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Ejaz B, Mujib A, Syeed R, Mamgain J, Malik MQ, Birat K, Dewir YH, Magyar-Tábori K. Phytocompounds and Regulation of Flavonoids in In Vitro-Grown Safflower Plant Tissue by Abiotic Elicitor CdCl 2. Metabolites 2024; 14:127. [PMID: 38393019 PMCID: PMC10891796 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, a Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) investigation of embryogenic callus and somatic embryo regenerated shoots of Carthamus tinctorius revealed the presence of a variety of sugars, sugar acids, sugar alcohols, fatty acids, organic acids, and amino acids of broad therapeutic value. The in vitro developed inflorescence contained a wide range of active compounds. In embryogenic calluses, important flavonoids like naringenin, myricetin, kaempferol, epicatechin gallate, rutin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and delphinidin were identified. To augment the synthesis of active compounds, the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) elicitation was tested for various treatments (T1-T4) along with a control (T0). Varying concentrations of CdCl2 [0.05 mM (T1), 0.10 mM (T2), 0.15 mM (T3), and 0.20 mM (T4)] were added to the MS medium, and flavonoid accumulation was quantified through ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-MS/MS). The flavonoids naringenin, kaempferol, epicatechin gallate, pelargonidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin increased by 6.7-, 1.9-, 3.3-, 2.1-, 1.9-, and 4.4-fold, respectively, at T3, whereas quercetin, myricetin, rutin, and peonidin showed a linear increase with the increase in CdCl2 levels. The impacts of stress markers, i.e., ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), on defense responses in triggering synthesis were also evaluated. The maximum APX and SOD activity was observed at T3, while CAT activity was at its maximum at T2. The impact of elicitor on biochemical attributes like protein, proline, sugar, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content was investigated. The maximum protein, proline, and sugar accumulation was noted at high elicitor dose T4, while the maximum MDA content was noted at T3. These elevated levels of biochemical parameters indicated stress in culture, and the amendment of CdCl2 in media thus could be a realistic approach for enhancing secondary metabolite synthesis in safflower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Ejaz
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (B.E.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (M.Q.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Abdul Mujib
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (B.E.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (M.Q.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Rukaya Syeed
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (B.E.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (M.Q.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Jyoti Mamgain
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (B.E.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (M.Q.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Moien Qadir Malik
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (B.E.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (M.Q.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Kanchan Birat
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India; (B.E.); (R.S.); (J.M.); (M.Q.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Yaser Hassan Dewir
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Katalin Magyar-Tábori
- Research Institute of Nyíregyháza, Institutes for Agricultural Research and Educational Farm (IAREF), University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 12, 4400 Nyíregyháza, Hungary;
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Mamgain J, Mujib A, Syeed R, Ejaz B, Malik MQ, Bansal Y. Genome size and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of field-grown and in vitro regenerated Pluchea lanceolata plants. J Appl Genet 2023; 64:1-21. [PMID: 36175751 PMCID: PMC9522435 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-022-00727-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Pluchea lanceolata is a threatened pharmacologically important plant from the family Asteraceae. It is a source of immunologically active compounds; large-scale propagation may offer compounds with medicinal benefits. Traditional propagation method is ineffective as the seeds are not viable; and root sprout propagation is a slow process and produces less numbers of plants. Plant tissue culture technique is an alternative, efficient method for increasing mass propagation and it also facilitate genetic improvement. The present study investigated a three-way regeneration system in P. lanceolata using indirect shoot regeneration (ISR), direct shoot regeneration (DSR), and somatic embryo mediated regeneration (SER). Aseptic leaf and nodal explants were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium amended with plant growth regulators (PGRs), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), and 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) either singly or in combinations. Compact, yellowish green callus was obtained from leaf explants in 1.0 mg/l BAP (89.10%) added medium; ISR percentage was high, i.e., 69.33% in 2.0 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l NAA enriched MS with 4.02 mean number of shoots per callus mass. Highest DSR frequency (67.15%) with an average of 5.62 shoot numbers per explant was noted in 0.5 mg/l BAP added MS medium. Somatic embryos were produced in 1.0 mg/l NAA fortified medium with 