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Orchard G, Rhodes A, Brown NW. British Journal of Biomedical Science in 2021. What have we learned? Br J Biomed Sci 2021; 78:159-166. [PMID: 34850663 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2021.1982279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Orchard
- St John's Dermatopathology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Rhodes
- School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Dept of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N W Brown
- Toxicology, Wansbeck General Hospital, Northumberland, UK
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Brown NW, Orchard G, Rhodes A. British Journal of Biomedical Science in 2020. What have we learned? Br J Biomed Sci 2020; 77:159-167. [PMID: 33252323 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2020.1827578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Each year the British Journal of Biomedical Science publishes a 'What have we learned' editorial designed to introduce readers within the major disciplines of laboratory medicine to developments outside their immediate area. In addition it is designed to inform a wider readership of the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. To this end, in 2020 the journal published 39 articles covering the disciplines within Biomedical Science in the 4 issues comprising volume 77. These included a review of COVID-19 in this issue, 27 original articles, 6 Biomedical Science 'In Brief' and 4 case histories. 27 of the articles involved molecular techniques, with one of these comparing results with a mass spectrometry based method. The preponderance of molecular genetic studies gives us a good idea of the likely future direction of the disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Brown
- Toxicology, Wansbeck General Hospital, Ashington, UK
| | - G Orchard
- St John's Dermatopathology, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - A Rhodes
- International Medical University , Bukit Jalil, School of Health Sciences, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Affiliation(s)
- NW Brown
- Toxicology, Clinical Chemistry, Wansbeck General Hospital, Ashington, UK
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Hussain SN, Asghar HMA, Sattar H, Brown NW, Roberts EPL. Free chlorine formation during electrochemical regeneration of a graphite intercalation compound adsorbent used for wastewater treatment. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-015-0814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hussain SN, Asghar HMA, Sattar H, Brown NW, Roberts EPL. Removal of Tartrazine From Water by Adsorption with Electrochemical Regeneration. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2014.921620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Asghar HMA, Hussain SN, Sattar H, Brown NW, Roberts EPL. Mercaptan's Removal from Aqueous Solution using Modified Graphite-Based Adsorbent through Batch-Wise Adsorption–Regeneration. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2014.907570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hussain SN, de Las Heras N, Asghar HMA, Brown NW, Roberts EPL. Disinfection of water by adsorption combined with electrochemical treatment. Water Res 2014; 54:170-178. [PMID: 24568786 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The disinfection performance of a unique process of adsorption combined with electrochemical treatment is evaluated. A flake graphite intercalation compound adsorbent was used, which is effective for the removal of organic contaminants and is amenable to anodic electrochemical regeneration. Adsorption of Escherichia coli on the graphite flake was followed by electrochemical treatment under a range of experimental conditions in a sequential batch reactor. The adsorption of E. coli cells was found to be a fast process and was capable of removing >99.98% of cells from solution after 5 min with a ca. 6.5-log10 reduction in E. coli concentration after 10 min. With electrochemical treatment the adsorbent could be reused, with no decrease in E. coli adsorption observed over five cycles. In the presence of chloride, >8.5-log10 reduction of E. coli concentration was achieved. Disinfection was found to be less effective in the absence of chloride. However, selection of appropriate operating conditions enabled effective disinfection in a chloride free system, reducing the potential for formation of disinfection by-products. The energy consumption required to achieve >8.5-log10 disinfection was 2-7 kWh m(-3).
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Hussain
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - N de Las Heras
- Arvia Technology Ltd., The Innovation Centre, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire WA4 4FS, United Kingdom
| | - H M A Asghar
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - N W Brown
- Arvia Technology Ltd., The Innovation Centre, Sci-Tech Daresbury, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Cheshire WA4 4FS, United Kingdom
| | - E P L Roberts
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.
