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Joshi PK, Esko T, Mattsson H, Eklund N, Gandin I, Nutile T, Jackson AU, Schurmann C, Smith AV, Zhang W, Okada Y, Stančáková A, Faul JD, Zhao W, Bartz TM, Concas MP, Franceschini N, Enroth S, Vitart V, Trompet S, Guo X, Chasman DI, O'Connel JR, Corre T, Nongmaithem SS, Chen Y, Mangino M, Ruggiero D, Traglia M, Farmaki AE, Kacprowski T, Bjonnes A, van der Spek A, Wu Y, Giri AK, Yanek LR, Wang L, Hofer E, Rietveld CA, McLeod O, Cornelis MC, Pattaro C, Verweij N, Baumbach C, Abdellaoui A, Warren HR, Vuckovic D, Mei H, Bouchard C, Perry JRB, Cappellani S, Mirza SS, Benton MC, Broeckel U, Medland SE, Lind PA, Malerba G, Drong A, Yengo L, Bielak LF, Zhi D, van der Most PJ, Shriner D, Mägi R, Hemani G, Karaderi T, Wang Z, Liu T, Demuth I, Zhao JH, Meng W, Lataniotis L, van der Laan SW, Bradfield JP, Wood AR, Bonnefond A, Ahluwalia TS, Hall LM, Salvi E, Yazar S, Carstensen L, de Haan HG, Abney M, Afzal U, Allison MA, Amin N, Asselbergs FW, Bakker SJL, Barr RG, Baumeister SE, Benjamin DJ, Bergmann S, Boerwinkle E, Bottinger EP, Campbell A, Chakravarti A, Chan Y, Chanock SJ, Chen C, Chen YDI, Collins FS, Connell J, Correa A, Cupples LA, Smith GD, Davies G, Dörr M, Ehret G, Ellis SB, Feenstra B, Feitosa MF, Ford I, Fox CS, Frayling TM, Friedrich N, Geller F, Scotland G, Gillham-Nasenya I, Gottesman O, Graff M, Grodstein F, Gu C, Haley C, Hammond CJ, Harris SE, Harris TB, Hastie ND, Heard-Costa NL, Heikkilä K, Hocking LJ, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Huang J, Huffman JE, Hysi PG, Ikram MA, Ingelsson E, Joensuu A, Johansson Å, Jousilahti P, Jukema JW, Kähönen M, Kamatani Y, Kanoni S, Kerr SM, Khan NM, Koellinger P, Koistinen HA, Kooner MK, Kubo M, Kuusisto J, Lahti J, Launer LJ, Lea RA, Lehne B, Lehtimäki T, Liewald DCM, Lind L, Loh M, Lokki ML, London SJ, Loomis SJ, Loukola A, Lu Y, Lumley T, Lundqvist A, Männistö S, Marques-Vidal P, Masciullo C, Matchan A, Mathias RA, Matsuda K, Meigs JB, Meisinger C, Meitinger T, Menni C, Mentch FD, Mihailov E, Milani L, Montasser ME, Montgomery GW, Morrison A, Myers RH, Nadukuru R, Navarro P, Nelis M, Nieminen MS, Nolte IM, O'Connor GT, Ogunniyi A, Padmanabhan S, Palmas WR, Pankow JS, Patarcic I, Pavani F, Peyser PA, Pietilainen K, Poulter N, Prokopenko I, Ralhan S, Redmond P, Rich SS, Rissanen H, Robino A, Rose LM, Rose R, Sala C, Salako B, Salomaa V, Sarin AP, Saxena R, Schmidt H, Scott LJ, Scott WR, Sennblad B, Seshadri S, Sever P, Shrestha S, Smith BH, Smith JA, Soranzo N, Sotoodehnia N, Southam L, Stanton AV, Stathopoulou MG, Strauch K, Strawbridge RJ, Suderman MJ, Tandon N, Tang ST, Taylor KD, Tayo BO, Töglhofer AM, Tomaszewski M, Tšernikova N, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, Vaidya D, van Hylckama Vlieg A, van Setten J, Vasankari T, Vedantam S, Vlachopoulou E, Vozzi D, Vuoksimaa E, Waldenberger M, Ware EB, Wentworth-Shields W, Whitfield JB, Wild S, Willemsen G, Yajnik CS, Yao J, Zaza G, Zhu X, Project TBJ, Salem RM, Melbye M, Bisgaard H, Samani NJ, Cusi D, Mackey DA, Cooper RS, Froguel P, Pasterkamp G, Grant SFA, Hakonarson H, Ferrucci L, Scott RA, Morris AD, Palmer CNA, Dedoussis G, Deloukas P, Bertram L, Lindenberger U, Berndt SI, Lindgren CM, Timpson NJ, Tönjes A, Munroe PB, Sørensen TIA, Rotimi CN, Arnett DK, Oldehinkel AJ, Kardia SLR, Balkau B, Gambaro G, Morris AP, Eriksson JG, Wright MJ, Martin NG, Hunt SC, Starr JM, Deary IJ, Griffiths LR, Tiemeier H, Pirastu N, Kaprio J, Wareham NJ, Pérusse L, Wilson JG, Girotto G, Caulfield MJ, Raitakari O, Boomsma DI, Gieger C, van der Harst P, Hicks AA, Kraft P, Sinisalo J, Knekt P, Johannesson M, Magnusson PKE, Hamsten A, Schmidt R, Borecki IB, Vartiainen E, Becker DM, Bharadwaj D, Mohlke KL, Boehnke M, van Duijn CM, Sanghera DK, Teumer A, Zeggini E, Metspalu A, Gasparini P, Ulivi S, Ober C, Toniolo D, Rudan I, Porteous DJ, Ciullo M, Spector TD, Hayward C, Dupuis J, Loos RJF, Wright AF, Chandak GR, Vollenweider P, Shuldiner A, Ridker PM, Rotter JI, Sattar N, Gyllensten U, North KE, Pirastu M, Psaty BM, Weir DR, Laakso M, Gudnason V, Takahashi A, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Strachan DP, Campbell H, Hirschhorn JN, Perola M, Polašek O, Wilson JF. Directional dominance on stature and cognition in diverse human populations. Nature 2015; 523:459-462. [PMID: 26131930 PMCID: PMC4516141 DOI: 10.1038/nature14618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Homozygosity has long been associated with rare, often devastating, Mendelian disorders, and Darwin was one of the first to recognize that inbreeding reduces evolutionary fitness. However, the effect of the more distant parental relatedness that is common in modern human populations is less well understood. Genomic data now allow us to investigate the effects of homozygosity on traits of public health importance by observing contiguous homozygous segments (runs of homozygosity), which are inferred to be homozygous along their complete length. Given the low levels of genome-wide homozygosity prevalent in most human populations, information is required on very large numbers of people to provide sufficient power. Here we use runs of homozygosity to study 16 health-related quantitative traits in 354,224 individuals from 102 cohorts, and find statistically significant associations between summed runs of homozygosity and four complex traits: height, forced expiratory lung volume in one second, general cognitive ability and educational attainment (P < 1 × 10(-300), 2.1 × 10(-6), 2.5 × 10(-10) and 1.8 × 10(-10), respectively). In each case, increased homozygosity was associated with decreased trait value, equivalent to the offspring of first cousins being 1.2 cm shorter and having 10 months' less education. Similar effect sizes were found across four continental groups and populations with different degrees of genome-wide homozygosity, providing evidence that homozygosity, rather than confounding, directly contributes to phenotypic variance. Contrary to earlier reports in substantially smaller samples, no evidence was seen of an influence of genome-wide homozygosity on blood pressure and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or ten other cardio-metabolic traits. Since directional dominance is predicted for traits under directional evolutionary selection, this study provides evidence that increased stature and cognitive function have been positively selected in human evolution, whereas many important risk factors for late-onset complex diseases may not have been.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter K Joshi
