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Kruza M, McFiggans G, Waring M, Wells J, Carslaw N. Indoor secondary organic aerosols: Towards an improved representation of their formation and composition in models. Atmos Environ X 2020; 240:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117784. [PMID: 33594348 PMCID: PMC7884095 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) indoors is one of the many consequences of the rich and complex chemistry that occurs therein. Given particulate matter has well documented health effects, we need to understand the mechanism for SOA formation indoors and its resulting composition. This study evaluates some uncertainties that exist in quantifying gas-to-particle partitioning of SOA-forming compounds using an indoor detailed chemical model. In particular, we investigate the impacts of using different methods to estimate compound vapour pressures as well as simulating the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOM) via auto-oxidation on SOA formation indoors. Estimation of vapour pressures for 136 α-pinene oxidation species by six investigated methods led to standard deviations of 28-216%. Inclusion of HOM formation improved model performance across three of the six assessed vapour pressure estimation methods when comparing against experimental data, particularly when the NO2 concentration was relatively high. We also explored the predicted SOA composition using two product classification methods, the first assuming the molecule is dominated by one functionality according to its name, and the second accounting for the fractional weighting of each functional group within a molecule. The SOA composition was dominated by the HOM species when the NO2-to-α-terpineol ratio was high for both product classification methods, as these conditions promoted formation of the nitrate radical and hence formation of HOM monomers. As the NO2-to-α-terpineol ratio decreased, peroxides and acids dominated the simple classification, whereas for the fractional classification, carbonyl and alcohol groups became more important.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Kruza
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - G. McFiggans
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M.S. Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J.R. Wells
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - N. Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5NG, UK
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Wells JR, Schoemaecker C, Carslaw N, Waring MS, Ham JE, Nelissen I, Wolkoff P. Reactive indoor air chemistry and health-A workshop summary. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2017; 220:1222-1229. [PMID: 28964679 PMCID: PMC6388628 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The chemical composition of indoor air changes due to the reactive nature of the indoor environment. Historically, only the stable parent compounds were investigated due to their ease of measurement by conventional methods. Today, however, scientists can better characterize oxidation products (gas and particulate-phase) formed by indoor chemistry. An understanding of occupant exposure can be developed through the investigation of indoor oxidants, the use of derivatization techniques, atmospheric pressure detection, the development of real-time technologies, and improved complex modeling techniques. Moreover, the connection between exposure and health effects is now receiving more attention from the research community. Nevertheless, a need still exists for improved understanding of the possible link between indoor air chemistry and observed acute or chronic health effects and long-term effects such as work-related asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Wells
- NIOSH/HELD/EAB, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | | | - N Carslaw
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - M S Waring
- Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J E Ham
- NIOSH/HELD/EAB, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - I Nelissen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Mol, Belgium
| | - P Wolkoff
- National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Abstract
