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Zhou W, Kanai M, Wu KHH, Rasheed H, Tsuo K, Hirbo JB, Wang Y, Bhattacharya A, Zhao H, Namba S, Surakka I, Wolford BN, Lo Faro V, Lopera-Maya EA, Läll K, Favé MJ, Partanen JJ, Chapman SB, Karjalainen J, Kurki M, Maasha M, Brumpton BM, Chavan S, Chen TT, Daya M, Ding Y, Feng YCA, Guare LA, Gignoux CR, Graham SE, Hornsby WE, Ingold N, Ismail SI, Johnson R, Laisk T, Lin K, Lv J, Millwood IY, Moreno-Grau S, Nam K, Palta P, Pandit A, Preuss MH, Saad C, Setia-Verma S, Thorsteinsdottir U, Uzunovic J, Verma A, Zawistowski M, Zhong X, Afifi N, Al-Dabhani KM, Al Thani A, Bradford Y, Campbell A, Crooks K, de Bock GH, Damrauer SM, Douville NJ, Finer S, Fritsche LG, Fthenou E, Gonzalez-Arroyo G, Griffiths CJ, Guo Y, Hunt KA, Ioannidis A, Jansonius NM, Konuma T, Lee MTM, Lopez-Pineda A, Matsuda Y, Marioni RE, Moatamed B, Nava-Aguilar MA, Numakura K, Patil S, Rafaels N, Richmond A, Rojas-Muñoz A, Shortt JA, Straub P, Tao R, Vanderwerff B, Vernekar M, Veturi Y, Barnes KC, Boezen M, Chen Z, Chen CY, Cho J, Smith GD, Finucane HK, Franke L, Gamazon ER, Ganna A, Gaunt TR, Ge T, Huang H, Huffman J, Katsanis N, Koskela JT, Lajonchere C, Law MH, Li L, Lindgren CM, Loos RJ, MacGregor S, Matsuda K, Olsen CM, Porteous DJ, Shavit JA, Snieder H, Takano T, Trembath RC, Vonk JM, Whiteman DC, Wicks SJ, Wijmenga C, Wright J, Zheng J, Zhou X, Awadalla P, Boehnke M, Bustamante CD, Cox NJ, Fatumo S, Geschwind DH, Hayward C, Hveem K, Kenny EE, Lee S, Lin YF, Mbarek H, Mägi R, Martin HC, Medland SE, Okada Y, Palotie AV, Pasaniuc B, Rader DJ, Ritchie MD, Sanna S, Smoller JW, Stefansson K, van Heel DA, Walters RG, Zöllner S, Martin AR, Willer CJ, Daly MJ, Neale BM. Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative: Powering genetic discovery across human disease. Cell Genom 2022; 2:100192. [PMID: 36777996 PMCID: PMC9903716 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Biobanks facilitate genome-wide association studies (GWASs), which have mapped genomic loci across a range of human diseases and traits. However, most biobanks are primarily composed of individuals of European ancestry. We introduce the Global Biobank Meta-analysis Initiative (GBMI)-a collaborative network of 23 biobanks from 4 continents representing more than 2.2 million consented individuals with genetic data linked to electronic health records. GBMI meta-analyzes summary statistics from GWASs generated using harmonized genotypes and phenotypes from member biobanks for 14 exemplar diseases and endpoints. This strategy validates that GWASs conducted in diverse biobanks can be integrated despite heterogeneity in case definitions, recruitment strategies, and baseline characteristics. This collaborative effort improves GWAS power for diseases, benefits understudied diseases, and improves risk prediction while also enabling the nomination of disease genes and drug candidates by incorporating gene and protein expression data and providing insight into the underlying biology of human diseases and traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Masahiro Kanai
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kuan-Han H. Wu
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Humaira Rasheed
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kristin Tsuo
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jibril B. Hirbo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Arjun Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Huiling Zhao
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Shinichi Namba
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ida Surakka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brooke N. Wolford
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Valeria Lo Faro
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Kristi Läll
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Juulia J. Partanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sinéad B. Chapman
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Juha Karjalainen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mitja Kurki
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mutaamba Maasha
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ben M. Brumpton
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sameer Chavan
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Tzu-Ting Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Michelle Daya
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yen-Chen A. Feng
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lindsay A. Guare
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Sarah E. Graham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Whitney E. Hornsby
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nathan Ingold
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Said I. Ismail
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ruth Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kuang Lin
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Iona Y. Millwood
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Kisung Nam
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Priit Palta
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anita Pandit
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael H. Preuss
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chadi Saad
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shefali Setia-Verma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Anurag Verma
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xue Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nahla Afifi
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
| | - Kawthar M. Al-Dabhani
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asma Al Thani
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
| | - Yuki Bradford
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kristy Crooks
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Geertruida H. de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Scott M. Damrauer
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Douville
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sarah Finer
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lars G. Fritsche
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eleni Fthenou
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Karen A. Hunt
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexander Ioannidis
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nomdo M. Jansonius
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Takahiro Konuma
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
| | | | - Arturo Lopez-Pineda
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
| | | | - Riccardo E. Marioni
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Snehal Patil
