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Singh F, Hirpurkar SD, Rawat N, Shakya S, Kumar R, Rajput PK, Kumar S. Occurrence of the genes encoding carbapenemases, ESBLs and class 1 integron-integrase among fermenting and non-fermenting bacteria from retail goat meat. Lett Appl Microbiol 2020; 71:611-619. [PMID: 32767781 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study was planned to detect the genes encoding carbapenemases, ESBLs and class 1 integron-integrase among bacteria obtained from retail goat meat. Fermenting and non-fermenting bacterial isolates (n = 57), recovered from 61 goat meat samples, were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antimicrobial susceptibility of isolates was tested by the broth dilution method using ceftazidime, cefotaxime, meropenem and imipenem. Plasmids were isolated and tested for their physical characters. Plasmids were subjected to screening of carbapenemase, ESBL and intI1 gene. Conjugation assay was performed using blaNDM -positive isolates as the donor, and Escherichia coli HB101 as the recipient. Isolates showed the high rates of resistance to ceftazidime (77·2%), cefotaxime (70·2%), meropenem (22·8%) and imipenem (17·5%). They showed variability in number and size (~1 to >20 kb) of plasmids. Among all, 1, 4, 13 and 31 isolates showed the blaKPC , blaNDM , blaSHV and blaTEM genes, respectively. The blaKPC-2 gene was observed in one E. coli isolate. The blaNDM-1 gene was detected in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (n = 2), Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 1) and Ochrobactrum anthropi (n = 1) isolates. These isolates co-harboured the blaTEM and blaSHV genes. The intI1 gene was detected in 22 (38·6%) isolates, and 16 of these isolates showed the carbapenemase and/or ESBL genes. The conjugative movement of blaNDM gene could not be proved after three repetitive mating experiments. The presence of genes encoding carbapenemases and ESBLs in bacteria from goat meat poses public health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Singh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Chhattisgarh, India.,Animal Health Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - S D Hirpurkar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - N Rawat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - S Shakya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - R Kumar
- Animal Biotechnology Section, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - P K Rajput
- Animal Biotechnology Section, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
| | - S Kumar
- Animal Biotechnology Section, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Rajasthan, India
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Singh F, Hirpurkar SD, Rawat N, Shakya S, Kumar R, Kumar S, Meena RK, Rajput PK, Kumar J. Carbapenemase and ESBL genes with class 1 integron among fermenting and nonfermenting bacteria isolated from water sources from India. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 71:70-77. [PMID: 31587338 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to detect the carbapenemase, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), and intI1 gene of class 1 integron among fermenting (n = 61) and nonfermenting (n = 10) bacterial isolates recovered from water samples (n = 128). Isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. These isolates showed reduced-susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins and carbapenems. The isolates varied in number and size of plasmids (2 kb to >20 kb). Plasmid DNA screening showed 5·6, 7, 11·2 and 26·7% prevalence of blaKPC , blaNDM , blaSHV and blaTEM genes respectively. Diverse blaNDM (blaNDM-1 and blaNDM-4 ) and blaSHV subtypes (blaSHV-2 and blaSHV-11 ) were recorded, unlike the single allelic blaKPC (blaKPC-2 ) and blaTEM (blaTEM-1 ) gene. Of the total 27 bla-gene-producing bacterial isolates, seven isolates co-harboured the carbapenemase genes (blaNDM or blaKPC or the both) along with the ESBL genes (blaSHV or blaTEM ). The intI1 gene of class 1 integron was detected among 12 (44·4%) of ESBL- and/or carbapenemase-harbouring isolates. Gene transferability was seen among four of the 10 Enterobacteriaceae donors. Carbapenemases and ESBLs with class 1 integron among aquatic environmental isolates raise the serious issue of the biosecurity and health of the ecosystem. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Anthropologically affected and polluted environment harbours the resistance threats, where a diverse bacterial species maintain, develop and exchange genetic determinants that constitute a risk to human and ecological health. The antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Enterobacteriaceae and non-Enterobacteriaceae bacteria caused the failure of the therapy of last resort (carbapenems) and thus lead to life-threatening infections affecting public health. Surveillance and monitoring of AMR could be important for epidemiological, diagnostic testing and control of pathogens. This is a point-prevalence study reporting the comparative occurrence and co-occurrence of carbapenemase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes among fermenting and nonfermenting bacteria isolated from the aquatic environment in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Singh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, India.,Animal Health Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Tonk, India
| | - S D Hirpurkar
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, India
| | - N Rawat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, India
| | - S Shakya
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Anjora, Durg, India
| | - R Kumar
- Animal Biotechnology Section, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Tonk, India
| | - S Kumar
- Animal Biotechnology Section, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Tonk, India
| | - R K Meena
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Tonk, India
| | - P K Rajput
- Animal Biotechnology Section, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Tonk, India
| | - J Kumar
- Animal Health Division, ICAR-Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, Avikanagar, Tonk, India
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Rawat N, Shanker A, Joshi G. Bioinformatics analysis of a novel Glutaredoxin gene segment from a hot spring metagenomic DNA library. Meta Gene 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Okpala A, Rawat N, Rehaman S, El-Ghobashy T. Invasive lobular carcinoma of presumably breast origin presenting as retroperitoneal fibrosis with urinary tract obstruction and metastatic infiltration of abdominal viscera. Int J Surg 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.05.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rawat N, Singh MK. Induced pluripotent stem cell: A headway in reprogramming with promising approach in regenerative biology. Vet World 2017; 10:640-649. [PMID: 28717316 PMCID: PMC5499081 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.640-649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the embryonic stem cells have knocked the doorsteps, they have proved themselves in the field of science, research, and medicines, but the hovered restrictions confine their application in human welfare. Alternate approaches used to reprogram the cells to the pluripotent state were not up to par, but the innovation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) paved a new hope for the researchers. Soon after the discovery, iPSCs technology is undergoing renaissance day by day, i.e., from the use of genetic material to recombinant proteins and now only chemicals are employed to convert somatic cells to iPSCs. Thus, this technique is moving straightforward and productive at an astonishing pace. Here, we provide a brief introduction to iPSCs, the mechanism and methods for their generation, their prevailing and prospective applications and the future opportunities that can be expected from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rawat
- Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - M K Singh
- Embryo Biotechnology Lab, Animal Biotechnology Centre, ICAR - National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
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Tiwari M, Rawat N, Vats P, Nagoorvali D, Mahajan M, Chauhan MS, Manik RS, Singla SK, Palta P, Singh MK. 89 METHYLATION STATUS OF IGF2/H19 DMR3 REGION AFFECTS IN VITRO BLASTOCYST PRODUCTION IN GOAT (CAPRA HIRCUS). Reprod Fertil Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv29n1ab89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parthenogenesis has been observed in lower animals but no known instance has been reported in mammals because both maternal and paternal genomes are a fundamental prerequisite for embryogenesis. A major reason for developmental failure of uniparental zygotes is expression of certain genes in a parent-of-origin-specific manner, i.e. genomic imprinting of genes. Out of many imprinted genes identified so far, IGF2/H19 have been extensively studied and known to play an important role in fetal and placental development. Gene IGF2 is expressed by the paternal allele, H19 is transcribed from the maternal allele, and the reciprocal expression of both genes is regulated by the DMR3 region placed