Ambient levels of chlorinated gases and aerosol components were measured by online chemical ionization and aerosol mass spectrometers after an indoor floor were repeatedly washed with a commercial bleach solution. Gaseous chlorine (Cl2 , 10's of ppbv) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl, 100's of ppbv) arise after floor washing, along with nitryl chloride (ClNO2 ), dichlorine monoxide (Cl2 O), and chloramines (NHCl2 , NCl3 ). Much higher mixing ratios would prevail in a room with lower and more commonly encountered air exchange rates than that observed in the study (12.7 h-1 ). Coincident with the formation of gas-phase species, particulate chlorine levels also rise. Cl2 , ClNO2 , NHCl2 , and NCl3 exist in the headspace of the bleach solution, whereas HOCl was only observed after floor washing. HOCl decays away 1.4 times faster than the air exchange rate, indicative of uptake onto room surfaces, and consistent with the well-known chlorinating ability of HOCl. Photochemical box modeling captures the temporal profiles of Cl2 and HOCl very well and indicates that the OH, Cl, and ClO gas-phase radical concentrations in the indoor environment could be greatly enhanced (>106 and 105 cm-3 for OH and Cl, respectively) in such washing conditions, dependent on the amount of indoor illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P S Wong
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - N Carslaw
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - R Zhao
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Morrison
- Environmental Science & Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA(formerly at Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO, USA)
| | - N Carslaw
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - M S Waring
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Carslaw N, Fletcher L, Heard D, Ingham T, Walker H. Significant OH production under surface cleaning and air cleaning conditions: Impact on indoor air quality. Indoor Air 2017; 27:1091-1100. [PMID: 28493625 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of hydroxyl (OH) and hydroperoxy (HO2 ) radicals made by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy in a computer classroom (i) in the absence of indoor activities (ii) during desk cleaning with a limonene-containing cleaner (iii) during operation of a commercially available "air cleaning" device. In the unmanipulated environment, the one-minute averaged OH concentration remained close to or below the limit of detection (6.5×105 molecule cm-3 ), whilst that of HO2 was 1.3×107 molecule cm-3 . These concentrations increased to ~4×106 and 4×108 molecule cm-3 , respectively during desk cleaning. During operation of the air cleaning device, OH and HO2 concentrations reached ~2×107 and ~6×108 molecule cm-3 respectively. The potential of these OH concentrations to initiate chemical processing is explored using a detailed chemical model for indoor air (the INDCM). The model can reproduce the measured OH and HO2 concentrations to within 50% and often within a few % and demonstrates that the resulting secondary chemistry varies with the cleaning activity. Whilst terpene reaction products dominate the product composition following surface cleaning, those from aromatics and other VOCs are much more important during the use of the air cleaning device.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Carslaw
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - L Fletcher
- Institute of Public health and Environmental Engineering (iPHEE), School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D Heard
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - T Ingham
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - H Walker
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Now at the Institute of Climate and Academic Science, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Kruza M, Lewis AC, Morrison GC, Carslaw N. Impact of surface ozone interactions on indoor air chemistry: A modeling study. Indoor Air 2017; 27:1001-1011. [PMID: 28303599 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