4.1 mean numbers of somatic embryos per culture. On BAP (1.0 mg/l) + 0.5 mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3) amended medium, improved somatic embryo germination frequency (68.14%) was noted showing 12.18 mean numbers of shoots per culture. Histological and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation revealed different stages of embryos, confirming somatic embryogenesis in P. lanceolata. Best rooting frequency (83.95%) of in vitro raised shootlets was obtained in 1.0 mg/l IBA supplemented half MS medium with a maximum of 7.83 roots per shoot. The regenerated plantlets were transferred to the field with 87% survival rate. The 2C genome size of ISR, DSR, and SER plants was measured and noted to be 2.24, 2.25, and 2.22 pg respectively, which are similar to field-grown mother plant (2C = 2.26 pg). Oxidative and physiological events suggested upregulation of enzymatic activities in tissue culture regenerated plants compared to mother plants, so were photosynthetic pigments. Implementation of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technique on in vivo and in vitro raised plants revealed the presence of diverse phyto-chemicals. The yields of alpha amyrin and lupeol (medicinally important triterpenoids) were quantified using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method and enhanced level of alpha amyrin (2.129 µg g-1 dry wt) and lupeol (1.232 µg g-1 dry wt) was noted in in vitro grown leaf tissues, suggesting in vitro conditions act as a potential trigger for augmenting secondary metabolite synthesis. The present protocol represents a reliable mass propagation technique in producing true-to-type plants of P. lanceolata, conserving 2C DNA and ploidy successfully without affecting genetic homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Mamgain
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - A Mujib
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Rukaya Syeed
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Bushra Ejaz
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Moien Qadir Malik
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashika Bansal
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Mujib A, Fatima S, Malik MQ. Gamma ray-induced tissue responses and improved secondary metabolites accumulation in Catharanthus roseus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6109-6123. [PMID: 35962802 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the impact of gamma ray irradiation on callus biomass growth and the yield of vincristine and vinblastine of in vitro grown tissues of Catharanthus roseus. The biochemical alteration underlying the synthesis of secondary metabolites has also been studied and a comparison of yield was prepared. The embryogenic tissues were exposed to 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 Gy gamma ray doses and the callus biomass fresh weight, the embryogenesis (the embryo numbers, germination, plant regeneration), the alteration of protein, proline, and sugar attributes at different morphogenetic stages were monitored. The callus biomass growth was maximum (1.65 g) in 20 Gy exposed tissues and was less in 100 Gy treatment (0.33 g). The gamma-irradiated embryogenic tissues differentiated into embryos but the embryogenesis % and somatic embryo number per culture reduced with increasing doses. It was least in 80 Gy where very low numbers of embryos were formed (3.45 and 3.30 mean torpedo and cotyledonary embryo numbers per callus mass, respectively) which later germinated into plantlets. Protein, proline, sugar, and different antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT) activities, were investigated as the tissues were exposed to gamma ray elicitation/signaling, evoking cellular stress. Increased 80 Gy gamma dose inhibited a 42.73% decrease in protein accumulation at initiation stages of embryogenic tissue. Soluble sugar level also declined gradually being least in 80 Gy treated tissues (14.51 mg gm-1 FW) compared to control (20.2 mg gm-1 FW). Proline content, however, increased with increasing gamma doses, maximum at 80 Gy (8.28 mg gm-1 FW). The SOD, APX, and CAT activity increased linearly with enhanced level of gamma doses and maximum, i.e., 3.91 EU min-1 mg-1, 1.71 EU min-1 mg-1, and 4.89 EU min-1 mg-1, protein activity was noted for SOD, APX, and CAT, respectively, at 80 Gy gamma rays treated tissues. The quantification of vinblastine and vincristine in gamma ray elicitated tissues was made by using high-pressure thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Somatic embryo-regenerated plant's leaves had the maximum yield of vinblastine (15.13 µgm gm-1 DW) at 40 Gy irradiation dose compared to control (13.30 µgm gm-1 DW)-the increased yield % is 13.75. The stem is also rich source producing 11.98 µgm gm-1 DW of vinblastine. Among the various developmental stages of embryos, vinblastine content was highest in germinating stage of embryos (10.14 µgm gm-1 DW) compared to other three, i.e., initiation, proliferation, and maturation embryo stages. Similarly, highest accumulation of vincristine (6.32 µg gm-1 DW) was noted at low gamma irradiation dose (20 Gy) in leaf tissues. The present study indicates that the synthesis of vinblastine and vincristine was growth- and development-specific and the lower 20-40 Gy gamma levels were more effective in enriching alkaloids while higher doses declined yield. KEY POINTS: • Vinblastine and vincristine yield was quantified in in vitro grown tissues and leaves of embryo regenerated Catharanthus roseus after gamma ray treatment. • The accumulation of vinblastine and vincristine was maximum in regenerated leaves; low doses were more efficient in improving yield. • Gamma ray irradiation impacted biochemical profiles, caused cellular stress, and perhaps responsible for improved alkaloid yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mujib
