J.); (A.A.-M.); (K.M.B.); (K.S.T.); (A.Y.I.); (F.K.D.)
| | - Ali Al-Mahmeed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain; (N.A.); (M.S.); (R.M.J.); (A.A.-M.); (K.M.B.); (K.S.T.); (A.Y.I.); (F.K.D.)
| | - Khalid M. Bindayna
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain; (N.A.); (M.S.); (R.M.J.); (A.A.-M.); (K.M.B.); (K.S.T.); (A.Y.I.); (F.K.D.)
| | - Khaled Saeed Tabbara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain; (N.A.); (M.S.); (R.M.J.); (A.A.-M.); (K.M.B.); (K.S.T.); (A.Y.I.); (F.K.D.)
| | - Abdulrahman Y. Ismaeel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain; (N.A.); (M.S.); (R.M.J.); (A.A.-M.); (K.M.B.); (K.S.T.); (A.Y.I.); (F.K.D.)
| | - Fazal K. Dar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain; (N.A.); (M.S.); (R.M.J.); (A.A.-M.); (K.M.B.); (K.S.T.); (A.Y.I.); (F.K.D.)
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Shahid M, Ahmad N, Saeed NK, Shadab M, Joji RM, Al-Mahmeed A, Bindayna KM, Tabbara KS, Dar FK. Clinical carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates simultaneously harboring blaNDM-1, blaOXA types and qnrS genes from the Kingdom of Bahrain: Resistance profile and genetic environment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1033305. [PMID: 36304935 PMCID: PMC9592905 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1033305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) is currently increasing worldwide, prompting WHO to classify it as an urgent public health threat. CRKP is considered a difficult to treat organism owing to limited therapeutic options. In this study, a total of 24 CRKP clinical isolates were randomly collected from Salmaniya Medical Complex, Bahrain. Bacterial identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed, on MALDI-TOF and VITEK-2 compact, respectively. The isolates were screened for carbapenem resistance markers (blaNDM,blaOXA-23,blaOXA-48 and blaOXA-51) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnrA, qnrB, and qnrS) by monoplex PCR. On the other hand, only colistin-resistant isolates (n=12) were screened for MCR-1, MCR-2 and MCR-3 genes by monoplex PCR. Moreover, the Genetic environment of blaNDM, integrons analysis, and molecular characterization of plasmids was also performed. Antibiotic susceptibility revealed that all the isolates (100%) were resistant to ceftolozane/tazobactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, 96% resistant to ceftazidime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, 92% resistant to meropenem, gentamicin and cefepime, 88% resistant to ciprofloxacin, imipenem, and 37% resistant to amikacin. Ceftazidime/avibactam showed the least resistance (12%). 75% (n=12/16) were resistant to colistin and 44% (n=7/16) showed intermediate susceptibility to tigecycline. The detection of resistant determinants showed that the majority (95.8%) of CRKP harbored blaNDM-1, followed by blaOXA-48 (91.6%) blaOXA-51 (45.8%), and blaOXA-23 (41.6%). Sequencing of the blaNDM amplicons revealed the presence of blaNDM-1. Alarmingly, 100% of isolates showed the presence of qnrS. These predominant genes were distributed in various combinations wherein the majority were blaNDM-1 + blaOXA-51+ qnrS + blaOXA-48 (n =10, 41.7%), blaNDM-1 + blaOXA-23+ qnrS + blaOXA-48 (n=8, 33.3%), among others. In conclusion, the resistance rate to most antibiotics is very high in our region, including colistin and tigecycline, and the genetic environment of CRKP is complex with the carriage of multiple resistance markers. Resistance to ceftazidime/avibactam is uncommon and hence can be used as a valuable option for empirical therapy. Molecular data on resistance markers and the genetic environment of CRKP is lacking from this geographical region; this would be the first report addressing the subject matter. Surveillance and strict infection control strategies should be reinforced in clinical settings to curb the emergence and spread of such isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
- *Correspondence: Mohammad Shahid,
| | - Nayeem Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology Section, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Mohd Shadab
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Ronni Mol Joji
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Ali Al-Mahmeed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Khalid M. Bindayna
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Khaled Saeed Tabbara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Fazal K. Dar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine & Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
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Joji RM, Kumar AP, Almarabheh A, Dar FK, Deifalla AH, Tayem Y, Ismaeel AY, Bindayna K, Tabbara KS, Farid E, Shadab M, Al Mahmeed A, Shahid M. Perception of online and face to face microbiology laboratory sessions among medical students and faculty at Arabian Gulf University: a mixed method study. BMC Med Educ 2022; 22:411. [PMID: 35637505 PMCID: PMC9149330 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-022-03346-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted all spheres of society including medical education and healthcare systems. In response to the pandemic, there has been a transition in medical education practice from traditional forms of teaching to online instruction delivery and virtual learning. Effective clinical microbiology education involves a combination of 'hands-on' practical learning and instructional delivery of scientific knowledge. Microbiology practical laboratories