1
|
Singh A, Pednekar S, Chun J, Denn MM, Morris JF. From Yielding to Shear Jamming in a Cohesive Frictional Suspension. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:098004. [PMID: 30932528 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.098004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Simulations are used to study the steady shear rheology of dense suspensions of frictional particles exhibiting discontinuous shear thickening and shear jamming, in which finite-range cohesive interactions result in a yield stress. We develop a constitutive model that combines yielding behavior and shear thinning at low stress with the frictional shear thickening at high stresses, in good agreement with the simulation results. This work shows that there is a distinct difference between solids below the yield stress and in the shear-jammed state, as the two occur at widely separated stress levels, with an intermediate region of stress in which the material is flowable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhinendra Singh
- Benjamin Levich Institute, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Sidhant Pednekar
- Benjamin Levich Institute, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Jaehun Chun
- Benjamin Levich Institute, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Morton M Denn
- Benjamin Levich Institute, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Morris
- Benjamin Levich Institute, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CUNY City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Denn MM, Morris JF, Bonn D. Shear thickening in concentrated suspensions of smooth spheres in Newtonian suspending fluids. Soft Matter 2018; 14:170-184. [PMID: 29239446 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00761b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Shear thickening is a phenomenon in which the viscosity of a suspension increases with increasing stress or shear rate, sometimes in a discontinuous fashion. While the phenomenon, when observed in suspensions of corn starch in water, or Oobleck, is popular as a science experiment for children, shear thickening is actually of considerable importance for technological applications and exhibited by far simpler systems. Concentrated suspensions of smooth hard spheres will exhibit shear thickening, and understanding this behavior has required a fundamental change in the paradigm of describing low-Reynolds-number solid-fluid flows, in which contact forces have traditionally been absent. Here, we provide an overview of our understanding of shear thickening and the methods that have been developed to describe it, as well as outstanding questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morton M Denn
- Benjamin Levich Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, Steinman Hall, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
|
4
|
Mari R, Seto R, Morris JF, Denn MM. Nonmonotonic flow curves of shear thickening suspensions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2015; 91:052302. [PMID: 26066172 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.052302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The discontinuous shear thickening (DST) of dense suspensions is a remarkable phenomenon in which the viscosity can increase by several orders of magnitude at a critical shear rate. It has the appearance of a first-order phase transition between two hypothetical "states" that we have recently identified as Stokes flows with lubricated or frictional contacts, respectively. Here we extend the analogy further by means of stress-controlled simulations and show the existence of a nonmonotonic steady-state flow curve analogous to a nonmonotonic equation of state. While we associate DST with an S-shaped flow curve, at volume fractions above the shear jamming transition the frictional state loses flowability and the flow curve reduces to an arch, permitting the system to flow only at small stresses. Whereas a thermodynamic transition leads to phase separation in the coexistence region, we observe a uniform shear flow all along the thickening transition. A stability analysis suggests that uniform shear may be mechanically stable for the small Reynolds numbers and system sizes in a rheometer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Mari
- Benjamin Levich Institute, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Ryohei Seto
- Benjamin Levich Institute, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Jeffrey F Morris
- Benjamin Levich Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | - Morton M Denn
- Benjamin Levich Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Affiliation(s)
- Morton M. Denn
- Benjamin Levich Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031; ,
| | - Jeffrey F. Morris
- Benjamin Levich Institute and Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031; ,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Seto R, Mari R, Morris JF, Denn MM. Discontinuous shear thickening of frictional hard-sphere suspensions. Phys Rev Lett 2013; 111:218301. [PMID: 24313532 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.218301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Discontinuous shear thickening (DST) observed in many dense athermal suspensions has proven difficult to understand and to reproduce by numerical simulation. By introducing a numerical scheme including both relevant hydrodynamic interactions and granularlike contacts, we show that contact friction is essential for having DST. Above a critical volume fraction, we observe the existence of two states: a low viscosity, contactless (hence, frictionless) state, and a high viscosity frictional shear jammed state. These two states are separated by a critical shear stress, associated with a critical shear rate where DST occurs. The shear jammed state is reminiscent of the jamming phase of granular matter. Continuous shear thickening is seen as a lower volume fraction vestige of the jamming transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Seto