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Tonu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Hannele Mattsson
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Niina Eklund
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
| | - Ilaria Gandin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Teresa Nutile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Anne U Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Claudia Schurmann
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyoku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Alena Stančáková
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Traci M Bartz
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Biostatistics and Medicine, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 - Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, 27599-8050, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Stefan Enroth
- Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stella Trompet
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center , PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Xiuqing Guo
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jeffery R O'Connel
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - batiment génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Suraj S Nongmaithem
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Yuning Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre , Guy's and St. Thomas' Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Daniela Ruggiero
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Michela Traglia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece
| | - Tim Kacprowski
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Andrew Bjonnes
- Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA
| | - Ashley van der Spek
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Anil K Giri
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Lisa R Yanek
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA
| | - Edith Hofer
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz2, Graz, A-8036, Austria
| | - Cornelius A Rietveld
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| | - Olga McLeod
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Marilyn C Cornelis
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, 181 Longwood, Boston, 02115, USA
- Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Cristian Pattaro
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Niek Verweij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens Baumbach
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Helen R Warren
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Hao Mei
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - Claude Bouchard
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stefania Cappellani
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Saira S Mirza
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Miles C Benton
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd, Milwaukee, 53226, WI, USA
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Quantitative Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Giovanni Malerba
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e della Riproduzione, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Alexander Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Loic Yengo
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Lawrence F Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Degui Zhi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA
| | - Peter J van der Most
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Shriner
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Tugce Karaderi
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Zhaoming Wang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick,MD, USA
| | - Tian Liu
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Ilja Demuth
- Charité Research Group on Geriatrics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Reinickendorferstr. 61, 13347, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin, 13353, Germany
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Weihua Meng
- Division of Population Health Sciences, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD2 4BF, Scotland
| | - Lazaros Lataniotis
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Sander W van der Laan
- Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrew R Wood
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Amelie Bonnefond
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Leanne M Hall
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Erika Salvi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Lisbeth Carstensen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
| | - Hugoline G de Haan
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Abney
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Matthew A Allison
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Department of Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - R Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - Sebastian E Baumeister
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Daniel J Benjamin
- Department of Economics, Cornell University, 480 Uris Hall, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Economics and Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, 314C Dauterive Hall, 635 Downey Way, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 27, Lausanne, 1005, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Quartier Sorge - batiment génopode, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Erwin P Bottinger
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Archie Campbell
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Aravinda Chakravarti
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Yingleong Chan