upstream of the H19 gene. In the present study we compared the methylation status of IGF2/H19 DMR in parthenogenetic activated (PA) and IVF goat (Capra hircus) blastocyst through bisulphite sequencing. For this, immature oocytes of usable quality were subjected to in vitro maturation and subsequently used for embryo production through parthenogenesis (n = 993) (by calcium ionophore and 6-DMAP activation) and IVF (n = 1096). It was found that embryo production rate at all the embryonic stages (2-cell, 4-cell, 8–16-cell, morula, and blastocyst) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in parthenogenesis (74.66 ± 3.35%, 61.90 ± 2.73%, 47.83 ± 2.95%, 38.13 ± 5.28%, and 21.11 ± 2.51%, respectively) as compared with IVF (55.21 ± 2.02%, 38.12 ± 2.48%, 28.53 ± 1.67%, 21.57 ± 1.59%, and 8.23 ± 1.02%, respectively). When blastocysts (n = 6 each) were subjected to TUNEL, it was found that PA blastocyst showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) total cell number (217.83 ± 18.80 v. 159.67 ± 13.94) and significantly low (P < 0.05) apoptotic index (2.04 ± 0.25 v. 4.03 ± 0.29) as compared with IVF blastocysts. For the methylation pattern study, we analysed 17 CpG sites on the DMR3 region of the IGF2/H19 gene. Variable methylation pattern was observed within these CpG sites in different clones (n = 15) of PA and IVF blastocyst. The DMR3 region of the IGF2/H19 gene was significantly hypermethylated (P < 0.05) in PA blastocysts as compared with IVF blastocysts (80.39 ± 2.96, 32.55 ± 4.37, respectively), which suggests higher expression of IGF2 in parthenotes. The result suggests IGF2 might play different roles in different species; the same expression pattern of IGF2 is observed in ovine, but a contrary result is found in porcine species. Our results signify the hypermethylation of IGF2/H19 DMR3, which leads to higher expression of IGF2 to support embryonic development at the blastocyst stage.
This work was supported by the NFBSFARA Project on Parthenogenetic Goat (CA-4002), New Delhi, India.
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Mahajan M, Nagoorvali D, Rawat N, Chauhan MS, Manik RS, Singla SK, Palta P, Singh MK. 90 OVIDUCTAL EPITHELIAL CELLS Co-CULTURE PROMOTES GOAT (CAPRA HIRCUS) IN VITRO PARTHENOGENETIC EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT. Reprod Fertil Dev 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/rdv29n1ab90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-culture of pre-implantation embryos with oviducal epithelial cells mimics the in vivo conditions, thus, playing a crucial role in embryo metabolism and gene expression and finally supporting embryonic developmental competence in several ways. Hence, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of goat oviducal epithelial cells (GOEC) co-culture on goat parthenogenetic embryonic development, quality, and relative mRNA abundance of genes related to developmental competence and oxidative stress. The GOEC were obtained from goat oviducts by squeezing and thorough washing with TCM-199 + 10% fetal bovine serum. Goat cumulus–oocyte complexes were collected from slaughterhouse ovaries and matured in TCM-199 + 10% fetal bovine serum supplemented with 5 μg mL−1 of FSH, 10 μg mL−1 of LH, and 1 μg mL−1 of β-oestradiol for 27 h in CO2 incubator with 5% CO2 and at 38.5°C with >95% RH. In vitro matured cumulus–oocyte complexes were denuded and activated with 5 μM calcium ionophore and 2 mM 6-DMAP. Following activation, embryos were co-cultured with and without GOEC (control) in mCR2aa media. The blastocyst development rate was significantly (P < 0.05) higher (23.00 ± 1.15% v. 17.33 ± 1.45%) in the media cultured with GOEC than in control. The total cell number of blastocysts (n = 4) was also found to be significantly more (167.25 ± 17.51 v. 110.25 ± 12.02) than that of control (P < 0.05). However, the apoptotic index (3.76 ± 0.23% v. 7.97 ± 1.99%) was not significantly different in both groups. Further, RNA was isolated from both groups (20 each) of blastocysts on Day 8, and cDNA was prepared. Analysis by qPCR revealed that the relative mRNA abundance of development related genes, i.e. VEGF, BMP4, and CCNB1, showed significantly high (P < 0.05) expression, whereas the expression of CRABP1 was significantly low (P < 0.05) in GOEC co-culture than control. Oxidative stress related genes GPX-1 and SOD2 had comparable expression in both the culture systems, whereas a nonsignificant (P < 0.05) increase in expression of PRDX1 was observed in GOEC co-culture group. In conclusion, co-culture of embryos with GOEC in the simple culture media like mCR2aa helps in improving developmental competence and quality of parthenogenetic embryos.
