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Foltz L, Avabhrath N, Lanchy JM, Levy T, Possemato A, Ariss M, Peterson B, Grimes M. Craniofacial chondrogenesis in organoids from human stem cell-derived neural crest cells. iScience 2024; 27:109585. [PMID: 38623327 PMCID: PMC11016914 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of cell signaling pathways that drive human neural crest differentiation into craniofacial chondrocytes is incomplete, yet essential for using stem cells to regenerate craniomaxillofacial structures. To accelerate translational progress, we developed a differentiation protocol that generated self-organizing craniofacial cartilage organoids from human embryonic stem cell-derived neural crest stem cells. Histological staining of cartilage organoids revealed tissue architecture and staining typical of elastic cartilage. Protein and post-translational modification (PTM) mass spectrometry and snRNA-seq data showed that chondrocyte organoids expressed robust levels of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components: many collagens, aggrecan, perlecan, proteoglycans, and elastic fibers. We identified two populations of chondroprogenitor cells, mesenchyme cells and nascent chondrocytes, and the growth factors involved in paracrine signaling between them. We show that ECM components secreted by chondrocytes not only create a structurally resilient matrix that defines cartilage, but also play a pivotal autocrine cell signaling role in determining chondrocyte fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Foltz
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Nagashree Avabhrath
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Lanchy
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Tyler Levy
- Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | | | - Majd Ariss
- Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA 01923, USA
| | | | - Mark Grimes
- Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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Ahmad F, Avabhrath N, Natarajan S, Parikh J, Patole K, Das BR. Molecular evaluation of BRAF V600 mutation and its association with clinicopathological characteristics: First findings from Indian malignant melanoma patients. Cancer Genet 2019; 231-232:46-53. [PMID: 30803557 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the BRAF gene have been described to occur in two-third of melanomas. The objective of the study was to establish the frequency of BRAF V600E/K/R mutation in a series of melanomas from Indian origin and to correlate mutation status with clinicopathological features. Seventy melanoma cases were evaluated for BRAF V600 mutation by pyrosequencing. Overall, BRAF mutations were detected in 30% of the patients. All mutations observed were missense type (GTG > GAG) resulting in p.V600E, while none showed V600K/R mutation. The frequency of BRAF V600E mutations were more in patients with onset age of 50 years. BRAF mutations were significantly associated with tumor site wherein more mutations were seen in tumors from head and neck and extremities region. Acral and mucosal tumor subtype showed a mutation frequency of 31% and 20%, respectively. Epithelial cell morphology tends to harbor frequent BRAF V600E mutation (36%) than other morphological subtypes. Tumors with ulceration and necrosis showed increased BRAF mutation rate (32.5% and 33%) respectively. In conclusion, this is the first study to report a mutation frequency of 30% in this cohort. Our results demonstrated that the BRAF V600E mutation is a frequent event in Indian melanomas, and represents an important molecular target for novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoz Ahmad
- Research and Development, Division, SRL Ltd, Plot no.1, Prime Square building, S.V.Road, Goregaon (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Nagashree Avabhrath
- Research and Development, Division, SRL Ltd, Plot no.1, Prime Square building, S.V.Road, Goregaon (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Sripriya Natarajan
- Research and Development, Division, SRL Ltd, Plot no.1, Prime Square building, S.V.Road, Goregaon (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Jeenal Parikh
- Histopathology Division, Division, SRL Ltd, Plot no.1, Prime Square building, S.V.Road, Goregaon (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Kamlakar Patole
- Histopathology Division, Division, SRL Ltd, Plot no.1, Prime Square building, S.V.Road, Goregaon (W), Mumbai, India
| | - Bibhu Ranjan Das
- Research and Development, Division, SRL Ltd, Plot no.1, Prime Square building, S.V.Road, Goregaon (W), Mumbai, India.
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