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Bedward A, Kaur J, Seedat S, Donohue H, Kow CS, Rasheed MK, Javed A, Hasan SS. Pharmacological interventions to improve sleep in people with Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Expert Rev Neurother 2024; 24:527-539. [PMID: 38597219 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2024.2341004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving pharmacological interventions for improving sleep in people with Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS A systematic literature search in eight databases from January 2000 to July 2023 focusing on RCTs that compared a pharmacological intervention with a placebo for enhancing sleep in people with AD. The authors registered the study protocol at Prospero, followed the PRISMA guidelines, and produced the pooled estimates using random-effect or IVhet models. RESULTS Eight different interventions and 29 different sleep outcomes were examined in 14 RCTs included in this review. Eszopiclone positively affected sleep efficiency, as did orexin antagonists. However, there was no difference when melatonin was used. The interventions demonstrated low discontinuation rates and a few adverse drug reactions. CONCLUSION Although melatonin was the most investigated intervention, the evidence for its efficacy is inconclusive. On the other hand, trazodone and orexin receptor antagonists showed promising results; however, more RCTs are needed for definite answers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bedward
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Jasmine Kaur
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Sadiyah Seedat
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Holly Donohue
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Chia Siang Kow
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Kamran Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amaan Javed
- University College of Medical Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
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Deniz EU, Rasheed MK, Eren R, Gözeler H. Lived experiences of Turkish community pharmacists toward person-centric care: a qualitative analysis. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 17:2294942. [PMID: 38234994 PMCID: PMC10793631 DOI: 10.1080/20523211.2023.2294942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background In Turkey, the SMART pharmacist program was launched to enable community pharmacists to deliver patient-centric care services. However, how far this programme has achieved success and what are the challenges faced by the programme need to be evaluated. Objective This study aimed to explore the experiences of community pharmacists in providing person-centric care services in pharmacies and provide recommendations for improved care effectiveness. Methods A phenomenological approach was adopted in this study. To conduct qualitative interviews, a semi-structured interview guide was devised to gather insights from the pharmacists. The interviews were coded verbatim. Subsequently, various themes and sub-themes were developed based on the aim and objectives of the study. A total of 14 pharmacists engaged in semi-structured interviews conducted between May and August 2023. Results Two main themes emerged from the data: challenges in person-centric care and recommendations to improve person-centric care. Barriers were subdivided into patient-related challenges and personal challenges. Recommendations consisted of pharmacists' professional tasks and recommendations. Conclusion The findings of this study, suggest that the concerned healthcare authorities should re-evaluate the 'SMART pharmacist' program in Turkey and address professional and personal challenges faced by community pharmacists in delivering effective person-centric care. Pharmacists recommend patient follow-up (follow-ups), providing a counselling environment, collaboration with physicians, expansion of pharmacy services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Ulutas Deniz
- Department of Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Yakutiye-Erzurum, Türkiye
| | | | - Rumeysa Eren
- Department of Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Yakutiye-Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Gözeler
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Atatürk University, Yakutiye-Erzurum, Türkiye
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Alfayez OM, Alfuraih SN, Alsalamah BI, Almendeel HM, Alkhezi OS, Alharbi S, Alwohaibi NA, Kamran Rasheed M. Metformin use among obese patients with prediabetes in Qassim, Saudi Arabia: An observational study. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:101694. [PMID: 37520674 PMCID: PMC10382924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims The high prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus and its secondary complications in Saudi Arabia is a major healthcare concern. Evidence suggests that despite evidence-based efficacy and safety, metformin is underutilized in prediabetic obese patients. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the use of metformin in prediabetic obese patients in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Methods Prediabetic patients' electronic health records were accessed and screened from 2017 to 2021. The inclusion criteria were patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 35) diagnosed with prediabetes, and who received metformin. Patients with chronic kidney disease and those using metformin for other diseases were excluded. The first major endpoint of this study was the rate of metformin use among obese, prediabetic individuals. The second major endpoint was the factors associated with metformin prescribing in our cohort. Descriptive statistics were used to report the primary and secondary outcomes. Data are presented as percentages, means, standard deviations (SDs), medians, and interquartile ranges, as appropriate. All analyses were conducted using Stata version 16.1. Results A total of 304 prediabetic patients were included in this study after screening the records of 1,789 patients. The average age was found to be 40, and the majority were female (72%). The average BMI was found to be 39.4 kg/m2, while the average HbA1c was 5.8%. In the entire sample, only 25 (8.22%) obese patients received metformin for diabetes prevention. Among obese patients with a BMI ≥ 30, 19 patients (8.7%) received metformin. Metformin users had higher odds of being on statins (OR 2.72, 95% CI 1.01 to 7.36; p = 0.049). Conclusion According to the study, metformin is not frequently prescribed to prediabetic obese individuals in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. This prevention strategy is a missed opportunity in the management of prediabetes in high-risk patients. Future studies are needed to investigate the root causes of the underuse of metformin and potential interventions to promote evidence-based practice in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamah M. Alfayez
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | | | - Omar S. Alkhezi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Saad Alharbi
- Pharmacy services, Buraidah central hospital, Qassim, Saudi Arabai