This work was supported by the NFBSFARA Project on Parthenogenetic Goat (CA-4002), New Delhi, India.
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Rawat N, Shin Y, Balasingham I. EEG based image encryption via quantum walks. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2016; 2016:231-234. [PMID: 28268319 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2016.7590682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An electroencephalogram (EEG) based image encryption combined with Quantum walks (QW) is encoded in Fresnel domain. The computational version of EEG randomizes the original plaintext whereas QW can serve as an excellent key generator due to its inherent nonlinear chaotic dynamic behavior. First, a spatially coherent monochromatic laser beam passes through an SLM, which introduces an arbitrary EEG phase-only mask. The modified beam is collected by a CCD. Further, the intensity is multiply with the QW digitally. EEG shows high sensitivity to system parameters and capable of encrypting and transmitting the data whereas QW has unpredictability, stability and non-periodicity. Only applying the correct keys, the original image can be retrieved successfully. Simulations and comparisons show the proposed method to be secure enough for image encryption and outperforms prior works. The proposed method opens the door towards introducing EEG and quantum computation into image encryption and promotes the convergence between our approach and image processing.
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Pan Z, Rawat N, Cour I, Manning L, Headrick RL, Furis M. Polarization-resolved spectroscopy imaging of grain boundaries and optical excitations in crystalline organic thin films. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8201. [PMID: 26365682 PMCID: PMC4579592 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration of optical properties of organic crystalline semiconductors thin films is challenging due to submicron grain sizes and the presence of numerous structural defects, disorder and grain boundaries. Here we report on the results of combined linear dichroism (LD)/ polarization-resolved photoluminescence (PL) scanning microscopy experiments that simultaneously probe the excitonic radiative recombination and the molecular ordering in solution-processed metal-free phthalocyanine crystalline thin films with macroscopic grain sizes. LD/PL images reveal the relative orientation of the singlet exciton transition dipoles at the grain boundaries and the presence of a localized electronic state that acts like a barrier for exciton diffusion across the grain boundary. We also show how this energy barrier can be entirely eliminated through the optimization of deposition parameters that results in films with large grain sizes and small-angle boundaries. These studies open an avenue for exploring the influence of long-range order on exciton diffusion and carrier transport. In-depth understanding of organic crystalline semiconductor thin films is critical for the development of many electronic and photonic devices. Here, the authors use combined linear dichroism and polarization-resolved photoluminescence scanning microscopy to unveil the nature of excited states in such systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pan
- Department of Physics, Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - N Rawat
- Department of Physics, Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - I Cour
- Department of Physics, Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - L Manning
- Department of Physics, Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - R L Headrick
- Department of Physics, Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
| | - M Furis
- Department of Physics, Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA
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Gupta AK, Garg CR, Joshi BC, Rawat N, Dabla V, Gupta A. Implementation of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme through private hospitals of Delhi--policy implications. AIDS Care 2015; 27:1487-92. [PMID: 26186023 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2015.1026305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In India, programme for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV is primarily implemented through public health system. State AIDS Control Societies (SACSs) encourage private hospitals to set up integrated counselling and testing centres (ICTCs). However, private hospitals of Delhi did not set up ICTCs. Consequently, there is no information on PMTCT interventions in private hospitals of Delhi. This study was undertaken by Delhi SACS during March 2013 through September 2013 to assess status of implementation