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA
| | - Constance Chen
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Y-D Ida Chen
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Francis S Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - John Connell
- College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, College Office, Level 10, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - L Adrienne Cupples
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marcus Dörr
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Georg Ehret
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
- Cardiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 4, Genève 14, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Stephen B Ellis
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA
| | - Ian Ford
- Robertson Centre, University of Glasgow, Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland
| | - Caroline S Fox
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School , 75 Francis St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Nele Friedrich
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str. NK, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
| | - Generation Scotland
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Irina Gillham-Nasenya
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Omri Gottesman
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Misa Graff
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, 401 Park Drive, Boston, 02215, USA
| | - Charles Gu
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University, 660 S Euclid, St Louis, 63110, MO, USA
| | - Chris Haley
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, Scotland
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sarah E Harris
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Tamara B Harris
- National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nicholas D Hastie
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nancy L Heard-Costa
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Kauko Heikkilä
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Lynne J Hocking
- Musculoskeletal Research Programme, Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15A, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jinyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 197 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Jennifer E Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anni Joensuu
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75237, Sweden
| | - Pekka Jousilahti
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - J Wouter Jukema
- Department of Cardiology C5-P , Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, P.O. Box 2000, Tampere, 33521, Finland
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Stavroula Kanoni
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Shona M Kerr
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nazir M Khan
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Philipp Koellinger
- Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, Rotterdam, 3000 DR, The Netherlands
| | - Heikki A Koistinen
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Tukholmankatu 8, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
| | - Manraj K Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Michiaki Kubo
- Laboratory for Genotyping Development RCfIMS, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Jari Lahti
- Institute of Behavioural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 9, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, Helsinki, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lenore J Launer
- National Institutes on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rodney A Lea
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and School of Medicine University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - David C M Liewald
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, University Hospital, Uppsala, 75185, Sweden
| | - Marie Loh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Stephanie J London
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie J Loomis
- Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 243 Charles St, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Anu Loukola
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Yingchang Lu
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Thomas Lumley
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, 303.325 Science Centre, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Annamari Lundqvist
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Satu Männistö
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Pedro Marques-Vidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Corrado Masciullo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Angela Matchan
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224, USA
| | - Koichi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - James B Meigs
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , 50 Staniford St, Boston, 02114, MA, USA
| | - Christa Meisinger
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764 Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, München, 81675, Germany
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Frank D Mentch
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - May E Montasser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Molecular Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Alanna Morrison
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1200 Pressler St., Suite 453E, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Richard H Myers
- Genome Science Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E-304, Boston, 2118, MA, USA
| | - Rajiv Nadukuru
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Pau Navarro
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mari Nelis
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Markku S Nieminen
- HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - George T O'Connor
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Pulmonary Center and Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Walter R Palmas