| | | | - Muhammad Kamran Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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Ben Salah G, Farooqui M, Salem Alshammari M, Elghazali A, Kassem L, Ibrahim N, Ben Abdelmalek I, Rasheed MK. Prevalence, types and disclosure of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use among chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients in Saudi Arabia. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:89. [PMID: 37452388 PMCID: PMC10347759 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00589-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the paucity of scientific evidence, CAM is widely used for the prevention and treatment of illness among patients with chronic kidney disease, including end-stage renal disease and kidney transplant recipients. It is evident that the irrational use of CAM among CKD patients and its non-disclosure to healthcare providers could lead to adverse drug events. Hence, the current study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence, types, and non-disclosure of CAM use among CKD patients and kidney transplant recipients in Saudi Arabia. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 170 CKD patients (121 with stages 3 and 4, two with stage 5 and on hemodialysis, and 47 kidney transplant recipients). Face-to-face questionnaire-based interviews were conducted employing a convenience sampling technique. The study outcomes were the prevalence of CAM, types of CAM use, monthly expenditure on CAM, the source of information about CAM, and CAM disclosure to healthcare providers. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The study found that out of 170, 60 (35.3%) CKD patients use CAM. The most used CAM was Acacia gum (49, 81.6%) followed by spiritual therapies (34, 56.6%). Female CKD patients had higher use of CAM compared to the male gender (p = 0.015). The monthly expenditures that most users (47, 78.3%) spent on CAM were less than 50 Saudi Riyals (SR). The study results also showed that 55% of CKD patients did not report their CAM use to their physicians. Furthermore, 46.6% of CAM users discontinue their use of CAM after observing no benefit. CONCLUSION This study reported relatively high use of CAM among CKD patients in Saudi Arabia. The study found that most CKD patients use Acacia gum and spiritual therapies and do not disclose the use of CAM to healthcare professionals, which could lead to adverse drug events. Therefore, the study recommends that healthcare providers should inquire and provide evidence-based counselling about the use of CAM to CKD patients to prevent any adverse drug event or unwanted effect on the renal function of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Ben Salah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Farooqui
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Salem Alshammari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abir Elghazali
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamyaa Kassem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imen Ben Abdelmalek
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Kamran Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
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Rasheed MK, Hasan SS, Alqasoumi A, Babar ZUD. Impact of an educational program on community pharmacist's preparedness to conduct pharmacist-led diabetes clinic in Saudi Arabia. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:87. [PMID: 37443099 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demand for diabetes care and prevention has increased due to Saudi Arabia's high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its insufficient treatment. This raised awareness of the significance of community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia, who may significantly improve diabetes treatment by setting up pharmacist-led diabetic clinics. Thus, to assess community pharmacists' readiness to lead diabetes clinics in Saudi Arabia, this study evaluated the usefulness of an educational session on diabetes care. METHOD The preparation of community pharmacists for diabetes treatment and management was assessed using a validated diabetes-specific questionnaire. An engaging and thorough diabetes education class was presented by two licensed diabetes educators. One-way ANOVA, chi-square, and the Mann-Whitney U-test were used to statistically assess the pre- and post-knowledge and attitude scores of community pharmacists. RESULTS Following a learning session, the community pharmacists had a significant increase in understanding oral hypoglycemic medicines, monitoring the disease's course, and dosing of insulin for diabetics (p = 0.01). Additionally, the community pharmacist's perspective and attitude score on managing diabetes increased from 49.74 to 52.74 (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION The study's findings demonstrated a marked improvement in community pharmacist's knowledge of and attitude toward running pharmacist-led diabetic clinics following a session on diabetes education in collaboration with the Pharmacy College. The study's findings also emphasized the significance of developing a structured programme for diabetes education in Saudi Arabia to address the demands of community pharmacists in terms of professional development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kamran Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Abdulmajeed Alqasoumi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Rasheed MK, Hasan SS, Altowayan WM, Farooqui M, Ud-Din Babar Z. Community pharmacist's preparedness to provide patient-centred care in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:801-807. [PMID: 37228322 PMCID: PMC10203743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Community pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia is evolving and needs to be at par with the developed world. Community pharmacists can play a vital role in bridging gaps in the delivery of healthcare services by providing patient-centred care to patients and contributing toward the healthcare transformation plan of vision 2030 of Saudi Arabia. The present study is aimed at evaluating the knowledge, attitude, and practices of community pharmacists in delivering patient-centred care services. Method A nationwide cross-sectional survey using a validated and pre-tested 27-item self-reported questionnaire was conducted amongst 301 (86.4% male, 13/6% female) community pharmacists from all regions of Saudi Arabia. Both descriptive and inferential analysis was employed using the SPSS version, with 0.05 as the level of significance. Results Community pharmacists from chain pharmacy groups, female gender and staff community pharmacists had statistically better overall practice standards, knowledge, and attitude to conduct patient-centred care services (p less than 0.01). The majority of community pharmacists would expect extra remuneration and participation in structured professional skills development programs to provide patient-centred care efficiently. Inaccessibility of patient data from healthcare facilities, the unavailability of informative literature, and administrative workload were among the barriers cited in delivering patient-centred care. Conclusion The study findings show that community pharmacists could play a significant role in providing patient-centred care and contribute to the achievement of the healthcare reform agenda of Saudi Arabia. However, some obstacles must be overcome before this practice can be shifted, including the introduction of a formalized continuing professional development program, financial incentives, and a decrease in the administrative burden on pharmacists. The results of this study may help policymakers in Saudi Arabia better comprehend the country's existing approach to community pharmacy practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kamran Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- School of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