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas Rafaels
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anne Richmond
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | - Peter Straub
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brett Vanderwerff
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Yogasudha Veturi
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Marike Boezen
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Judy Cho
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Hilary K. Finucane
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lude Franke
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eric R. Gamazon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tom R. Gaunt
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - Tian Ge
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Huffman
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jukka T. Koskela
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clara Lajonchere
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew H. Law
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruth J.F. Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - David J. Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jordan A. Shavit
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Richard C. Trembath
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Judith M. Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stephen J. Wicks
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Jie Zheng
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Philip Awadalla
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Carlos D. Bustamante
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Segun Fatumo
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kristian Hveem
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
| | - Eimear E. Kenny
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seunggeun Lee
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yen-Feng Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hamdi Mbarek
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hilary C. Martin
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
| | - Sarah E. Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Aarno V. Palotie
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bogdan Pasaniuc
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marylyn D. Ritchie
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Serena Sanna
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jordan W. Smoller
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Robin G. Walters
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sebastian Zöllner
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Biobank of the Americas
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Biobank Japan Project
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - BioMe
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - BioVU
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - CanPath - Ontario Health Study
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - deCODE Genetics
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Estonian Biobank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - FinnGen
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Generation Scotland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Genes & Health Research Team
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - LifeLines
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mass General Brigham Biobank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michigan Genomics Initiative
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - National Biobank of Korea
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Penn Medicine BioBank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Qatar Biobank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - The QSkin Sun and Health Study
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Taiwan Biobank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - The HUNT Study
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - UCLA ATLAS Community Health Initiative
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Uganda Genome Resource
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - UK Biobank
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Division of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Ophthalmology, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- University of Groningen, UMCG, Department of Genetics, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- HUNT Research Centre, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Levanger, Norway
- Clinic of Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Bioinformatics Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Qatar Genome Program, Qatar Foundation Research, Development and Innovation, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- MRC Population Health Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Galatea Bio, Inc., Hialeah, FL, USA
- Graduate School of Data Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- deCODE Genetics/Amgen, Inc., 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Qatar Biobank for Medical Research, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community, Doha, Qatar
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Institute of Healthcare Policy & Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Amphora Health, Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Inc., Takatsuki 569-1125, Japan
- Genomelink, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Precision Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Centre for Population Genomics, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- University of Michigan, Department of Pediatrics, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
- The African Computational Genomics (TACG) Research Group, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute/London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI/LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Public Health & Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Human Genetics Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Laboratory for Systems Genetics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Integrated Frontier Research for Medical Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Computational Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Institute for Genetics and Biomedical Research (IRGB), National Research Council (CNR), Cagliari, Italy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alicia R. Martin
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Benjamin M. Neale
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
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