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Benamrouche N, Belkader C, Njamkepo E, Zemam SS, Sadat S, Saighi K, Boutabba DT, Mechouet F, Benhadj-Slimani R, Zmit FZ, Rauzier J, Kias F, Zouagui S, Ruckly C, Yousfi M, Zertal A, Chouikrat R, Quilici ML, Weill FX. Outbreak of Imported Seventh Pandemic Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, Algeria, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1241-1245. [PMID: 35608654 PMCID: PMC9155889 DOI: 10.3201/eid2806.212451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After a lull of >20 years, Algeria experienced a cholera outbreak in 2018 that included 291 suspected cases. We found that outbreak isolates were Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype Ogawa from seventh pandemic El Tor sublineage AFR14, which corresponds to a new introduction of cholera into Africa from South Asia.
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Benamrouche N, Guettou B, Henniche FZ, Assaous F, Laouar H, Ziane H, Djennane F, Tiouit D, Bentchouala C, Yamouni F, Rahal K, Tali Maamar H. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Algeria: phenotypic and genotypic characterization of clinical isolates. J Infect Dev Ctries 2021; 15:95-101. [PMID: 33571151 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) is a major public health problem worldwide. The aim of our study was to determine the microbiological, epidemiological and molecular characteristics of VREfm isolated in north-central, eastern and western Algeria. METHODOLOGY a collection of 48 VREfm isolated from September 2010 to April 2017 in several Algerian hospitals were studied. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by E-test method according to CLSI guidelines. the detection of van genotype of all strains was performed by PCR. Clonal relationship of five VREfm targeted by region were characterized using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). RESULTS All isolates have multidrug-resistance (MDR) and were resistant to at least five classes of antibiotics; however, all were susceptible to tigecycline and daptomycin with MIC50 at 0.094 µg/mL and 2 µg/mL respectively. All strains belonged to vanA genotype and have high level of resistance to vancomycin and teicoplanin. MLST revealed two sequence types (STs): ST80 (from the four regions of Algeria) and ST789, both belonging to the former hospital-adapted clonal complex CC17. CONCLUSIONS the alarming dissemination of MDR E. faecium vanA and the ST80 in several regions of Algeria suggest a clonal spread of VREfm strains, which urgently require implementation of adequate infection control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Badia Guettou
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fatma Zohra Henniche
- Microbiology Laboratory, Mohamed Seghir Nekkache Central Hospital of Army, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Farida Assaous
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Houcine Laouar
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Hanifa Ziane
- Department of Microbiology, Mustapha University Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Fazia Djennane
- Department of Microbiology, Mustapha University Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Djamal Tiouit
- Microbiology Laboratory, Mohamed Seghir Nekkache Central Hospital of Army, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Chafia Bentchouala
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Constantine, Constantine, Algeria
| | - Ferroudja Yamouni
- Central Laboratory, University Regional Military Hospital of Oran, Oran, Algeria
| | - Kheira Rahal
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Algiers, Algeria
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Lounes N, Melzer F, Sayour AE, Maamar HT, Rahal K, Benamrouche N, Lazri M, Bouyoucef A, Hendam A, Neubauer H, El-Adawy H. Identification, geographic distribution and risk factors of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis infection in cattle in Algeria. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:109004. [PMID: 33571821 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis is an infectious disease of several terrestrial and marine animals and humans caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. This study aimed to identify Brucella species and biovars circulating in cattle and to analyze their geographic distribution across Algeria. Two hundred ninety eight milk and lymph node samples from 161 seropositive cattle of different local and foreign breeds were collected from 97 dairy farms in 56 towns of 13 wilayas (states/ provinces) of the central, eastern, western and southern regions. The samples were cultured on selective media and the obtained isolates were identified using bacteriological and molecular tests. Eighty-five Brucella isolates (72 B. abortus and 13 B. melitensis) were recovered from 63 animals in 37 dairy farms. In total, 71 (83.5 %) B. abortus bv 3, 11 (12.9 %) B. melitensis bv 2, 2 (2.4 %) B. melitensis bv 3 and 1 (1.2 %) unidentified B. abortus biovar were detected. The identification of B. abortus biovar 3 and B. melitensis biovar 2 is a new finding for Algeria and the Maghreb, respectively. B. abortus (84.7 %) was the main etiological agent of brucellosis. B. abortus showed a scattered distribution across Algeria. The fact that 60 % of the seropositive cattle showed no clinical signs, but 36 % were culture positive is an alarming observation. These data will rise awareness for the current epidemiological situation of bovine brucellosis in Algeria. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first representative countrywide bacteriological investigation of Brucella species and biovars in cattle across Algeria, which is a developing country where resources might be limited and the working conditions might not be very friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nedjma Lounes
- Higher National Veterinary School (ENSV), Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Falk Melzer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ashraf E Sayour
- Department of Brucellosis, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, 12618, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Hassiba Tali Maamar
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Kheira Rahal
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Nabila Benamrouche
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Malika Lazri
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria.
