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Hashem NM, Hosny NS, El-Desoky N, Soltan YA, Elolimy AA, Sallam SMA, Abu-Tor ESM. Alginate Nanoencapsulated Synbiotic Composite of Pomegranate Peel Phytogenics and Multi-Probiotic Species as a Potential Feed Additive: Physicochemical, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2432. [PMID: 37570241 PMCID: PMC10417444 DOI: 10.3390/ani13152432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A synbiotic composed of alginate nanoencapsulated prebiotic (pomegranate peel phytogenics) and multi-species probiotics (Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) has been developed as a potential eco-friendly alternative to antibiotics. The physicochemical properties of the encapsulated synbiotic were evaluated, and its gastric and storage tolerance, as well as its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, were tested and compared to that of the non-encapsulated synbiotic (free synbiotic). The results showed that the prebiotic pomegranate peel ethanolic extract contained seven phenolic compounds, with cinnamic being the most abundant (13.26 µL/mL). Sodium alginate-CaCl2 nanocapsules were effective in encapsulating 84.06 ± 1.5% of the prebiotic's phenolic compounds and 98.85 ± 0.57% of the probiotics. The particle size of the alginate-CaCl2 nanoencapsulated synbiotic was 544.5 nm, and the polydispersity index and zeta potential values were 0.593 and -12.3 mV, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the alginate-CaCl2 nanoencapsulated synbiotic had high thermal stability at high temperatures, with only 2.31% of its weight being lost within the temperature range of 70-100 °C. The count of viable probiotics in the nanoencapsulated synbiotic was significantly higher than that in the free synbiotic after exposure to gastric acidity and storage for six months at room temperature. The percent inhibition values of the nanoencapsulated synbiotic and ascorbic acid (as a standard antioxidant) were comparable and significantly greater than those of the free synbiotic. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of the nanoencapsulated synbiotic and ascorbic acid were significantly lower than those of the free synbiotic (3.96 ± 0.42 µg/mL and 4.08 ± 0.79 µg/mL for nanoencapsulated synbiotic and ascorbic acid, respectively, vs. 65.75 ± 2.14 µg/mL for free synbiotic). The nanoencapsulated synbiotic showed the highest significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739). Both the nanoencapsulated and free synbiotics showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), similar to that of gentamicin, although the nanoencapsulated synbiotic showed significantly higher inhibition activity compared to the free synbiotic. The nanoencapsulated synbiotic showed antimicrobial activity comparable to gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 90274), whereas the free synbiotic showed the least antimicrobial activity (p < 0.05). Both synbiotics showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhi (ATCC 6539) than gentamicin. Both synbiotics showed antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus, with a stronger effect observed for the nanoencapsulated synbiotic. However, the activity of both synbiotics was significantly lower than that of fluconazole (an antifungal drug).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrein M. Hashem
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt; (N.E.-D.); (Y.A.S.); (S.M.A.S.)
| | - Nourhan S. Hosny
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Nagwa El-Desoky
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt; (N.E.-D.); (Y.A.S.); (S.M.A.S.)
| | - Yosra A. Soltan
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt; (N.E.-D.); (Y.A.S.); (S.M.A.S.)
| | - Ahmed A. Elolimy
- Animal Production Department, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Sobhy M. A. Sallam
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt; (N.E.-D.); (Y.A.S.); (S.M.A.S.)
| | - El-Sayed M. Abu-Tor
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture (El-Shatby), Alexandria University, Alexandria 21545, Egypt;
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Soltan YA, Morsy AS, Hashem NM, Elazab MAI, Sultan MA, El-Nile A, Marey HN, El Lail GA, El-Desoky N, Hosny NS, Mahdy AM, Hafez EE, Sallam SMA. Potential of montmorillonite modified by an organosulfur surfactant for reducing aflatoxin B1 toxicity and ruminal methanogenesis in vitro. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:387. [PMID: 36329452 PMCID: PMC9632135 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03476-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Montmorillonite clay modified by organosulfur surfactants possesses high cation exchange capacity (CEC) and adsorption capacity than their unmodified form (UM), therefore they may elevate the adverse impact of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on ruminal fermentation and methanogenesis. Chemical and mechanical modifications were used to innovate the organically modified nano montmorillonite (MNM). The UM was modified using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and grounded to obtain the nanoscale particle size form. The dose-response effects of the MNM supplementation to a basal diet contaminated or not with AFB1 (20 ppb) were evaluated in vitro using the gas production (GP) system. The following treatments were tested: control (basal diet without supplementations), UM diet [UM supplemented at 5000 mg /kg dry matter (DM)], and MNM diets at low (500 mg/ kg DM) and high doses (1000 mg/ kg DM). Results Results of the Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy analysis showed shifts of bands of the OH-group occurred from lower frequencies to higher frequencies in MNM, also an extra band at the lower frequency range only appeared in MNM compared to UM. Increasing the dose of the MNM resulted in linear and quadratic decreasing effects (P < 0.05) on GP and pH values. Diets supplemented with the low dose of MNM either with or without AFB1 supplementation resulted in lower (P = 0.015) methane (CH4) production, ruminal pH (P = 0.002), and ammonia concentration (P = 0.002) compared to the control with AFB1. Neither the treatments nor the AFB1 addition affected the organic matter or natural detergent fiber degradability. Contamination of AFB1 reduced (P = 0.032) CH4 production, while increased (P < 0.05) the ruminal pH and ammonia concentrations. Quadratic increases (P = 0.012) in total short-chain fatty acids and propionate by MNM supplementations were observed. Conclusion These results highlighted the positive effects of MNM on reducing the adverse effects of AFB1 contaminated diets with a recommended dose of 500 mg/ kg DM under the conditions of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosra A Soltan
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Amr S Morsy
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nesrein M Hashem
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A I Elazab
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Sultan
- Economic and Agribusiness Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amr El-Nile
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Haneen N Marey
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Gomaa Abo El Lail
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nagwa El-Desoky
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Nourhan S Hosny
- Livestock Research Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Mahdy
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Elsayed E Hafez
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sobhy M A Sallam
- Animal and Fish Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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