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Brown NW, Roberts EPL. Combining adsorption with anodic oxidation as an innovative technique for removal and destruction of organics. Water Sci Technol 2013; 68:1216-1222. [PMID: 24056416 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2013.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of adsorption with electrochemical oxidation is a novel approach to the treatment of aqueous organics that has demonstrated a number of key benefits over the individual application of these processes. This is based on a highly conducting adsorbent material, developed under the trade name Nyex™, that is able to rapidly adsorb the organics and anodically oxidise them within a single treatment unit. Successful scale up of the process (in both continuous and batch operation) has been achieved for the polishing of two separate groundwaters (one containing relatively simple petrol, diesel and their degradation products and the other with a range of more complex organics). Treatment showed that low discharge consents can be achieved, including the removal of more complex and difficult to treat compounds to below the limits of detection. Energy consumption for electrochemical regeneration was relatively low (down to 0.5 kWh/m(3)) suggesting that the process could be a practical alternative approach for effluent polishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Brown
- Arvia Technology Ltd, Daresbury Innovation Centre, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, WA4 4FS, UK E-mail:
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Asghar HMA, Roberts EPL, Hussain SN, Campen AK, Brown NW. Wastewater treatment by adsorption with electrochemical regeneration using graphite-based adsorbents. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-012-0439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Conti-Ramsden MG, Asghar HMA, Hussain SN, Roberts EPL, Brown NW. Removal of mercaptans from a gas stream using continuous adsorption-regeneration. Water Sci Technol 2012; 66:1849-1855. [PMID: 22925855 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2012.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The removal of the mercaptan, 1-methyl-1-propanethiol, from aqueous solutions using a non-porous, electrically conducting carbon-based adsorbent (Nyex 1000) was investigated. The adsorption process was found to be rapid (equilibrium capacity achieved within 5 minutes) with low adsorptive capacity (of the order of 0.4 mg g(-1)) when compared with activated carbon. Electrochemical regeneration of the Nyex 1000 in a simple divided electrochemical cell within a sequential batch treatment unit restored 100% of the adsorbent's adsorptive capacity using treatment times as low as 20 minutes by passing a current of 0.5 A. The sorptive characteristics of a Nyex-water slurry were also modelled and investigated both in a bubble column and in a continuous adsorption-regeneration treatment system. It was demonstrated that the continuous removal-destruction system could achieve a step reduction in challenge gas concentration of approximately 75% for a period of 35 minutes with a current of 5 Amps. This was attributed to mass transfer enhanced by a combination of adsorption and chemical reaction with free chlorine species generated in the electrochemical process.
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Mohammed FM, Roberts EPL, Hill A, Campen AK, Brown NW. Continuous water treatment by adsorption and electrochemical regeneration. Water Res 2011; 45:3065-3074. [PMID: 21511325 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a process for water treatment by continuous adsorption and electrochemical regeneration using an air-lift reactor. The process is based on the adsorption of dissolved organic pollutants onto an adsorbent material (a graphite intercalation compound, Nyex(®)1000) and subsequent electrochemical regeneration of the adsorbent leading to oxidation of the adsorbed pollutant. Batch experiments were carried out to determine the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium isotherm for adsorption of a sample contaminant, the organic dye Acid Violet 17. The adsorbent circulation rate, the residence time distribution (RTD) of the reactor, and treatment by continuous adsorption and electrochemical regeneration were studied to investigate the process performance. The RTD behaviour could be approximated as a continuously stirred tank. It was found that greater than 98% removal could be achieved for continuous treatment by adsorption and electrochemical regeneration for feed concentrations of up to 300 mg L(-1). A steady state model has been developed for the process performance, assuming full regeneration of the adsorbent in the electrochemical cell. Experimental data and modelled predictions (using parameters for the adsorbent circulation rate, adsorption kinetics and isotherm obtained experimentally) of the dye removal achieved were found to be in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Mohammed
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, The Mill, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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Brown NW, Roberts EPL, Chasiotis A, Cherdron T, Sanghrajka N. Atrazine removal using adsorption and electrochemical regeneration. Water Res 2004; 38:3067-3074. [PMID: 15261545 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2004.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2003] [Revised: 02/27/2004] [Accepted: 04/15/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the removal of atrazine using a novel carbon-based adsorbent to below 1.0 microg l(-1) and its subsequent electrochemical regeneration in a simple electrochemical cell. Effective electrochemical regeneration can be achieved with a treatment time as low as 20 min over a number of adsorption/regeneration cycles using laboratory-prepared solutions. The results suggest that electrochemical modification of the particulate surface on electrochemical regeneration can result in adsorptive capacities three times greater than originally achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Brown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Environmental Technology Centre, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, ManchesterM60 1QD, United Kingdom.
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Brown NW, Roberts EPL, Garforth AA, Dryfe RAW. Treatment of dyehouse effluents with a carbon-based adsorbent using anodic oxidation regeneration. Water Sci Technol 2004; 49:219-225. [PMID: 15077975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption is an attractive route for the removal of coloured, toxic and non-biodegradable organics from wastewater as very low discharge standards can be achieved. This paper reports on the use of a novel carbon-based material, Nyex100, as an adsorbent material for the treatment of dyehouse effluent. The adsorbent has low porosity and high electrical conductivity and these factors have allowed the adsorbent to be electrochemically regenerated. This work has demonstrated that the adsorbent can be cycled through the process of adsorption and regeneration a number of times with little drop in adsorptive capacity. However regeneration appears to modify the preference for organic species adsorption. Electrochemical regeneration can be rapidly achieved (15-20 minutes) using low current densities (< 20 mA cm(-2)). However, the low adsorptive capacity of the adsorbent, because of its small surface area, means that large quantities of adsorbent would need to be cycled within the process to treat the effluent volume generated in even small dyehouses. Thus, it is believed that operating the process in this mode limits the practical application of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Brown
- Department of Chemical Engineering, UMIST, PO Box 88, Manchester M601QD, UK.