An INdoor air Detailed Chemical Model was developed to investigate the impact of ozone reactions with indoor surfaces (including occupants), on indoor air chemistry in simulated apartments subject to ambient air pollution. The results are consistent with experimental studies showing that approximately 80% of ozone indoors is lost through deposition to surfaces. The human body removes ozone most effectively from indoor air per square meter of surface, but the most significant surfaces for C6 -C10 aldehyde formation are soft furniture and painted walls owing to their large internal surfaces. Mixing ratios of between 8 and 11 ppb of C6 -C10 aldehydes are predicted to form in apartments in various locations in summer, the highest values are when ozone concentrations are enhanced outdoors. The most important aldehyde formed indoors is predicted to be nonanal (5-7 ppb), driven by oxidation-derived emissions from painted walls. In addition, ozone-derived emissions from human skin were estimated for a small bedroom at nighttime with concentrations of nonanal, decanal, and 4-oxopentanal predicted to be 0.5, 0.7, and 0.7 ppb, respectively. A detailed chemical analysis shows that ozone-derived surface aldehyde emissions from materials and people change chemical processing indoors, through enhanced formation of nitrated organic compounds and decreased levels of oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kruza
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - A C Lewis
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - G C Morrison
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - N Carslaw
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
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Atkinson RW, Butland BK, Dimitroulopoulou C, Heal MR, Stedman JR, Carslaw N, Jarvis D, Heaviside C, Vardoulakis S, Walton H, Anderson HR. Long-term exposure to ambient ozone and mortality: a quantitative systematic review and meta-analysis of evidence from cohort studies. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e009493. [PMID: 26908518 PMCID: PMC4769417 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES While there is good evidence for associations between short-term exposure to ozone and a range of adverse health outcomes, the evidence from narrative reviews for long-term exposure is suggestive of associations with respiratory mortality only. We conducted a systematic, quantitative evaluation of the evidence from cohort studies, reporting associations between long-term exposure to ozone and mortality. METHODS Cohort studies published in peer-reviewed journals indexed in EMBASE and MEDLINE to September 2015 and PubMed to October 2015 and cited in reviews/key publications were identified via search strings using terms relating to study design, pollutant and health outcome. Study details and estimate information were extracted and used to calculate standardised effect estimates expressed as HRs per 10 ppb increment in long-term ozone concentrations. RESULTS 14 publications from 8 cohorts presented results for ozone and all-cause and cause-specific mortality. We found no evidence of associations between long-term annual O3 concentrations and the risk of death from all causes, cardiovascular or respiratory diseases, or lung cancer. 4 cohorts assessed ozone concentrations measured during the warm season. Summary HRs for cardiovascular and respiratory causes of death derived from 3 cohorts were 1.01 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.02) and 1.03 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.05) per 10 ppb, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our quantitative review revealed a paucity of independent studies regarding the associations between long-term exposure to ozone and mortality. The potential impact of climate change and increasing anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursors on ozone levels worldwide suggests further studies of the long-term effects of exposure to high ozone levels are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Atkinson
- Population Health Research Institute and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - B K Butland
- Population Health Research Institute and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - C Dimitroulopoulou
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Oxon, UK
| | - M R Heal
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J R Stedman
- RICARDO-AEA, Harwell IBC, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - N Carslaw
- Environment Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - D Jarvis
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C Heaviside
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Oxon, UK
| | - S Vardoulakis
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Oxon, UK
| | - H Walton