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Samar Fatima
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Moien Qadir Malik
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Mamgain J, Mujib A, Ejaz B, Gulzar B, Malik MQ, Syeed R. Flow cytometry and start codon targeted (SCoT) genetic fidelity assessment of regenerated plantlets in Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merrill. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 2022; 150:129-140. [PMID: 35250130 PMCID: PMC8882441 DOI: 10.1007/s11240-022-02254-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tylophora indica (Burm.f.) Merrill. is a pharmacologically important plant, popular for alkaloidal and non-alkaloidal richness. Large scale propagation of T. indica is difficult in the wild as the seeds are small and the frequency of germination is very poor. In the present study, the genome size estimation of in vitro regenerated (indirect, direct and somatic embryo mediated) T. indica was made by flow cytometric method. Clonal fidelity of the regenerants was assessed using a start codon targeted (SCoT) molecular marker. Initially, the explants were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog basal medium supplemented with various concentrations of plant growth regulators like 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), Kinetin, 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP) and 1-naphthalene acetic acid either singly or in combinations. The highest callus induction frequency (87.75%) was obtained in 6.7 µM 2,4-D added MS medium which metamorphosed into progressive stages (globular, heart, torpedo, and cotyledonary) of embryos. Mature and healthy somatic embryos efficiently germinated into plantlets on 8.8 µM BAP + 1.4 µM GA3 enriched MS medium. Histological and scanning electron microscopic study confirmed the above developing stages. The regenerated shoots were rooted best in 2.45 µM Indole-3-butyric acid supplemented solid MS medium. The plants were hardened and acclimatized with 90% survivability. The flow cytometric 2C DNA content of indirect, direct and somatic embryo derived plants was 1.896 pg, 1.940 pg and 1.926 pg respectively, very similar to the mother plant (1.928 pg). SCoT marker generated a high percentage of monomorphic bands (94%) revealing similarity with the mother plant, thus ensuring genetic fidelity. To the best of our knowledge, this is perhaps the first ever report of 2C DNA content estimation and SCoT marker based genetic homogeneity study in T. indica. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11240-022-02254-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Mamgain
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - A. Mujib
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Bushra Ejaz
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Basit Gulzar
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Moien Qadir Malik
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rukaya Syeed
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Mujib A, Bansal Y, Malik MQ, Syeed R, Mamgain J, Ejaz B. Internal and External Regulatory Elements Controlling Somatic Embryogenesis in Catharanthus: A Model Medicinal Plant. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2527:11-27. [PMID: 35951180 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2485-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Somatic or in vitro embryogenesis is a unique embryo producing process from vegetative cells observed in plants since 1958. Even over 60 years of research, the transition of somatic cells into embryonic fate is still not elucidated fully. Various networks and signaling elements have been noted to play important role in this "vegetative to reproductive" transition process. The networks include genotypes, explant types, the sugar/carbohydrate sources, cultural/environmental conditions like light quality and intensity, dissolved oxygen (DO) level, cell density, plant growth regulator (PGR) (auxin and cytokinin) signaling, PGR-gene interplay, stresses are important and cause new cellular reprogramming during embryonic acquisition. A wide array of genes, specific to zygotic embryogenesis, also express during somatic embryogenesis. A few embryogenesis-specific genes such as SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS LIKE RECEPTOR KINASE, LEAFY COTYLEDON, AGAMOUS-LIKE 15, and BABY BOOM are crucial and have been discussed. The chapter focuses the importance of these gene products, e.g., proteins, enzymes, and transcription factors in regulating embryogenesis. Many of these encoded proteins act as potential somatic embryogenesis markers. Besides, important elements such as genotype, herbaceous/woody plants' response in culture in inducing embryos have been discussed. All these elements are connected and form network in complex fashion thus difficult to unfold fully; some of the current progress and developments have been presented in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mujib
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Yashika Bansal
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Moien Qadir Malik
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rukaya Syeed
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Jyoti Mamgain
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Bushra Ejaz