of PMTCT programme in various private hospitals of Delhi to assist programme managers in framing national policy to facilitate uniform implementation of National PMTCT guidelines. Out of total 575 private hospitals registered with Government of Delhi, 336 (58.4%) catering to pregnant women were identified. About 100 private hospitals with facility of antenatal care, vaginal/caesarean delivery and postnatal care and minimum 10 indoor beds were selected for study. Study sample comprised of large corporate hospitals (≥100 beds; n = 29), medium-sized hospitals (25 to <100 beds; n = 42) and small nursing homes (10 to <25 beds; n = 29). A pre-tested questionnaire was designed to obtain basic information about hospital in context to PMTCT programme. Interviews of heads of obstetrics and gynaecology and paediatric departments were conducted by trained interviewers. It was observed that in private hospitals in year 2012, out of 38,186 antenatal women tested, 52 (0.14%) were detected HIV-positive. However, against National Policy, HIV testing was done without pre/post-test counselling/or consent of women, no PMTCT protocol existed, delivery of HIV-positive women was not undertaken and no efforts were made to link HIV-positive women to antiretroviral treatment. Major intervention observed was medical termination of pregnancy, which indicates lack of awareness in private hospitals about available interventions under national programme. The role of private hospitals in management of HIV in pregnant women must be recognized and mainstreamed in HIV control efforts. There is an urgent need for capacity building of private health care providers to improve standards of practice. National AIDS Control Organization may consider establishing linkages or adopting model developed by some countries with generalized epidemic for delivering PMTCT services in private health sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Gupta
- a Delhi State AIDS Control Society , Government of Delhi, Dr. B.S.A Hospital Complex , Rohini, Delhi , India
| | - C R Garg
- a Delhi State AIDS Control Society , Government of Delhi, Dr. B.S.A Hospital Complex , Rohini, Delhi , India
| | - B C Joshi
- a Delhi State AIDS Control Society , Government of Delhi, Dr. B.S.A Hospital Complex , Rohini, Delhi , India
| | - N Rawat
- a Delhi State AIDS Control Society , Government of Delhi, Dr. B.S.A Hospital Complex , Rohini, Delhi , India
| | - V Dabla
- a Delhi State AIDS Control Society , Government of Delhi, Dr. B.S.A Hospital Complex , Rohini, Delhi , India
| | - A Gupta
- a Delhi State AIDS Control Society , Government of Delhi, Dr. B.S.A Hospital Complex , Rohini, Delhi , India
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Radwan RW, Jones HG, Rawat N, Davies M, Evans MD, Harris DA, Beynon J. Determinants of survival following pelvic exenteration for primary rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2015; 102:1278-84. [PMID: 26095525 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.9841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pelvic exenteration is a potentially curative treatment for locally advanced primary rectal cancer. Previous studies have been limited by small sample sizes and heterogeneous data. A consecutive series of patients was studied to identify the clinicopathological determinants of survival. METHODS All patients undergoing pelvic exenterative surgery for primary rectal cancer (1992-2014) at this hospital were analysed. The primary outcome measure was 5-year overall survival. Secondary endpoints included length of hospital stay, complication rate, 30-day mortality and disease recurrence rate. Statistical analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. RESULTS A total of 174 patients with a median age of 65 (range 31-90) years were included. Ninety-six patients underwent posterior pelvic exenteration and 78 had total pelvic exenteration. Median follow-up was 48 (range 1-229) months. Two patients (1.1 per cent) died within 30 days of surgery and 16.1 per cent returned to the operating theatre. The 5-year survival rate following complete resection (R0) was 59.3 per cent. In univariable analysis, adverse survival was associated with advanced age (P = 0.003), metastatic disease (P = 0.001), pathological node status (P = 0.001), circumferential resection margin (P = 0.001), local recurrence (P = 0.015) and the need for neoadjuvant therapy (P = 0.039). CONCLUSION Pelvic exenteration is an aggressive treatment option with a high morbidity rate that provides favourable long-term outcomes in patients with locally advanced primary rectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Radwan
- Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Local Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - H G Jones
- Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Local Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - N Rawat
- Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Local Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - M Davies
- Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Local Health Board, Swansea, UK
| | - M D Evans
- Abertawe Bro Morgannwg University Local Health Board, Swansea, UK
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Kumar S, Rawat N, Kar AS, Tomar BS, Manchanda VK. Effect of humic acid on sorption of technetium by alumina. J Hazard Mater 2011; 192:1040-1045. [PMID: 21733625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Sorption of technetium by alumina has been studied in absence as well as in presence of humic acid using (95)Tc(m) as a tracer. Measurements were carried out at fixed ionic strength (0.1M NaClO(4)) under varying pH (3-10) as well as redox (aerobic and reducing anaerobic) conditions. Under aerobic conditions, negligible sorption of technetium was observed onto alumina both in absence and in presence of humic acid. However, under reducing conditions (simulated with [Sn(II)] = 10(-6)M), presence of humic acid enhanced the sorption of technetium in the low pH region significantly and decreased at higher pH with respect to that in absence of humic acid. Linear additive as well as surface complexation modeling of Tc(IV) sorption in presence of humic acid indicated the predominant role of sorbed humic acid in deciding technetium sorption onto alumina.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kumar
- Radiochemistry Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, Maharastra, India
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Lima MD, Fang S, Lepro X, Lewis C, Ovalle-Robles R, Carretero-Gonzalez J, Castillo-Martinez E, Kozlov ME, Oh J, Rawat N, Haines CS, Haque MH, Aare V, Stoughton S, Zakhidov AA, Baughman RH. Biscrolling Nanotube Sheets and Functional Guests into Yarns. Science 2011; 331:51-5. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1195912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Rawat N, Kumar S, Tomar B. The time differential perturbed angular correlation study of binding of hafnium to humic acid and its model compound. Polyhedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2009.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nautiyal B, Nautiyal M, Rawat N, Nautiyal A. Reproductive Biology and Breeding System of Aconitum balfourii (Benth) Muk: A High Altitude Endangered Medicinal Plant of Garhwal Himalaya, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2009.61.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Jenkins GJS, Cronin J, Alhamdani A, Rawat N, D'Souza F, Thomas T, Eltahir Z, Griffiths AP, Baxter JN. The bile acid deoxycholic acid has a non-linear dose response for DNA damage and possibly NF-kappaB activation in oesophageal cells, with a mechanism of action involving ROS. Mutagenesis 2008; 23:399-405. [PMID: 18515815 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gen029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxycholic acid (DCA) is a secondary bile acid implicated in various cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In oesophageal adenocarcinoma, DCA is believed to contribute to carcinogenesis during reflux where stomach contents enter the lower oesophagus. It is imperative that we understand the mechanisms whereby oesophageal carcinogens function in order that therapeutic options may be developed. We have previously shown that DCA can damage chromosomes and does so through its generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We show here, after detailed experiments, that DCA appears to have a non-linear dose response for DNA damage. DCA induces DNA damage (as measured by the micronucleus assay) at doses of 100 microM and higher in oesophageal OE33 cells, but fails to induce such DNA damage below this cut-off dose. We also show that in terms of NF-kappaB activation (as measured by up-regulation of two NF-kappaB target genes) by DCA, a similar dose response is observed. This dose-response data may be important clinically as DCA exposure to the oesophagus may be used as a way to identify the 10% of Barrett's oesophagus patients currently progressing to cancer from the 90% of patients who do not progress. Only quantitative studies measuring DCA concentrations in refluxates correlated with histological progression will answer this question. We further show here that ROS are behind DCAs ability to activate NF-kappaB as antioxidants (epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol and vitamin C) abrogate DCAs ability to up-regulate NF-kappaB-controlled genes. In conclusion, low doses of DCA appear to be less biologically significant in vitro. If this were to be confirmed in vivo, it might suggest that reflux patients with low DCA concentrations may be at a lower risk of cancer progression compared to patients with high levels of DCA in their refluxate. Either way, antioxidant supplementation may possibly help prevent the deleterious effects of DCA in the whole GI tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J S Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Rawat N, Lock D, Gibbons CP. Pancreatic Abscess Involving the Aortic Graft Following Repair of a Ruptured Aortic Aneurysm: Successful Replacement with Femoro-popliteal Vein. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006; 32:146-8. [PMID: 16520068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Accepted: 01/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a rare complication after aortic surgery and carries a high mortality. We report the successful management of an infected aortic graft secondary to complicated severe pancreatitis in a 77-year-old man by open drainage of the abscess and replacement of the prosthetic graft with superficial femoro-popliteal vein (SFPV). The patient remains free from infection with a patent graft 8 months later.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rawat
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare malignancy affecting 0.5-5 per cent of all patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. This article reviews the literature on the pathogenesis, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis and management of parathyroid carcinoma. METHODS A Medline search was performed and all relevant English language articles published between 1970 and 2005 were retrieved. The search words included 'parathyroid carcinoma', 'pathology', 'genetics', 'management' and 'radiotherapy'. Secondary references were obtained from key articles. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The exact aetiology of parathyroid carcinoma remains obscure. Recently, the HRPT2 gene has been implicated in its pathogenesis and may prove to be a genetic target in future. Surgical resection is the accepted 'gold standard'. There is now a growing consensus on the use of adjuvant radiotherapy as it has been shown to provide a survival benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rawat
- Department of General Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK
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Kochar DK, Garg P, Bumb RA, Kochar SK, Mehta RD, Beniwal R, Rawat N. Divalproex sodium in the management of post-herpetic neuralgia: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. QJM 2005; 98:29-34. [PMID: 15625351 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hci005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-herpetic neuralgia is difficult to treat. Divalproex sodium (valproic acid and sodium valproate in molar ratio 1:1) has been used successfully in the management of various painful neuropathies. AIM To study the effectiveness and safety of divalproex sodium in the management of post-herpetic neuralgia. DESIGN Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. METHODS We enrolled 48 consecutively attending out-patients with post-herpetic neuralgia, out of whom three were excluded (two had insufficient pain, one withdrew consent). Quantification of pain was by Short Form-McGill pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ), visual analogue scale (VAS), present pain intensity score (PPI) and 11 point Likert scale (11 PLS) at the beginning of the study, after 2 weeks, 4 weeks and at the end of the study (8 weeks). We also assessed patients' global impression of change by questionnaire at the end of the study. RESULTS After 8 weeks treatment with 1000 mg/day divalproex sodium, there was significant reduction in pain: SF-MPQ, 20.47 +/- 2.29 to 11.90 +/- 6.52 (p < 0.0001); PPI 4.0 +/- 0.52 to 1.95 +/- 1.29 (p < 0.0001); VAS 70.17 +/- 9.21 to 31.27 +/- 29.74 (p < 0.0001) and 11 PLS 6.97 +/- 0.73 to 3.63 +/- 2.34 (p < 0.0001) in comparison to placebo (means +/- SEM). The 'global impression of change' questionnaire showed much or moderate improvement in pain in 58.2% of patients receiving divalproex vs. 14.8% of those receiving placebo. The drug was well tolerated by all patients, except one who developed severe vertigo after 10 days of treatment. DISCUSSION Divalproex sodium provides significant pain relief in patients of post-herpetic neuralgia, with very little incidence of adverse reactions. These data provide a basis for longer trials in a larger group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kochar
- C-54, Sadul Ganj, Bikaner (Raj) 334003, India.