- Benjamin Levich Institute, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Denn MM, Barteau MA. Preface to T. W. Fraser Russell Festschrift. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie900636u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morton M. Denn
- Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics and Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, New York 10031
| | - Mark A. Barteau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
|
10
|
Goyal RK, Denn MM. Surface-induced morphology and free-energy pathways in breakup of a nematic liquid crystalline cylinder. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2008; 78:021706. [PMID: 18850851 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.021706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We compute the surface-induced morphology and the free-energy pathways as a cylindrical liquid crystalline filament with preferred homeotropic (orthogonal) interface orientation passes through a sequence of growing sinusoidal perturbations and breaks up into droplets. Liquid crystalline morphology is determined using a simulated annealing algorithm [R. K. Goyal and M. M. Denn, Phys. Rev. E, 75, 021704 (2007)] to minimize the Oseen-Frank free energy. A first-order morphological transition with a finite energy barrier is required when the perturbation amplitude exceeds a critical value, and it is possible that progress towards breakup will be kinetically trapped in a varicose cylindrical shape. This result may be related to the apparent kinetic trapping of dispersed nematic 4'-octyl-4-biphenylcarbonitrile in a gel state reported by Inn and Denn [J. Rheol., 49, 887 (2005)].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Goyal
- Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Goyal RK, Denn MM. Orientational multiplicity and transitions in liquid crystalline droplets. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2007; 75:021704. [PMID: 17358357 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.021704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Orientation distributions in droplets of liquid crystals with homeotropic anchoring are computed with a simulated annealing algorithm that minimizes the free energy of the Oseen-Frank continuum theory. The droplets exhibit multiple orientational steady states that are separated by finite energy barriers over the entire range of the dimensionless ratio of surface to elastic forces, with maximum transition energy densities of the order of 2000 J/m3 (Pa) for a typical liquid crystalline droplet with a spherical radius of 1 microm. The transition energy densities decrease with elongation to spheroidal droplets with aspect ratios of four or more, indicating that droplet elongation is favored to drive surface-induced transitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Goyal
- Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics and Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
We describe dielectric spectroscopy measurements on dispersions of two thermotropic liquid crystals (5CB and 8CB) in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) matrix. 5CB exhibits nematic and isotropic phases, while 8CB exhibits smectic, nematic, and isotropic phases. The spectra of the dispersions exhibit a temperature-dependent dielectric relaxation in the interval from 100 to 1000 Hz, with relaxation times that depend strongly on whether the dispersed phase is isotropic, nematic, or smectic. The dielectric relaxation times also depend on the viscosity of the matrix fluid. These results suggest a coupling between the electric field and the mechanics of the interface that affects the spectrum of the dispersed phase and shifts the Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization peak.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Rai
- Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics and Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of New York/CUNY, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woo Inn
- Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, New York 10031
| | - Kurt F. Wissbrun
- Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, New York 10031
| | - Morton M. Denn
- Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, New York 10031
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
|
17
|
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Li
- Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics and Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, New York 10031
| | - Morton M. Denn
- Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics and Department of Chemical Engineering, City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, New York 10031
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Li
- The Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics, City College of the City University of New York, Convent Avenue and 140th Street, New York, New York 10031
| | - Morton M. Denn
- The Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics, City College of the City University of New York, Convent Avenue and 140th Street, New York, New York 10031
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tang P, Reimer JA, Denn MM. Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of blends containing poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid-co-p-hydroxynaphthoic acid) (Vectra-A). Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00068a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
|
22
|
|
23
|
|
24
|
|
25
|
Kalika DS, Shen MR, Yu XM, Denn MM, Iannelli P, Masciocchi N, Yoon DY, Parrish W, Friedrich C, Noel C. Structural, dielectric, and rheological characterization of a thermotropic polyester displaying smectic A, nematic, and isotropic phases. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00227a005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
26
|
|
27
|
|
28
|