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - H R Anderson
- Population Health Research Institute and MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, St George's, University of London, London, UK MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King's College London, London, UK
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Bean T, Carslaw N, Ashmore M, Gillah A, Parkinson C. How does exposure to nitrogen dioxide compare between on-road and off-road cycle routes? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:1039-45. [PMID: 21331435 DOI: 10.1039/c0em00332h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates a simple method to estimate the extent to which the exposure of cyclists to NO(2) is reduced by using off-road cycle routes rather than on-road cycle routes. Diffusion tubes were used to measure monthly NO(2) concentrations on three paired sets of on- and off-road cycle journeys in and around the City of York in August and September 2008. These measurements were combined with estimates of journey times to calculate time-weighted average concentration and exposure on each route. The average concentration of NO(2) was significantly reduced by a mean of 37.5% when off-road routes were used in place of on-road routes and, despite the longer journey times for off-road routes, exposure was also significantly reduced by a mean of 25.5%. The method described in this study could be adopted more widely to provide a cost effective and simple means of assessing the benefits of alternative cycle routes that are provided by Local Authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bean
- Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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Harrison RM, Yin J, Tilling RM, Cai X, Seakins PW, Hopkins JR, Lansley DL, Lewis AC, Hunter MC, Heard DE, Carpenter LJ, Creasey DJ, Lee JD, Pilling MJ, Carslaw N, Emmerson KM, Redington A, Derwent RG, Ryall D, Mills G, Penkett SA. Measurement and modelling of air pollution and atmospheric chemistry in the U.K. West Midlands conurbation: overview of the PUMA Consortium project. Sci Total Environ 2006; 360:5-25. [PMID: 16289266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The PUMA (Pollution of the Urban Midlands Atmosphere) Consortium project involved intensive measurement campaigns in the Summer of 1999 and Winter of 1999/2000, respectively, in which a wide variety of air pollutants were measured in the UK West Midlands conurbation including detailed speciation of VOCs and major component analysis of aerosol. Measurements of the OH and HO2 free radicals by the FAGE technique demonstrated that winter concentrations of OH were approximately half of those measured during the summer despite a factor of 15 reduction in production through the photolysis of ozone. Detailed box modelling of the fast reaction chemistry revealed the decomposition of Criegee intermediates formed from ozone-alkene reactions to be responsible for the majority of the formation of hydroxyl in both the summer and winter campaigns, in contrast to earlier rural measurements in which ozone photolysis was predominant. The main sinks for hydroxyl are reactions with NO2, alkenes and oxygenates. Concentrations of the more stable hydrocarbons were found to be relatively invariant across the conurbation, but the impacts of photochemistry were evident through analyses of formaldehyde which showed the majority to be photochemical in origin as opposed to emitted from road traffic. Measurements on the upwind and downwind boundaries of the conurbation revealed substantial enhancements in NOx as a result of emissions within the conurbation, especially during westerly winds which carried relatively clean air. Using calcium as a tracer for crustal particles, it proved possible to reconstruct aerosol mass from the major chemical components with a fairly high degree of success. The organic to elemental carbon ratios showed a far greater influence of photochemistry in summer than winter, presumably resulting mainly from the greater availability of biogenic precursors during the summer campaign. Two urban airshed models were developed and applied to the conurbation, one Eulerian, the other Lagrangian. Both were able to give a good simulation of concentrations of both primary and secondary pollutants at urban background locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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Carslaw