| | | | - Ashraf Hendam
- Climate Change Information Center, Renewable Energy and Expert Systems (CCICREES), Agricultural Research Center, 9 Algamaa Street, Giza, 12619, Egypt.
| | - Heinrich Neubauer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Hosny El-Adawy
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses, 07743, Jena, Germany; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
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Benamrouche N, Lafer O, Benmahdi L, Benslimani A, Amhis W, Ammari H, Assaous F, Azzam A, Rahal K, Tali Maamar H. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated in Algerian hospitals. J Infect Dev Ctries 2020; 14:1395-1401. [PMID: 33378281 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the drug-resistance and the molecular characterization of carbapenemases, ESBL, and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes among Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in Algerian hospitals. METHODOLOGY A total of 92 A. baumannii isolates were collected between 2012 and 2016. Antimicrobial susceptibility testings were performed for β-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, rifampicin and colistin. The phenotypic characterization of β-lactamases was investigated. For 30 randomly targeted strains, the carriage of the carbapenemases, ESBL and aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes -encoding genes was determined by PCR. Sequencing was carried out for carbapenemases and ESBL genes. RESULTS Most of the 92 isolates studied were recovered from hospitalized patients (93.5%) and were mainly from intensive care units (51.1%) and orthopedics (19.6%). The strains were collected primarily from low respiratory tract (33.7%), wounds (23.9%) and urine (16.3%). Multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains were prevalent (96.7%). High rates of resistance were observed for almost all antibiotics tested (>70%) excluding rifampicin (7.6%) and colistin (5.4%). For the five colistin-resistant strains, MICs ranged between 4 and 128 µg/mL. Positive MBL (83.7%) and ESBL (23.9%) strains were identified. Regarding β-lactams, the blaNDM and both blaSHV and blaCTX-M1 genes were detected in five and two strains respectively. Sequencing of the genes revealed the presence of blaNDM-1, blaCTX-M-15, and blaSHV-33. For aminoglycosides, aac(6')-Ib, ant(2'')-I and aph(3')-VI genes were detected in three, seven and six strains respectively. CONCLUSIONS Here, we report the first co-occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases SHV-33 and CTX-M-15, the carbapenemase NDM-1 and the emergence of colistin-resistant A. baumannii in Algerian hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Benamrouche
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Ourida Lafer
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Lahcen Benmahdi
- University Regional Military Hospital of Oran, Oran, Algeria.
| | - Akila Benslimani
- Central Laboratory, Specialized Hospital Establishment Maouche Mohand Amokrane, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Wahiba Amhis
- Central Laboratory, Public Hospital Establishment Ibn Ziri of Bologhine, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Houria Ammari
- Central Laboratory, University Hospital of Beni Messous, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Farida Assaous
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Amina Azzam
- Microbiology and Parasitology Laboratory, University Hospital of Tizi Ouzou, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria.
| | - Kheira Rahal
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - Hassiba Tali Maamar
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria.
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Aggoune N, Tali Maamar H, Assaous F, Guettou B, Laliam R, Benamrouche N, Zerouki A, Naim M, Rahal K. Wide spread of OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Algerian hospitals: A four years’ study. J Infect Dev Ctries 2018; 12:1039-1044. [DOI: 10.3855/jidc.9692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) in Algerian hospitals and to characterize the molecular types of carbapenemases found.
Methodology: During a four years study lasting between 2012 and 2015, 81 strains of Enterobacteriaceae with reduced susceptibility to carbapenems were collected from different hospitals. Carbapenemase genes were detected by PCR. Multi locus sequence typing was used to study genetic relationships between carbapenemase- producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates.
Results: Among 56 confirmed CPE, blaOXA-48 was detected in 98.21% of isolates. Two isolates co-expressed NDM, and a single one was only an NDM producer. The strains displayed various susceptibility patterns to antibiotics with variable levels of resistance to carbapenems. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed the presence of multiple sequence types in circulation.
Conclusions: This report highlights the wide distribution of several clones of OXA-48-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Algeria. Urgent action should be taken to avoid epidemic situations.
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Benamrouche N, Tali Maamar H, Chemli S, Senouci H, Rahal K. Immune responses to vaccine-preventable diseases among toddlers and preschool children after primary immunization and first booster in Northwestern Algiers, Algeria. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00664. [PMID: 29998194 PMCID: PMC6039293 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine immune responses to selected vaccine-preventable communicable diseases: pertussis, diphtheria and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in Algerian toddlers and preschool children after primary vaccination and first booster, recruited from three local healthcare facilities in Northwestern Algiers. METHODS The information of demographic characteristics and vaccination status were collected for each subject by questionnaire. Specific antibody levels and Hib antibody avidity were determined using commercial ELISA kits. RESULTS A total of eighty-one subjects aged between 19 and 55 months were studied. Almost all subjects were fully protected against diphtheria (76/81; 93.83%; 95% CI: 86.35-97.33) and invasive Hib disease (29/30; 96.67%; 95% CI: 83.33-99.41), while only 20/78 (25.64%; 95% CI: 17.26-36.31) had anti-PT (pertussis toxin) antibody levels above 25 IU/ml. A significant decrease of anti-PT antibody levels was observed until the age of 36 months (p = 0.02). GMTs (geometric mean titers) of anti-PT antibodies were low, but remain significantly higher in children ≤36 months of age (p = 0.02). Both GMT and rates of ≥0.15 μg/ml, ≥1 μg/ml, and ≥5 μg/ml titers were significantly higher in Hib-vaccinated subjects (p < 0.01). Relative Hib-avidity index (≥50%) and GMAI (geometric mean avidity index) were high in both Hib-vaccinated and -unvaccinated groups. CONCLUSIONS As shown in the present study, young children were fully protected against diphtheria and Hib, but showed low immunity to pertussis. Further sero-epidemiological studies including a large number of subjects with a wider range of age are needed to explore the immunity level in older children, adolescents and adults.