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 622 W. 168th Street, New York, 10032, NY, USA
| | - James S Pankow
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health , University of Minnesota , 1300 S 2nd Street, Minneapolis, 55454, USA
| | - Inga Patarcic
- Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Francesca Pavani
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Patricia A Peyser
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kirsi Pietilainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O.Box 340, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, Haartmaninkatu 8, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neil Poulter
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sarju Ralhan
- Department of Cardiology and Cardio thoracic Surgery Hero DMC Heart Institute, Civil Lines, 141001, Ludhiana, India
| | - Paul Redmond
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Department Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia School of Medicine, 3232 West Complex, Charlottesville, 22908, USA
| | - Harri Rissanen
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Richard Rose
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1101 E. 10th St., Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | | | - Veikko Salomaa
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Antti-Pekka Sarin
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetic Research , 55 Fruit Street, Massachusetts General Hospital, 2114, USA
| | - Helena Schmidt
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Laura J Scott
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - William R Scott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
| | - Bengt Sennblad
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 E Concord St, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
| | - Peter Sever
- International Centre for Circulatory Health, Imperial College London, London, W2 1LA, UK
| | - Smeeta Shrestha
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Blair H Smith
- University of Dundee, Kirsty Semple Way, Dundee, DD2 4DB, UK
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - Lorraine Southam
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Alice V Stanton
- Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Maria G Stathopoulou
- UMR INSERM U1122; IGE-PCV "Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire", INSERM, University of Lorraine, 30 Rue Lionnois, Nancy, 54000, France
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Chair of Genetic Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Matthew J Suderman
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Nikhil Tandon
- Department of Endocrinology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar East, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sian-Tsun Tang
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Kent D Taylor
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Bamidele O Tayo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA
| | - Anna Maria Töglhofer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University Graz, Harrachgasse 21, Graz, A-8010, Austria
| | - Maciej Tomaszewski
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Natalia Tšernikova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Prevention Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Vascular Prevention, Danube-University Krems, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Diabetes Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Dhananjay Vaidya
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Astrid van Hylckama Vlieg
- Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, Leiden, 2300RC, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica van Setten
- Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Tuula Vasankari
- Finnish Lung Health Association, Sibeliuksenkatu 11 A 1, Helsinki, FI-00250, Finland
| | - Sailaja Vedantam
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Efthymia Vlachopoulou
- Transplantation laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 21, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Diego Vozzi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Erin B Ware
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - John B Whitfield
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Sarah Wild
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Jie Yao
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Gianluigi Zaza
- Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Piazzale A. Stefani 1, Verona, 37124, Italy
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - The BioBank Japan Project
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Rany M Salem
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, Copenhagen, 2300, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Danish Pediatric Asthma Center, Gentofte Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, BHF Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
- NIHR Leicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Groby Road, Leicester, LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Daniele Cusi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun St, Perth, 6009, Australia
| | - Richard S Cooper
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, USA
| | - Philippe Froguel
- CNRS UMR 8199, European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille 2 University, 1 Rue du Professeur Calmette, 59000, Lille, France
- Department of Genomics of Common Disease, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Gerard Pasterkamp
- Experimental Cardiology, Division Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, 3584 CX, The Netherlands
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National institute on Aging, Baltimore, 21225, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert A Scott
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew D Morris
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Medical Research Insitute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland
| | - Colin N A Palmer
