1
|
Migeri S, Lawal MA, Hughes JC, Badza T, Abafe OA, Martincigh BS, Odindo AO. Uptake of selected antiretrovirals by pepper (Capsicum annum), radish (Raphanus sativus), and ryegrass (Lolium perenne) grown on two contrasting soils and fertilized with human urine-derived fertilizers. Sci Total Environ 2023:164551. [PMID: 37269997 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of urine-derived fertilizers has several economic and environmental advantages. However, there is concern that pharmaceutical residues present in urine could enter the food chain after plant uptake and pose potential risks to human and animal health. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the uptake of nine target antiretroviral drugs (ARVDs) by pepper (Capsicum annum), ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and radish (Raphanus sativus) grown in two soils of contrasting texture and organic matter content and fertilized with stored urine, nitrified urine concentrate (NUC), and struvite. Nevirapine was the only ARVD detected in crops grown with NUC and struvite on both soils, but the concentrations were below the limit of quantification. Plants fertilized with stored urine absorbed lamivudine, ritonavir, stavudine, emtricitabine, nevirapine, and didanosine, while abacavir, efavirenz and zidovudine were not detected. The ARVDs detected in the soils after harvest were significantly higher in the soil with high organic matter and clay content. To assess direct human exposure the estimated daily dietary intake (DDI) of ARVDs by consumption of the pepper and radish fertilized with stored urine was compared with the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) values based on the Cramer classification tree. The calculated DDI values for all ARVDs were about 300-3000 times lower than the TTC values for class III compounds. Therefore, daily consumption of these crops fertilized with stored urine does not pose a health risk to the consumer. Future research is required to assess the impact of ARVD metabolites, which may be more harmful to human health than the parent compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Migeri
- Crop Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa.
| | - Muhammad A Lawal
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Jeffrey Charles Hughes
- Soil Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Taruvinga Badza
- Crop Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| | - Ovokeroye A Abafe
- School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa; Residue Laboratory, Agricultural Research Council - Onderstepoort Veterinary Research (ARC-OVR) Campus, Onderstepoort, Pretoria 0110, South Africa
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Alfred Oduor Odindo
- Crop Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|