| | - Waleed M. Altowayan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Farooqui
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaheer Ud-Din Babar
- School of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
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Hasan SS, Burud IAS, Kow CS, Rasheed MK, Chan KSC, Tay PK, Ahmed SI. Use of potentially inappropriate medications among older outpatients and inpatients in a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e13714. [PMID: 32949074 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older individuals are seemingly having more medical conditions, which predispose them to a greater risk of polypharmacy. Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs), including those having anticholinergic and sedative properties, are common in their prescriptions, often associated with functional decline and negative health outcomes. Thus, this study reports proportions of inappropriate drugs and drug burden exposures and its correlation with patient-reported outcomes (PROs) among cognitively intact older adults admitted to a ward or visiting the outpatient clinic at a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia. METHODS This cross-sectional study included data from 344 older (173 inpatients and 171 outpatients) patients, aged 60 years and above, through validated questionnaires. Medication appropriateness was assessed via Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI) tool, whereas Beers and Screening Tool of Older Person's Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing (STOPP) criteria were used to evaluate PIMs and potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP), respectively. The Drug Burden Index (DBI) and polypharmacy, as well as PROs, included Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI), Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Katz ADL) and Older People's Quality of Life (OPQOL) were also evaluated. RESULTS Overall, inpatients received significantly higher medications (6.90 ± 2.70 vs 4.49 ± 3.20) than outpatients. A significantly higher proportion of inpatients received at least one PIM (65% vs 57%) or PIP (57.4% vs 17.0%) and higher mean MAI score (1.76 ± 1.08 and 1.10 ± 0.34) and DBI score (2.67 ± 1.28 vs 1.49 ± 1.17) than outpatients. Inpatients had significantly higher total OPQOL (118.53 vs 79.95) and GFI score (5.44 vs 3.78) than outpatients. We only found significant correlations between GFI and DBI and total OPQOL and the number of PIMs. CONCLUSIONS Proportions of PIMs and DBI exposure were significantly higher in an inpatient setting. No significant correlations between exposures to inappropriate medications or drug burden and PROs were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Shahzad Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Australia
| | | | - Chia Siang Kow
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Kamran Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Al-Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Karmelia Sook Ching Chan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Peik Khon Tay
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syed Imran Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Rasheed MK, Alqasoumi A, Hasan SS, Babar ZUD. The community pharmacy practice change towards patient-centered care in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative perspective. J Pharm Policy Pract 2020; 13:59. [PMID: 32944258 PMCID: PMC7488651 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-020-00267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kamran Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH UK
| | - Abdulmajeed Alqasoumi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH UK
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH UK
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Rasheed MK, Hasan SS, Babar ZUD. Community pharmacist's knowledge, attitude, roles and practices towards patient-centred care in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate published original studies in Saudi Arabia about knowledge, attitude, roles and practices of community pharmacists in providing patient-centred care services.
Methods
Systematic searching of original studies published between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2017 using electronic databases: PubMed, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, TRiP database, Springer Link and Google Scholar. Studies were included if they outlined community pharmacist's knowledge, role, attitude and professional practice behaviours towards patient-centred care provided by pharmacists alone or in collaboration with other healthcare professional (s). The studies were identified, and data were extracted independently by two reviewers. The modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale for cross-sectional studies was used to assess the quality of each study.
Key findings
Twenty-four original studies conducted in Saudi Arabia were included. Majority of studies were questionnaire-based surveys (62.5%). One quarter of the studies investigated knowledge, roles and attitude of community pharmacists about irrational dispensing and prescribing of antibiotics and prescription only medicines. Included studies highlighted numerous gaps in knowledge, attitude, roles and practices of community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia in providing efficient patient-centred care services. Lack of knowledge and time, absence of pharmacy information database, deficiency of continued professional development training, unavailability of adverse drug reaction reporting forms and professional and cultural issues were some of the barriers in providing patient-centred care.
Conclusions
The studies showed that although community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia do provide medicine counselling and other patient-centred care services; however, these services need substantial improvement. This review may be useful for policy makers, regulators, pharmacy educators and researchers in understanding the work being performed in the community pharmacy setting in Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Kamran Rasheed
- College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Al-Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Syed Shahzad Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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