are critical learning environments offering 'hands-on' learning experiences that cannot be replicated through online learning. We conducted a mixed-methods study to understand the perception of online and face-to-face microbiology laboratory sessions among the medical students and microbiology faculty at Arabian Gulf University (AGU). METHODS The study participants were third and fourth-year undergraduate medical students and faculty involved in delivering microbiology labs at AGU. The questionnaire consisted of questions ranging from perceived learning style to attitude towards online delivery of microbiology curriculum. After the questionnaire administration (google form), focus group discussion (FGD) was conducted for students and microbiology faculty separately. RESULTS Among 168 students, 50.6% preferred face-to-face lab sessions as compared to 30.4% who preferred online labs, and 51.8% considered online labs to be an essential addition to face-to-face labs. Among the faculty, 85.7% preferred the face-to-face mode of teaching. All the faculty (100%) disagreed that all the microbiology labs teaching should be online. 57.2% considered online labs to be an essential addition to traditional face-to-face labs. Both faculty and students hold that a blended mode of instructional delivery is vital and indispensable for the transfer of skills and knowledge for microbiology students. CONCLUSION The blended mode of delivering microbiology laboratory sessions in medical school is successful and well-received by both students and faculty. Students take the responsibility for furthering their own learning and understanding of concepts. Instructors have also noticed that blending learning strategies also successfully enhances the development of cognitive skills and problem-solving abilities in students. A review of the microbiology lab curriculum is necessary to identify content areas that can be delivered effectively through online, face-to-face lab sessions, or both, supported with appropriate tools and infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronni Mol Joji
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Archana Prabu Kumar
- Medical Education Unit, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Amer Almarabheh
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Fazal K Dar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Abdel Halim Deifalla
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Yasin Tayem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Abdulrahman Yusuf Ismaeel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Khalid Bindayna
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Khaled Saeed Tabbara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Eman Farid
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Mohd Shadab
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Ali Al Mahmeed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Mohammad Shahid
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain.
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Rais N, Ahmad R, Ved A, Parveen K, Ishrat T, Prakash O, Shadab M, Bari DG, Siddiqui NA. Diabetes Mellitus during the Pandemic Covid-19: Prevalence, Pathophysiology, Mechanism, and Management: An updated overview. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e120721194712. [PMID: 34931983 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210712160651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes mellitus (DM) is among the most frequently reported comorbidities in patients tainted with the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). With a high pervasiveness of diabetes mellitus, there is an urgency to understand the special aspects of COVID-19 in hyperglycemic patients. Diabetic patients are at higher risk than the general population of viral or bacterial infections, thus require special attention since diabetes is linked with severe, critical, and lethal modes of COVID-19. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to focus on epidemiology, pathophysiology, mechanism, and management of DM with COVID-19. METHODS The search was carried out on databases portals such as Pubmed, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and CINAHL with the keywords, i.e., COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, diabetes, covid-19, etc. Result: DM and COVID-19 disease conditions can impact each other in terms of clinical progression and outcome. Available laboratory/clinical observations suggest that hyperglycemia-induced immune dysfunction, inflated lactate grades, and cytokines storm may play critical roles in the seriousness of COVID-19 in patients with diabetes; however, the exact mechanisms linking diabetes and COVID-19 remain to be further clarified. CONCLUSION Standards to constrain the disease spread at the individual and community level are the key to extenuate the speedily rising pandemic, while definitive treatment, like plasma therapy, chemoprophylaxis, or vaccine for COVID-19, has yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Rais
- Department of Pharmacy, Bhagwant University, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305004, India
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Vivek College of Technical Education, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, 246701, India
| | - Akash Ved
- Goel Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226028, India
| | - Kehkashan Parveen
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, 202002, India
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Om Prakash