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Benamrouche N, Tali Maamar H, Lazri M, Hasnaoui S, Radoui A, Lafer O, Boukari R, Kaddache C, Arrada Z, Rahal K. Pertussis in north-central and northwestern regions of Algeria. J Infect Dev Ctries 2016; 10:1191-1199. [PMID: 27886031 DOI: 10.3855/jidc.7262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pertussis outbreaks continue to occur in many countries despite high vaccination coverage. Under-diagnosed cases in adolescents and adults may result in increased transmission to infants, who are at risk of severe pertussis. Additional measures to protect both groups should be considered. METHODOLOGY Nasopharyngeal samples and sera were collected from patients and household contacts with clinically suspected pertussis. Diagnoses were confirmed by culture, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serology. Bordetella pertussis isolates were characterized by antimicrobial sensitivity and fimbrial serotyping. RESULTS Of 392 participants, 134/248 patients (54%) and 66/144 contacts (45.8%) had confirmed pertussis infections. B. parapertussis was not detected. All B. pertussis isolates were sensitive to the antibiotics tested, and all expressed the Fim3, not the Fim2, fimbrial serotype. Most patients (81.2%) were <6 months (51.8% of whom were <3 months) of age; 77.6% were unvaccinated, and most positive contacts were mothers 20-40 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Despite high vaccination coverage, pertussis is circulating in Algeria. Most infections occur in unvaccinated infants <6 months of age, with mothers as the main source of infection. An adolescent/adult booster should be considered. Adoption of sensitive and specific laboratory tests would improve pertussis diagnosis and surveillance.
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Benamrouche N, Hasnaoui S, Badell E, Guettou B, Lazri M, Guiso N, Rahal K. Microbiological and molecular characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated in Algeria between 1992 and 2015. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016; 22:1005.e1-1005.e7. [PMID: 27585941 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to undertake the microbiological and molecular characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates collected in Algeria during epidemic and post-epidemic periods between 1992 and 2015. Microbiological characterization includes the determination of biotype and toxigenicity status using phenotypic and genotypic methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the E-test method. Molecular characterization was performed by multi-locus sequence typing. In total, there were 157 cases of C. diphtheriae isolates, 127 in patients with respiratory diphtheria and 30 with ozena. Isolates with a mitis biotype were predominant (122 out of 157; 77.7%) followed by belfanti (28 out of 157; 17.8%) and gravis biotype (seven out of 157; 4.5%). Toxigenic isolates were predominant in the period 1992-2006 (74 out of 134) whereas in the period 2007-2015, only non-toxigenic isolates circulated (23 out of 23). All 157 isolates were susceptible to erythromycin, gentamicin, vancomycin and cotrimoxazole. Reduced susceptibility to penicillin G, cefotaxime, tetracycline and chloramphenicol was detected in 90 (57.3%), 88 (56.1%), 112 (71.3%) and 90 (57.3%) isolates, respectively. Multi-locus sequence typing analysis indicates that sequence type 116 (ST-116) was the most frequent, with 65 out of 100 isolates analysed, in particular during the epidemic period 1992-1999 (57 out of 65 isolates). In the post-epidemic period, 2000-2015, 13 different sequence types were isolated. All belfanti isolates (ten out of 100 isolates) belonged to closely related sequence types grouped in a phylogenetically distinct eBurst group and were collected exclusively in ozena cases. In conclusion, the epidemic period was associated with ST-116 while the post-epidemic period was characterized by more diversity. Belfanti isolates are grouped in a phylogenetically distinct clonal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Benamrouche
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - S Hasnaoui
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Algiers, Algeria
| | - E Badell
- Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - B Guettou
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Algiers, Algeria
| | - M Lazri
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Algiers, Algeria
| | - N Guiso
- Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - K Rahal
- Medical Bacteriology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur, Algiers, Algeria
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Benamrouche N, Lazri M, Tali-Maamar H, Rahal K. Comparaison de la sensibilité aux antibiotiques de Corynebacterium diphtheriae par les méthodes de dilution en bouillon et de diffusion (E-test et disques). Med Mal Infect 2014; 44:392-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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