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Roy K, Mohapatra PK, Rawat N, Pal DK, Basu S, Manchanda VK. Separation of 90Y from 90Sr using zirconium vanadate as the ion exchanger. Appl Radiat Isot 2004; 60:621-4. [PMID: 15082037 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2003.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2002] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The sorption and desorption behaviour of several radionuclides, including 241Am, 152,154Eu, 233U, 137Cs, 90Sr and 90Y was studied under varying acidities using zirconium vanadate as ion exchanger. The sorption follows the order: Cs > Eu > Am >Y > U, while Sr was not taken up by the ion exchanger. A radiochemical separation scheme for the 90Y daughter from its 90Sr parent using zirconium vanadate ion exchanger has been developed. The exchanger was synthesized and characterized in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Roy
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Burdwan, Burdwan 713 104, India
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Kochar DK, Rawat N, Agrawal RP, Vyas A, Beniwal R, Kochar SK, Garg P. Sodium valproate for painful diabetic neuropathy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. QJM 2004; 97:33-8. [PMID: 14702509 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hch007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various drugs are effective in the management of painful diabetic neuropathy, but none is completely satisfactory. We previously found sodium valproate to be effective and safe in a short-term study. AIM To test the effectiveness and safety of sodium valproate in the management of painful diabetic neuropathy over 3 months. DESIGN Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. METHODS Consecutive attending patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with painful neuropathy were asked to participate in the trial: 48 agreed. Five were excluded: three with HbA(1c) > 11, one with too low a pain level and one who withdrew consent. The remaining 43 were given either drug (group A) or placebo (group B). Each patient was assessed clinically. Quantitative assessment of pain was done by McGill Pain Questionnaire, Visual Analogue Score and Present Pain Intensity, at the beginning of the study, after 1 month and after 3 months. Motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities were measured initially and after 3 months. Liver function tests and other adverse drug-related effects were assessed periodically. RESULTS Of the 43 patients, four dropped out: one in group A and three in group B. There was significant improvement in pain score in group A, compared to group B, at 3 months (p < 0.001). Changes in electrophysiological data were not significant. The drug was well-tolerated by all patients, except one, who had raised serum AST and ALT levels after 1 month of treatment, and whose treatment was discontinued. DISCUSSION Sodium valproate is well-tolerated, and provides significant subjective improvement in painful diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kochar
- Department of Medicine, SP Medical College, Bikaner, India.
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Kochar DK, Agarwal P, Kochar SK, Jain R, Rawat N, Pokharna RK, Kachhawa S, Srivastava T. Hepatocyte dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. QJM 2003; 96:505-12. [PMID: 12881593 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcg091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the WHO, signs of hepatic dysfunction are unusual, and hepatic encephalopathy is never seen in malaria. However, in recent years, isolated cases have been reported from different parts of world. AIM To identify the evidence for hepatocyte dysfunction and/or encephalopathy in jaundiced patients with falciparum malaria. DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS We studied 86 adult patients of both sexes who had malaria with jaundice (serum bilirubin > 3 mg%). The main outcome measures were: flapping tremor, deranged psychometric test, level of consciousness, serum bilirubin level, serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, blood ammonia level, viral markers for hepatitis, ultrasonography of liver and gall bladder and electroencephalography (EEG). RESULTS The range of serum bilirubin was 3-48.2 mg% (mean +/- SD 10.44 +/- 8.71 mg%). The ranges of AST and ALT levels were 40-1120 IU/l (294.47 +/- 250.67 IU/l) and 40-1245 IU/l (371.12 +/- 296.76 IU/l), respectively. Evidence of hepatic encephalopathy was seen in 15 patients. Asterexis was observed in 9 patients, impaired psychometric tests in 12 and altered mental state in 13. Arterial blood ammonia level was 120-427 meq/l (310 +/- 98.39 meq/l). EEG findings included presence of large bilateral synchronous slow waves, pseudo burst suppression and triphasic waves. Four patients died due to multiple organ dysfunction; the others made rapid recoveries. DISCUSSION There is strong evidence of hepatocyte dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy in some of these patients, with no obvious non-malarial explanation. Current guidelines may need to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kochar
- Department of Medicine, S.P. Medical College, Bikaner, India.
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