- Centre for Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Research Institute, University of Dundee, Ninewells hospital and School of Medicine, Dundee, DD1 9SY, Scotland
| | - George Dedoussis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, 70, El. Venizelou Ave, Athens, 17671, Greece
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lars Bertram
- Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr. 72, Berlin, 14195, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Charing Cross Campus - St Dunstan's Road, London, W6 8RP, UK
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Sonja I Berndt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 9609 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, 20850, MD, USA
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Thorkild I A Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Centre for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital , The Capital Region, Copenhagen, 2000, Denmark
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A/Room 4047, 12 South Dr., Bethesda, 20892, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna K Arnett
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Blvd, Birmingham, 35294, AL, USA
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, P.O. box 30.001, Groningen, 9700 RB, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, 48109, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Beverley Balkau
- Epidemiology of diabetes, obesity and chronic kidney disease over the lifecourse, Inserm, CESP Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health U1018, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, Villejuif, 94807, France
| | - Giovanni Gambaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Via G. Moscati 31/34, Roma, 00168, Italy
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Daulby Stree, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Vasa Central Hospital, Sandviksgatan 2-4, Vasa, 65130, Finland
- Folkhälsan Reasearch Centre, PB 63, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, Helsinki, FI-00290, Finland
| | - Margie J Wright
- Neuro-Imaging Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Steven C Hunt
- Cardiovascular Genetics Division, University of Utah, 420 Chipeta Way, Room 1160, Salt Lake City, 84117, Utah, USA
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Alzheimer Scotland Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Psychology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Lyn R Griffiths
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Kelvin Grove, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Qld 4001, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Pirastu
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 20, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, P.O.Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
- National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), P.O.Box 30, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Louis Pérusse
- Department of kinesiology, Laval University, 2300 rue de la Terrasse, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - James G Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State St., Jackson, 39216, MS, USA
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447 - Osp. di Cattinara, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
- NIHR Barts Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland
- Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular medicine, University of Turku, Turku, 20521, Finland
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Pim van der Harst
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Cardiology, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
- Durrer Center for Cardiogenetic Research, ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Catharijnesingel 52, Utrecht, 3501 DG, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Genetics, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen, 9700RB, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Center for Biomedicine, European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC), Bolzano, Italy - Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, 665 Huntington Ave, Boston, 02115, USA
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- HUCH Heart and Lung center, Helsinki University Central Hospital, P.O. Box 340, Helsinki, FI-00029, Finland
| | - Paul Knekt
- Department of Health, Functional Capacity and Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Magnus Johannesson
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics, Box 6501, Stockholm, SE-113 83, Sweden
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Box 281, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:03, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Stockholm, 171 76, Sweden
| | - Reinhold Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Division of Neurogeriatrics, Medical University Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 22, Graz, A-8036, Austria
| | - Ingrid B Borecki
- Department of Genetics and Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, 4444 Forest Park Boulevard, Saint Louis, 63108, MO, USA
| | - Erkki Vartiainen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Helsinki, FI-00271, Finland
| | - Diane M Becker
- The GeneSTAR Research Program, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21287, Maryland, USA
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205, Maryland, USA
| | - Dwaipayan Bharadwaj
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine, CSIR-Institute of Genomics & Integrative Biology, Mathura Road, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Karen L Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands
| | - Dharambir K Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 940 Stanton Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, 73104, OK , USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Oklahoma Health Sceienecs Center, Oklahoma City , 73104, USA
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, W.-Rathenau-Str. 48, Greifswald, 17475, Germany
| | - Eleftheria Zeggini
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Riia 23, Tartu, 51010 Estonia
