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Rosenson RS, Burgess LJ, Ebenbichler CF, Baum SJ, Stroes ESG, Ali S, Khilla N, Hamlin R, Pordy R, Dong Y, Son V, Gaudet D. Evinacumab in Patients with Refractory Hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:2307-2319. [PMID: 33196153 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2031049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with refractory hypercholesterolemia, who have high low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels despite treatment with lipid-lowering therapies at maximum tolerated doses, have an increased risk of atherosclerosis. In such patients, the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous and intravenous evinacumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody against angiopoietin-like 3, are not known. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial, we enrolled patients with or without heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia who had refractory hypercholesterolemia, with a screening LDL cholesterol level of 70 mg per deciliter or higher with atherosclerosis or of 100 mg per deciliter or higher without atherosclerosis. Patients were randomly assigned to receive subcutaneous or intravenous evinacumab or placebo. The primary end point was the percent change from baseline in the LDL cholesterol level at week 16 with evinacumab as compared with placebo. RESULTS In total, 272 patients were randomly assigned to the following groups: subcutaneous evinacumab at a dose of 450 mg weekly (40 patients), 300 mg weekly (43 patients), or 300 mg every 2 weeks (39 patients) or placebo (41 patients); or intravenous evinacumab at a dose of 15 mg per kilogram of body weight every 4 weeks (39 patients) or 5 mg per kilogram every 4 weeks (36 patients) or placebo (34 patients). At week 16, the differences in the least-squares mean change from baseline in the LDL cholesterol level between the groups assigned to receive subcutaneous evinacumab at a dose of 450 mg weekly, 300 mg weekly, and 300 mg every 2 weeks and the placebo group were -56.0, -52.9, and -38.5 percentage points, respectively (P<0.001 for all comparisons). The differences between the groups assigned to receive intravenous evinacumab at a dose of 15 mg per kilogram and 5 mg per kilogram and the placebo group were -50.5 percentage points (P<0.001) and -24.2 percentage points, respectively. The incidence of serious adverse events during the treatment period ranged from 3 to 16% across trial groups. CONCLUSIONS In patients with refractory hypercholesterolemia, the use of evinacumab significantly reduced the LDL cholesterol level, by more than 50% at the maximum dose. (Funded by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03175367.).
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3
- Angiopoietin-like Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Anticholesteremic Agents/administration & dosage
- Anticholesteremic Agents/adverse effects
- Anticholesteremic Agents/therapeutic use
- Cholesterol, LDL/blood
- Double-Blind Method
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Resistance
- Female
- Humans
- Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II/drug therapy
- Infusions, Intravenous
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Male
- Middle Aged
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Rosenson
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
| | - Lesley J Burgess
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
| | - Christoph F Ebenbichler
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
| | - Seth J Baum
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
| | - Shazia Ali
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
| | - Nagwa Khilla
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
| | - Robert Hamlin
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
| | - Robert Pordy
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
| | - Yuping Dong
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
| | - Vladimir Son
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- From the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., N.K., R.H., R.P., Y.D., V.S.) - both in New York; TREAD Research, Cardiology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Tygerberg Hospital, Parow, South Africa (L.J.B.); the Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria (C.F.E.); Excel Medical Clinical Trials, Department of Integrated Medical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton (S.J.B.); the Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam (E.S.G.S.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Montreal, and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC - both in Canada (D.G.)
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6
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Raal FJ, Rosenson RS, Reeskamp LF, Hovingh GK, Kastelein JJP, Rubba P, Ali S, Banerjee P, Chan KC, Gipe DA, Khilla N, Pordy R, Weinreich DM, Yancopoulos GD, Zhang Y, Gaudet D. Evinacumab for Homozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:711-720. [PMID: 32813947 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2004215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia is characterized by premature cardiovascular disease caused by markedly elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. This disorder is associated with genetic variants that result in virtually absent (null-null) or impaired (non-null) LDL-receptor activity. Loss-of-function variants in the gene encoding angiopoietin-like 3 (ANGPTL3) are associated with hypolipidemia and protection against atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Evinacumab, a monoclonal antibody against ANGPTL3, has shown potential benefit in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. METHODS In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, we randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio 65 patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia who were receiving stable lipid-lowering therapy to receive an intravenous infusion of evinacumab (at a dose of 15 mg per kilogram of body weight) every 4 weeks or placebo. The primary outcome was the percent change from baseline in the LDL cholesterol level at week 24. RESULTS The mean baseline LDL cholesterol level in the two groups was 255.1 mg per deciliter, despite the receipt of maximum doses of background lipid-lowering therapy. At week 24, patients in the evinacumab group had a relative reduction from baseline in the LDL cholesterol level of 47.1%, as compared with an increase of 1.9% in the placebo group, for a between-group least-squares mean difference of -49.0 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI], -65.0 to -33.1; P<0.001); the between-group least-squares mean absolute difference in the LDL cholesterol level was -132.1 mg per deciliter (95% CI, -175.3 to -88.9; P<0.001). The LDL cholesterol level was lower in the evinacumab group than in the placebo group in patients with null-null variants (-43.4% vs. +16.2%) and in those with non-null variants (-49.1% vs. -3.8%). Adverse events were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia receiving maximum doses of lipid-lowering therapy, the reduction from baseline in the LDL cholesterol level in the evinacumab group, as compared with the small increase in the placebo group, resulted in a between-group difference of 49.0 percentage points at 24 weeks. (Funded by Regeneron Pharmaceuticals; ELIPSE HoFH ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03399786.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick J Raal
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - Laurens F Reeskamp
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - John J P Kastelein
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - Paolo Rubba
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - Shazia Ali
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - Poulabi Banerjee
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - Kuo-Chen Chan
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - Daniel A Gipe
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - Nagwa Khilla
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - Robert Pordy
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - David M Weinreich
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - George D Yancopoulos
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - Yi Zhang
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
| | - Daniel Gaudet
- From the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (F.J.R.); the Cardiometabolics Unit, Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R. Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York (R.S.R.), and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown (S.A., P.B, K.-C.C., D.A.G., N.K., R.P., D.M.W. G.D.Y., Y.Z.) - both in New York; the Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam (L.F.R., G.K.H., J.J.P.K.); the Department of Internal Medicine and Surgery, Federico II University, Naples, Italy (P.R.); and the Clinical Lipidology and Rare Lipid Disorders Unit, Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal Community Gene Medicine Center, Lipid Clinic Chicoutimi Hospital and ECOGENE-21 Clinical and Translational Research Center, Chicoutimi, QC, Canada (D.G.)
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