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Gulzar B, Mujib A, Mushtaq Z, Malik MQ. Old Catharanthus roseus culture (14 years) produced somatic embryos and plants and showed normal genome size; demonstrated an increased antioxidant defense mechanism; and synthesized stress proteins as biochemical, proteomics, and flow-cytometry studies reveal. J Appl Genet 2020; 62:43-57. [PMID: 33145639 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-020-00590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Various strategies have been developed globally to conserve germplasm by propagating plants. One important technique is in vitro propagation and preservation through tissue culture. In many investigated plants, the long in vitro conservation is plagued with several limitations like genetic variations, developmental errors in cells or tissues due to induced stress. This provoked us to conduct a study of Catharanthus roseus culture maintained for over fourteen long years and a newly established 8-month-old culture. The present study investigated and compared the two tissue types differing by their age. The biomass accumulation, the biochemical differences of the two, dead cell analysis with aging via confocal microscopy, and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS)-based proteomic differences were studied in old and newly established Catharanthus culture. The proteomic study reveals more than 120 upregulated or high abundance proteins in old culture as compared to newly established Catharanthus. The identified upregulated proteins are stress protein 69, heat shock proteins (HSP), isocitrate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and others. These proteins had an association with antioxidant activities, related to stress, and a few are linked to respiration. Our study reveals the presence of a robust antioxidant defense mechanism, i.e., 51.94%, 78.8%, and 61% higher SOD, APX, and CAT activities in older cultures (O) as compared to newly established tissues (N), which perhaps act against stress and may play a key role in ameliorating negative impacts of long-term in vitro conditions. The inherent strong antioxidant defense system in old cultures added resilience and enabled the culture to revive growth quickly (within 1-2 days) following transfer to new medium as compared to new culture (7-10 days). The biomass accumulation was more (37.08 %) in old tissues as compared to new culture. The 2C DNA or genome size of C. roseus especially the 14-year-old culture-derived regenerated plant was measured by flow cytometry. The 2C DNA size of this Catharanthus (old culture) plant is 1.516 pg, which is very similar to new culture-derived plants' and field-grown plants' genome size. No anomaly in genome size was noted in plants of old culture, as opposed to common perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basit Gulzar
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - A Mujib
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
| | - Zeenat Mushtaq
- Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Moien Qadir Malik
- Cellular Differentiation and Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Botany, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Zafar N, Mujib A, Ali M, Tonk D, Gulzar B, Malik MQ, Mamgain J, Sayeed R. Cadmium chloride (CdCl 2) elicitation improves reserpine and ajmalicine yield in Rauvolfia serpentina as revealed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). 3 Biotech 2020; 10:344. [PMID: 32714739 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02339-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultures play a promising role for production of pharmaceutically important plant secondary metabolites and the use of elicitation can mitigate the low productivity of active compounds. In the present study, the influence of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) elicitation on alkaloid yield was investigated in Rauvolfia serpentina. This heavy metal was employed to enhance the yield of reserpine and ajmalicine in leaf derived callus, leaves, stems and roots of in vitro grown cultures. Different concentrations [0.05 mM (C1), 0.10 mM (C2), 0.15 mM (C3) and 0.20 mM (C4)] of CdCl2 were added to the MS medium. The elicitor's influence on callus biomass, biochemical attributes and the yield of alkaloids was monitored at regular intervals. The amendment of CdCl2 improved growth and maximum callus biomass (1.29 g fresh weight and 0.16 g dry weight) was noted at 0.15 mM (C3) after 6 days of elicitation. The addition of elicitor in medium caused cellular stress and to analyse the role of CdCl2 in plant defence responses various antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities were measured in treated and non-treated cultures. The antioxidant enzyme activity increased linearly with elevated levels of CdCl2 in medium; highest APX (0.88 EU min-1 mg-1protein), SOD (5.40 EU min-1 mg-1protein) and CAT (4.21 EU min-1 mg-1protein) activity were observed in leaves of in vitro regenerated plants at C4. The quantitative analyses of reserpine and ajmalicine were conducted in different elicitated tissues using high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method. The study reveals enriched level of reserpine and ajmalicine in cultivated tissues and the enhancement was noted up to C3 (0.15 mM) elicitor level. Reserpine yield was maximum (0.191 mg g-1 DW) in roots of in vitro regenerated plants. The accumulation of ajmalicine was, however, better in leaf derived callus at C3 (0.131 mg g-1 DW). Higher elicitor dose (0.20 mM) inhibited callus biomass growth and subsequent alkaloid accumulation. The present study indicates the use of CdCl2 as a propitious method in enhancing reserpine and ajmalicine yield in R. serpentina.
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