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", via dell'Istria 65, Trieste, 34137, Italy
| | - Carole Ober
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, 920 E. 58th Street, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milano, 20132, Italy
| | - Igor Rudan
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - Marina Ciullo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso" CNR, via Pietro Castellino, 111, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing, Block D, 3rd Floor, Westminster Bridge Road, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, 801 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, 02118, MA, USA
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, 73 Mt. Wayte Ave, Framingham, 01702, MA, USA
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
- The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, 10029, USA
| | - Alan F Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Giriraj R Chandak
- Genomic Research on Complex Diseases (GRC) Group, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habshiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500007, India
- Genome Institute of Singapore, 60 Biopolis Street, #02-01 Genome, Singapore, 138672, Singapore
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Route du Bugnon 44, Lausanne, 1011, Switzerland
| | - Alan Shuldiner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition and Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
- Program for Personalised and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 Baltimore St. MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, 685 W Baltimore MSTF, Baltimore, 21201, USA
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue, East, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences , Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, 1124 W. Carson Street, Torrance, 90502, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, 90502, USA
| | - Naveed Sattar
- BHF centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- Immunology, Genetics & Pathology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 815, Uppsala, SE-751 08, Sweden
| | - Kari E North
- Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 137 E Franklin St., Suite 306, USA
- Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 137 E. Franklin St., Suite 306, Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Trav. La Crucca n. 3 - Reg. Baldinca, Sassari, 07100, Italy
| | - Bruce M Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Ave, Suite 1360, Seattle, 98101, WA, USA
| | - David R Weir
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, 48104, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, 70210, Finland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Holtasmari 1, 201, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, 101, Iceland
| | - Atsushi Takahashi
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - John C Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - Jaspal S Kooner
- Department of Cardiology, Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Uxbridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3HW, UK
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Imperial College London, Praed Street, London, W2 1NY, UK
| | - David P Strachan
- Population Health Research Institute, St George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Harry Campbell
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Cambridge, 02141, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge Center 7, Cambridge, 02242, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, 02115, MA, USA
| | - Markus Perola
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Riia 23b, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
- Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 104, Helsinki, FI-00251, Finland
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
- Centre for Global Health and Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Split, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - James F Wilson
- Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, Scotland
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, EH4 2XU, Edinburgh, UK
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Perry JRB, Day F, Elks CE, Sulem P, Thompson DJ, Ferreira T, He C, Chasman DI, Esko T, Thorleifsson G, Albrecht E, Ang WQ, Corre T, Cousminer DL, Feenstra B, Franceschini N, Ganna A, Johnson AD, Kjellqvist S, Lunetta KL, McMahon G, Nolte IM, Paternoster L, Porcu E, Smith AV, Stolk L, Teumer A, Tšernikova N, Tikkanen E, Ulivi S, Wagner EK, Amin N, Bierut LJ, Byrne EM, Hottenga JJ, Koller DL, Mangino M, Pers TH, Yerges-Armstrong LM, Zhao JH, Andrulis IL, Anton-Culver H, Atsma F, Bandinelli S, Beckmann MW, Benitez J, Blomqvist C, Bojesen SE, Bolla MK, Bonanni B, Brauch H, Brenner H, Buring JE, Chang-Claude J, Chanock S, Chen J, Chenevix-Trench G, Collée JM, Couch FJ, Couper D, Coveillo AD, Cox A, Czene K, D’adamo AP, Smith GD, De Vivo I, Demerath EW, Dennis J, Devilee P, Dieffenbach AK, Dunning AM, Eiriksdottir G, Eriksson JG, Fasching PA, Ferrucci L, Flesch-Janys D, Flyger H, Foroud T, Franke L, Garcia ME, García-Closas M, Geller F, de Geus EEJ, Giles GG, Gudbjartsson DF, Gudnason V, Guénel P, Guo S, Hall P, Hamann U, Haring R, Hartman CA, Heath AC, Hofman A, Hooning MJ, Hopper JL, Hu FB, Hunter DJ, Karasik D, Kiel DP, Knight JA, Kosma VM, Kutalik Z, Lai S, Lambrechts D, Lindblom A, Mägi R, Magnusson PK, Mannermaa A, Martin NG, Masson G, McArdle PF, McArdle WL, Melbye M, Michailidou K, Mihailov E, Milani L, Milne RL, Nevanlinna H, Neven P, Nohr EA, Oldehinkel AJ, Oostra BA, Palotie A, Peacock M, Pedersen NL, Peterlongo P, Peto J, Pharoah PDP, Postma DS, Pouta A, Pylkäs K, Radice P, Ring S, Rivadeneira F, Robino A, Rose LM, Rudolph A, Salomaa V, Sanna S, Schlessinger D, Schmidt MK, Southey MC, Sovio U, Stampfer MJ, Stöckl D, Storniolo AM, Timpson NJ, Tyrer J, Visser JA, Vollenweider P, Völzke H, Waeber G, Waldenberger M, Wallaschofski H, Wang Q, Willemsen G, Winqvist R, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Wright MJ, Boomsma DI, Econs MJ, Khaw KT, Loos RJF, McCarthy MI, Montgomery GW, Rice JP, Streeten