Amundson KR, Reimer JA, Denn MM. Investigation of microstructure in poly[(p-hydroxybenzoic acid)-co-(ethylene terephthalate)] using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma00011a033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
29
|
|
30
|
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- José Pérez-González
- Laboratorio de Reología, Departamento de Física, Escuela Superior de Física y, Matemáticas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, C. P. 07300, Apartado Postal 75-076, México D. F., Mexico
| | - Morton M. Denn
- The Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Li X, Denn MM. Influence of bulk nematic orientation on the interface between a liquid crystalline polymer and a flexible polymer. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 86:656-659. [PMID: 11177905 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.86.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The structure of the interface between a liquid crystalline polymer (LCP) and a flexible polymer was studied using the three-dimensional bond fluctuation model in Monte Carlo simulations. Orientation in both phases in the neighborhood of the interface is sensitive to the far-field nematic orientation. The more diffuse interface caused by a homeotropic far-field orientation in the LCP results in a substantial reduction in the calculated interfacial tension relative to that for a planar far-field orientation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- The Benjamin Levich Institute for Physico-Chemical Hydrodynamics, City College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gentzler M, Patil S, Reimer JA, Denn MM. Molecular motion and orientation distributions in melt-processed, fully aromatic liquid crystalline polyesters from 1H NMR. Solid State Nucl Magn Reson 1998; 12:97-112. [PMID: 9809783 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-2040(98)00056-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fully-aromatic thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (LCP) containing 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 6-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA) were studied with 1H NMR. A two- or three-parameter nematic director distribution in molten or nearly molten samples was obtained via rigorous simulation of wideline spectral lineshapes. This methodology was further employed to yield the chain director distribution in macroscopic sections derived from a frozen contraction flow. In addition, the dynamic conformation of polymer chains through the melting transition was monitored via lineshape analysis of samples having (bulk) isotropic director distributions. Extension of rigorous 1H NMR spectral deconvolution to recently developed solid-state NMR imaging sequences is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gentzler
- Center for Advanced Materials, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- Morton M. Denn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1462
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
|
37
|
|
38
|
|
39
|
Vallotton PH, Denn MM, Wood BA, Salmeron MB. Comparison of medical-grade ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene microstructure by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 1995; 6:609-20. [PMID: 7873512 DOI: 10.1163/156856294x00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy is used to image the topography of surfaces of bulk medical-grade ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). Comparison with transmission electron microscopy images demonstrates that the AFM can resolve the plate-like stacks of crystalline lamellae characteristic of UHMWPE without aggressive surface treatment. Surface preparation for the AFM must be carried out by cryomicrotomy at extremely low temperatures to prevent smearing of surface features. Chemically-etched surfaces of UHMWPE require substantially less surface preparation for AFM imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H Vallotton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley 94720
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Denn MM. Laminar flow and convective transport processes: Scaling principles and asymptotic analysis. By L. Gary Leal, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, 1992, 740+ xviii pp.,$79.00. AIChE J 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690390218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
42
|
Denn MM. Distorting the pracite and publication of research. AIChE J 1991. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690370602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
|
43
|
Denn MM. Selecting a publication vehicle. AIChE J 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690350302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
44
|
|
45
|
|
46
|
Denn MM. Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering.Vols. 1–10: A-pentadiene polymers by H. F. Mark, N. M. Bikales, C. G. Overberger, and G. Menges, eds., J. I. Kroschwitz, editor-in-chief, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 2nd ed., 1985–1987, approx. 820 pp./vol.$200.00/vol. AIChE J 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690340622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
47
|
Amundson KR, Kalika DS, Shen MR, Yu XM, Denn MM, Reimer JA. Influence of Degree of Polymerization on Phase Separation and Rheology of A Thermotropic Liquid Crystal Polymer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1080/00268948708074543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
48
|
|
49
|
Denn MM. Handbook of heat and mass trans-fer. Volume I: Heat transfer opera-tions, 1,518 pp. Volume II: Mass transfer and reactor design, 1,456 pp. Encyclopedia of fluid mechanics volume I: Flow phenomena and measurement, 1,52 1 pp. Volume II: Dynamics of single-fluid flows and mixing, 1,525 pp. All edited by Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, 1986.$165 per volume. AIChE J 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.690330821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
50
|
|