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Abstract
A parturient with varicella (chickenpox) presented for an elective Caesarean section and spinal anaesthesia was employed for surgery. A review of the literature is presented and the anaesthetic issues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Brown
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney at Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined whether a prior history of laxative abuse results in long-term changes in gastrointestinal function. METHOD The functioning of the enteroinsular axis was examined by measuring the insulin response to a standard meal. The study involved 18 subjects who had fully recovered from anorexia nervosa (AN) and an age and weight-matched control group. In the recovered group, 10 of 18 subjects had a history of laxative abuse. RESULTS Subjects with a prior history of laxative abuse show a more gradual increase and decrease in insulin secretion, but no differences in glucose response or hunger ratings. DISCUSSION Because there are no differences in the glucose response to the meal, it is hypothesized that the difference in insulin response is due to changes in the enteroinsular axis. These data indicate that chronic laxative abuse induces long-term changes in gastrointestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Brown
- Eating Disorders Research Unit, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, United Kingdom.
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Ruggles AE, Vasil’ev AD, Brown NW, Wendel MW. The Role of Heater Thermal Response in Reactor Thermal Limits during Oscillatory Two-Phase Flows. NUCL SCI ENG 1997. [DOI: 10.13182/nse97-a24255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. E. Ruggles
- University of Tennessee, College of Engineering, Pasqua Engineering Building Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2300
| | | | - N. W. Brown
- University of Tennessee, College of Engineering, Pasqua Engineering Building Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-2300
| | - M. W. Wendel
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831
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Brown NW. Curing empty-bed syndrome. Provider 1994; 20:37-8. [PMID: 10139610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Altman GD, Brown NW. Adjusting primary nursing to 12-hour shift. Nurs Manag (Harrow) 1993; 24:80-2. [PMID: 8429983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Brown NW. Anorexia nervosa visited and revisited: weight is the issue. J Am Med Womens Assoc (1972) 1993; 48:23-26. [PMID: 8436792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa is known as a psychiatric disorder. Many practitioners seem unaware that a patient in a starvation state is cognitively impaired and thus a poor candidate for psychotherapy. Weight restoration is a prerequisite to other treatment modalities. Many practitioners and all patients fail to recognize this illness because of a prevailing cultural idealization of thinness. Since these patients initially seem so compliant in treatment, valuable time is lost by those who fail to understand the patient's deceptiveness and the life-threatening potential of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N W Brown
- New Choices, Brauner Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia
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Abstract
A composite profile of "empathic individuals" was developed from adjectives checked on Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List by 43 undergraduate students enrolled in a course on counseling. Individuals were nominated as empathic by the students who also completed the checklist. The composite profile was consistent with the Rogerian definition of empathy and Factor 3 (Sociability) of the check list. The profiles for the nominated sample and for the students did not differ significantly on 36 of the 37 scales but both differed significantly from the composite profile on 34 scales.
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Abstract
12 medical-surgical nurses, 12 psychiatric nurses, 10 intensive care nurses, 10 hospital administrators, and 10 psychiatrists were administered the California Psychological Inventory. Protocols were scored for 18 scales plus Hogan's Empathy Scale. Significant differences were found between groups and the medical-surgical nurses scored lowest on all scales. The scores for all groups were combined and correlations between the Empathy Scale and other CPI scales were computed. Factor 2 scales, Interpersonal Adequacy, scores had the highest correlations with the Empathy Scale.
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Abstract
The Adjective Checklist, Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist, Depression Adjective Checklist, and Profile of Mood States were administered to 166 males enrolled in an Alcohol Safety Action Program. Although a few individual scales showed significant differences between groups, a stepwise multiple discriminant analysis of combined test scales identified two functions, Intrapersonal Attributes which accounted for 84% of the variance and Personal Adequacy, accounting for 15.9% of the variance. The combined test results correctly classified 62% of the clients. Cross-validation is planned.
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Abstract
While much has appeared in the recent literature about various psychotherapeutic techniques used to treat eating disorders, little attention has been paid to the medical complications. Prominent among these are heart damage, failure of the endocrine system, infarction and perforation of the stomach after acute dilatation, multiple suicide attempts, aspiration, injury or rupture of the esophagus, severe bleeding per rectum causing anemia due to laxative abuse, hypokalemic nephropathy, depressive disorders due to starvation, and severe erosion of the enamel of the teeth resulting in extensive loss of teeth. I decry the sudden trend of nonmedically trained personnel rushing into the treatment of eating disorders, particularly anorexia nervosa and bulimia, because they know little about the possibly fatal consequences of their failure to attend to some of these medical phenomena. I also note with grave concern the identification of the medical profession with the "thin is better" mentality of our culture, which blinds them to the serious medical consequences of eating disorders.
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Brown NW. Gasoline inhalation. J Med Assoc Ga 1968; 57:217-21. [PMID: 5655362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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