N. Eastern Atlantic Spring Experiment 1997 (EASE97) 2. Comparisons of model concentrations of OH, HO2, and RO2with measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Salisbury G, Rickard AR, Monks PS, Allan BJ, Bauguitte S, Penkett SA, Carslaw N, Lewis AC, Creasey DJ, Heard DE, Jacobs PJ, Lee JD. Production of peroxy radicals at night via reactions of ozone and the nitrate radical in the marine boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Carslaw N, Jacobs PJ, Pilling MJ. Modeling OH, HO2, and RO2radicals in the marine boundary layer: 2. Mechanism reduction and uncertainty analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Carslaw N, Creasey DJ, Heard DE, Lewis AC, McQuaid JB, Pilling MJ, Monks PS, Bandy BJ, Penkett SA. Modeling OH, HO2, and RO2radicals in the marine boundary layer: 1. Model construction and comparison with field measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Rowland FS, Blake DR, Larsen BR, Lindskog A, Peterson PJ, Williams WP, Wallington TJ, Pilling MJ, Carslaw N, Creasey DJ, Heard DE, Jacobs P, Lee J, Lewis AC, McQuaid JB, Stockwell WR, Frank H, Sacco P, Cocheo V, Lynge E, Andersen A, Nilsson R, Barlow L, Pukkala E, Nordlinder R, Boffetta P, Grandjean P, Heikkil P, Hürte LG, Jakobsson R, Lundberg I, Moen B, Partanen T, Riise T, Borowiak A, De Saeger E, Schnitzler KG, Gravenhorst G, Jacobi HW, Moelders S, Lammel G, Busch G, Beese FO, Dentener FJ, Feichter J, Fraedrich K, Roelofs GJ, Friedrich R, Reis S, Voehringer F, Simpson D, Moussiopoulos N, Sahm P, Tourlou PM, Salmons R, Papameletiou D, Maqueda JM, Suhr PB, Bell W, Paton-Walsh C, Woods PT, Partridge RH, Slemr J, Slemr F, Schmidbauer N, Ravishankara AR, Jenkin ME, de Leeuw G, van Eijk AM, Flossmann AI, Wobrock W, Mestayer PG, Tranchant B, Ljungström E, Karlsson R, Larsen SE, Roemer M, Builtjes PJ, Koffi B, Koffi EN, De Saeger E, Ro-Poulsen H, Mikkelsen TN, Hummelshøj P, Hovmand MF, Simoneit BR, van der Meulen A, Meyer MB, Berndt T, Böge O, Stratmann F, Cass GR, Harrison RM, Shi JP, Hoffmann T, Warscheid B, Bandur R, Marggraf U, Nigge W, Kamens R, Jang M, Strommen M, Chien CJ, Leach K, Ammann M, Kalberer M, Arens F, Lavanchy V, Gâggeler HW, Baltensperger U, Davies JA, Cox RA, Alonso SG, Pastor RP, Argüello GA, Willner H, Berndt T, Böge O, Bogillo VI, Pokrovskiy VA, Kuraev OV, Gozhyk PF, Bolzacchini E, Bruschi M, Fantucci P, Meinardi S, Orlandi M, Rindone B, Bolzacchini E, Bohn B, Rindone B, Bruschi M, Zetzsch C, Brussol C, Duane M, Larsen B, Carlier P, Kotzias D, Caracena AB, Aznar AM, Ferradás EG, Christensen CS, Skov H, Hummelshøj P, Jensen NO, Lohse C, Cocheo V, Sacco P, Chatzis C, Cocheo V, Sacco P, Boaretto C, Quaglio F, Zaratin L, Pagani D, Cocheo L, Cocheo V, Asnar AM, Baldan A, Ballesta PP, Boaretto C, Caracena AB, Ferradas EG, Gonzalez-Flesca N, Goelen E, Hansen AB, Sacco P, De Saeger E, Skov H, Consonni V, Gramatica P, Santagostino A, Galvani P, Bolzacchini E, Consonni V, Gramatica P, Todeschini R, Dippel G, Reinhardt H, Zellner R, Dämmer K, Bednarek G, Breil M, Zellner R, Febo A, Allegrini I, Giliberti C, Perrino C, Fogg PG, Geiger H, Barnes I, Becker KH, Maurer T, Geyskens F, Bormans R, Lambrechts M, Goelen E, Giese M, Frank H, Glasius M, Hornung P, Jacobsen JK, Klausen HS, Klitgaard KC, Møller CK, Petersen AP, Petersen LS, Wessel S, Hansen TS, Lohse C, Boaretto E, Heinemeier J, Glasius M, Di Bella D, Lahaniati M, Calogirou A, Jensen NR, Hjorth J, Kotzias D, Larsen BR, Gonzalez-Flesca N, Cicolella A, Bates M, Bastin E, Gurbanov MA, Akhmedly KM, Balayev VS, Haselmann KF, Ketola R, Laturnus F, Lauritsen FR, Grøn C, Herrmann H, Ervens B, Reese A, Umschlag T, Wicktor F, Zellner R, Herrmann H, Umschlag T, Müller K, Bolzacchini E, Meinardi S, Rindone B, Jenkin ME, Hayman GD, Jensen NO, Courtney M, Hummelshøj P, Christensen CS, Larsen BR, Johnson MS, Hegelund F, Nelander B, Kirchner F, Klotz B, Barnes I, Sørensen S, Becker KH, Etzkorn T, Platt U, Wirtz K, Martín-Reviejo M, Laturnus F, Martinez E, Cabañas B, Aranda A, Martín P, Salgado S, Rodriguez D, Masclet P, Jaffrezo JL, Hillamo R, Mellouki A, Le Calvé S, Le Bras G, Moriarty J, O'Donnell S, Wenger J, Sidebottom H, Mingarrol MT, Cosin S, Pastor RP, Alonso SG, Sanz MJ, Bravo I, Gonzalez D, Pérez MA, Mustafaev I, Mammadova S, Noda J, Hallquist M, Langer S, Ljungström E, Nohara K, Kutsuna S, Ibusuki T, Oehme M, Kölliker S, Brombacher S, Merz L, Pastor RP, Alonso SG, Cabezas