- Goel Institute of Pharmacy and Sciences, Faizabad Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226028, India
| | - Mohd Shadab
- Arabian Gulf University, Manama, 26671, Bahrain
| | | | - Nasir Ali Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacognosy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 2457-11451, KSA
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Yang K, Sherwani M, Shadab M, Jani A, Yusuf N, Elmets C. 769 Interleukin-10 enhances DNA damage in human melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shadab M, Shamsi S. Original Research Article (Experimental): Design and Development of Unani Emulgel for Vitiligo. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2018; 11:199-205. [PMID: 30459078 PMCID: PMC7527806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is not only a cosmetic problem, but also a social and psychological problem worldwide with the prevalence rate being highest in India. Treatment is unsatisfactory in Western System of Medicine. Unani System of Medicine (USM) possesses various drugs to treat vitiligo in both topical and oral dosage forms. Safoof-e-Bars (SB) is an important powdered dosage form used widely to treat vitiligo, internally as Zulal. Externally as Sufl (Sediment remained after decanting the soaked drug) is used. Babchi, a component of SB, is reported to contain psoralen, an important therapeutically active compounds for treating vitiligo. But as Psoralen - the active marker compound is very slightly soluble in water, so only negligible amount of it comes in zulal and most of the amount remains in sufl. That might be the reason for local application of sufl as recommended by Hakeems. But clinically it is observed that application of sufl is not followed by most of the patients, due to side effects associated with its application on skin. OBJECTIVE The present study is designed to convert Safoof-e-Bars into a more convenient and appealing newly evolved dosage form 'emulgel' of same composition as of SB, so that it can be used by the patients easily without any side effects. MATERIALS & METHODS Various batches of emulgel were prepared as preliminary batches and final batches using hydro-alcoholic extract of SB and different excipients in different concentrations. Preliminary batches were formed for selecting composition and concentration of extract and excipients for final batches. Total eight batches (F1F8) were prepared as final batches. Among these eight batches, batch F7 was selected as final batch, which was further evaluated on various parameters. Comparative quantitative analysis was done in Zulal, Hydro-alcoholic extract of SB and emulgel using HPLC. RESULTS Optimized emulgel showed good result in physicochemical parameters. Highest percentage of psoralen was found in SB extract while lowest percentage was found in zulal. No growth of yeast and mould, and viable aerobic were found in emulgel on microbiological analysis. Emulgel was found to be stable for 3 months. CONCLUSION Newly developed emulgel may be recommended with zulal instead of traditionally used sufl with zulal. In future emulgel will provide a solution for topical delivery of hydrophobic drugs and more convenient dosage form to apply locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Shadab
- Department of Ilmul Saidla (Unani Pharmacy), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore 560091, Karnataka, India
| | - Shariq Shamsi
- Department of Ilmul Saidla (Unani Pharmacy), National Institute of Unani Medicine, Bangalore 560091, Karnataka, India.
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Hamiduddin, Ali M, Zaigham M, Ikram M, Shadab M, Rather G. Preliminary physicochemical evaluation of kushta-e-zahar mohra: A unique formulation of unani medicine. Anc Sci Life 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/asl.asl_145_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Dar AA, Shadab M, Khan S, Ali N, Khan AT. One-Pot Synthesis and Evaluation of Antileishmanial Activities of Functionalized S-Alkyl/Aryl Benzothiazole-2-carbothioate Scaffold. J Org Chem 2016; 81:3149-60. [PMID: 26999637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of hitherto unreported S-alkyl/aryl benzothiazole-2-carbothioate is reported from thiols, oxalyl chloride, and 2-aminothiophenols using 10 mol % n-tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) as catalyst in acetonitrile through multicomponent reaction (MCR) strategy. The present protocol favored formation of benzothiazoles and thioesters via simultaneous formation of C-N and C-S bonds in good yields with a wide range of substrates. A few of the synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, a causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Further, these compounds displayed no toxicity toward macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and are therefore nontoxic and effective antileishmanial leads. In silico docking studies were performed to understand the possible binding site interaction with trypanothione reductase (TryR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaz A Dar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781 039, India
| | - M Shadab
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Suman Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang, 37673, Republic of South Korea
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4, Raja S.C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Abu T Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati , Guwahati 781 039, India
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