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Bianchi F, Tröstl J, Junninen H, Frege C, Henne S, Hoyle CR, Molteni U, Herrmann E, Adamov A, Bukowiecki N, Chen X, Duplissy J, Gysel M, Hutterli M, Kangasluoma J, Kontkanen J, Kürten A, Manninen HE, Münch S, Peräkylä O, Petäjä T, Rondo L, Williamson C, Weingartner E, Curtius J, Worsnop DR, Kulmala M, Dommen J, Baltensperger U. New particle formation in the free troposphere: A question of chemistry and timing. Science 2016; 352:1109-12. [PMID: 27226488 DOI: 10.1126/science.aad5456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is the source of over half of the atmosphere's cloud condensation nuclei, thus influencing cloud properties and Earth's energy balance. Unlike in the planetary boundary layer, few observations of NPF in the free troposphere exist. We provide observational evidence that at high altitudes, NPF occurs mainly through condensation of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs), in addition to taking place through sulfuric acid-ammonia nucleation. Neutral nucleation is more than 10 times faster than ion-induced nucleation, and growth rates are size-dependent. NPF is restricted to a time window of 1 to 2 days after contact of the air masses with the planetary boundary layer; this is related to the time needed for oxidation of organic compounds to form HOMs. These findings require improved NPF parameterization in atmospheric models.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bianchi
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - J Tröstl
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - H Junninen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Frege
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - S Henne
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - C R Hoyle
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland. WSL (Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research) Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF, 7260 Davos, Switzerland
| | - U Molteni
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - E Herrmann
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A Adamov
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - N Bukowiecki
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - X Chen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Duplissy
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. Helsinki Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Gysel
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - J Kangasluoma
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Kontkanen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - A Kürten
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - H E Manninen
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Münch
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - O Peräkylä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Petäjä
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - L Rondo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - C Williamson
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - E Weingartner
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - J Curtius
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D R Worsnop
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland. Aerodyne Research, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - M Kulmala
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - J Dommen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - U Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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Kristiansen NI, Stohl A, Prata AJ, Bukowiecki N, Dacre H, Eckhardt S, Henne S, Hort MC, Johnson BT, Marenco F, Neininger B, Reitebuch O, Seibert P, Thomson DJ, Webster HN, Weinzierl B. Performance assessment of a volcanic ash transport model mini-ensemble used for inverse modeling of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Figi R, Nagel O, Tuchschmid M, Lienemann P, Gfeller U, Bukowiecki N. Quantitative analysis of heavy metals in automotive brake linings: a comparison between wet-chemistry based analysis and in-situ screening with a handheld X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 676:46-52. [PMID: 20800741 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Two extraction procedures for ecologically relevant elements present in automotive brake linings (Sb, Bi, Pb, Cd, Cr (total), Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, Sr, V, Zn, Sn) were developed and validated, applying a high pressure asher (HPA-S) and microwave extraction, respectively. Both of these methods allowed for the quantitative analysis of the extracted elements by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results were compared to measurements using a handheld energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRF), being in discussion by regulating agencies as in-situ screening tool for brake pads. The comparison indicates that the handheld ED-XRF analysis is basically an efficient screening tool for a reliable assessment of trace metal contents in automotive brake pads with respect to legal standards. While a quantitative determination of elements like Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Sb was achievable, other elements (V, Cu, Bi, Zn, Sn and Sr) could only be determined qualitatively due to the special matrix characteristics of brake pads.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Figi
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland.
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