AQ, Peeters J, Vereecken L, El Yazal J, Pfeffer HU, Breuer L, Platz J, Nielsen OJ, Sehested J, Wallington TJ, Ball JC, Hurley MD, Straccia AM, Schneider WF, Pérez-Casany MP, Nebot-Gil I, Sánchez-Marín J, Putz E, Folberth G, Pfister G, Weissflog L, Elansky NP, Sørensen S, Barnes I, Becker KH, Shao M, Heiden AC, Kley D, Rockel P, Wildt J, Silva GV, Vasconcelos MT, Fernandes EO, Santos AM, Skov H, Hansen A, Løfstrøm P, Lorenzen G, Stabel JR, Wolkoff P, Pedersen T, Strom AB, Skov H, Hertel O, Jensen FP, Hjorth J, Galle B, Wallin S, Theloke J, Libuda HG, Zabel F, Touaty M, Bonsang B, Ullerstam M, Langer S, Ljungström E, Wenger J, Bonard A, Manning M, Nolan S, O'Sullivan N, Sidebottom H, Wenger J, Collins E, Moriarty J, O'Donnell S, Sidebottom H, Wenger J, Collins E, Moriarty J, O'Donnell S, Sidebottom H, Wenger J, Sidebottom H, Chadwick P, O'Leary B, Treacy J, Wolkoff P, Clausen PA, Wilkins CK, Hougaard KS, Nielsen GD, Zilinskis V, Jansons G, Peksens A, Lazdins A, Arinci YV, Erdöl N, Ekinci E, Okutan H, Manlafalioglu I, Bakeas EB, Siskos PA, Viras LG, Smirnioudi VN, Bottenheim JW, Biesenthal T, Gong W, Makar P, Delmas V, Menard T, Tatry V, Moussafir J, Thomas D, Coppalle A, Ellermann T, Hertel O, Skov H, Frohn L, Manscher OH, Friis J, Girgzdiene R, Girgzdys A, Gurevich NA, Gårdfeldt K, Langer S, Hermans C, Vandaele AC, Carleer M, Fally S, Colin R, Bernath PF, Jenouvrier A, Coquart B, Mérienne MF, Hertel O, Frohn L, Skov H, Ellermann T, Huntrieser H, Schlager H, Feigl C, Kemp K, Palmgren F, Kiilsholm S, Rasmussen A, Sørensen JH, Klemm O, Lange H, Larsen RW, Larsen NW, Nicolaisen F, Sørensen GO, Beukes JA, Larsen PB, Jensen SS, Fenger J, de Leeuw G, Kunz G, Cohen L, Schlünzen H, Muller F, Schulz M, Tamm S, Geernaert G, Hertel O, Pedersen B, Geernaert LL, Lund S, Vignati E, Jickells T, Spokes L, Matei C, Jinga OA, Jinga DC, Moliner R, Braekman-Danheux C, Fontana A, Suelves I, Thieman T, Vassilev S, Skov H, Hertel O, Zlatev Z, Brandt J, Bastrup-Birk A, Ellermann T, Frohn L, Vandaele AC, Hermans C, Carleer M, Tsouli A, Colin R, Windsperger AM, Turi K, Dworak O, Zellweger C, Weingartner E, Rüttimann R, Hofer P, Baltensperger U, Ziv A, Iakovleva E, Palmgren F, Berkovicz R, Skov H, Alastuey A, Querol X, Chaves A, Lopez-Soler A, Ruiz C, Andrees JM, Allegrini I, Febo A, Giusto M, Angeloni M, Di Filippo P, D'Innocenzio F, Lepore L, Marconi A, Arshinov MY, Belan BD, Davydov DK, Kovaleskii VK, Plotinov AP, Pokrovskii EV, Sklyadneva TK, Tolmachev GN, Arshinov MY, Belan BD, Sklyadneva TK, Behnke W, Elend M, Krüger U, Zetzsch C, Belan BD, Arshinov MY, Davydov DK, Kovalevskii VK, Plotnikov AP, Pokrovskii EV, Rasskazchikova TM, Sklyadneva TK, Tolmachev GN, Belan BD, Arshinov MY, Simonenkov DV, Tolmachev GN, Bilde M, Aker PM, Börensen C, Kirchner U, Scheer V, Vogt R, Ellermann T, Geernaert LL, Pryor SC, Barthelmie RJ, Feilberg A, Nielsen T, Kamens RM, Freitas MC, Marques AP, Reis MA, Alves LC, Ilyinskikh NN, Ilyinskikh IN, Ilyinskikh EN, Johansen K, Stavnsbjerg P, Gabrielsson P, Bak F, Andersen E, Autrup H, Kamens R, Jang M, Strommen M, Leach K, Kirchner U, Scheer V, Börensen C, Vogt R, Igor K, Svjatoslav G, Anatoliy B, Komov IL, Istchenko AA, Lourenço MG, Mactavish D, Sirois A, Masclet P, Jaffrezo JL, van der Meulen A, Milukaite A, Morkunas V, Jurgutis P, Mikelinskiene A, Nielsen T, Feilberg A, Binderup ML, Pineda M, Palacios JM, Garcia E, Cilleruelo C, Moliner R, Popovitcheva OB, Trukhin ME, Persiantseva NM, Buriko Y, Starik AM, Demirdjian B, Suzanne J, Probst TU, Rietz B, Alfassi ZB, Pokrovskiy VA, Zenobi R, Bogatyr'ov VM, Gun'ko VM, Querol X, Alastuey A, Lopez-Soler A, Mantilla E, Plana F, Artiño B, Rauterberg-Wulff A, Israël GW, Rocha TA, Duarte AC, Röhrl A, Lammel G, Spindler G, Müller K, Herrmann H, Strommen MR, Vignati E, de Leeuw G, Berkowicz R. Abstracts of the 6th FECS Conference 1998 Lectures. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 1998; 5:119-96. [PMID: 19002640 DOI: 10.1007/bf02986409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F S Rowland
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, 92697, California, USA
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Carslaw N, Carpenter LJ, Plane JMC, Allan BJ, Burgess RA, Clemitshaw KC, Coe H, Penkett SA. Simultaneous observations of nitrate and peroxy radicals in the marine boundary layer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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