EA, Thorsteinsdottir U, van Duijn CM, Alizadeh BZ, Bergmann S, Boerwinkle E, Boyd HA, Crisponi L, Gasparini P, Gieger C, Harris TB, Ingelsson E, Järvelin MR, Kraft P, Lawlor D, Metspalu A, Pennell CE, Ridker PM, Snieder H, Sørensen TIA, Spector TD, Strachan DP, Uitterlinden AG, Wareham NJ, Widen E, Zygmunt M, Murray A, Easton DF, Stefansson K, Murabito JM, Ong KK. Parent-of-origin-specific allelic associations among 106 genomic loci for age at menarche. Nature 2014; 514:92-97. [PMID: 25231870 PMCID: PMC4185210 DOI: 10.1038/nature13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Age at menarche is a marker of timing of puberty in females. It varies widely between individuals, is a heritable trait and is associated with risks for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, breast cancer and all-cause mortality. Studies of rare human disorders of puberty and animal models point to a complex hypothalamic-pituitary-hormonal regulation, but the mechanisms that determine pubertal timing and underlie its links to disease risk remain unclear. Here, using genome-wide and custom-genotyping arrays in up to 182,416 women of European descent from 57 studies, we found robust evidence (P < 5 × 10(-8)) for 123 signals at 106 genomic loci associated with age at menarche. Many loci were associated with other pubertal traits in both sexes, and there was substantial overlap with genes implicated in body mass index and various diseases, including rare disorders of puberty. Menarche signals were enriched in imprinted regions, with three loci (DLK1-WDR25, MKRN3-MAGEL2 and KCNK9) demonstrating parent-of-origin-specific associations concordant with known parental expression patterns. Pathway analyses implicated nuclear hormone receptors, particularly retinoic acid and γ-aminobutyric acid-B2 receptor signalling, among novel mechanisms that regulate pubertal timing in humans. Our findings suggest a genetic architecture involving at least hundreds of common variants in the coordinated timing of the pubertal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- John RB Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK EX1 2LU
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Felix Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Cathy E Elks
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Deborah J Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chunyan He
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Daniel I Chasman
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Eva Albrecht
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wei Q Ang
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia
| | - Tanguy Corre
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diana L Cousminer
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nora Franceschini
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrea Ganna
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Andrew D Johnson
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
| | - Sanela Kjellqvist
- Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kathryn L Lunetta
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics. Boston, MA
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Ilja M Nolte
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eleonora Porcu
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
- University of Sassari, Dept. Of Biomedical Sciences, Sassari, Italy
| | - Albert V Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Lisette Stolk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Teumer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Natalia Tšernikova
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Emmi Tikkanen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sheila Ulivi
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
| | - Erin K Wagner
- Department of Epidemiology, Indiana University Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Najaf Amin
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura J Bierut
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Enda M Byrne
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, St.Lucia, QLD, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L Koller
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Tune H Pers
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, US
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical 142 University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Laura M Yerges-Armstrong
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Ontario Cancer Genetics Network, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Stefania Bandinelli
- Tuscany Regional Health Agency, Florence, Italy, I.O.T. and Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze, Florence, Italy
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Javier Benitez
- Human Genetics Group, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carl Blomqvist
- Department of Oncology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Bernardo Bonanni
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Genetics, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia (IEO), Milan, Italy
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julie E Buring
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephen Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurological Surgery, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Stark Neuroscience Research Center, Indiana University school of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | | | - J. Margriet Collée
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David Couper
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Andrea D Coveillo
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sections of Preventive Medicine and Endocrinology, Boston, MA
| | - Angela Cox
- Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, Department of Oncology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Adamo Pio D’adamo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen W Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minn., USA
| | - Joe Dennis
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics & Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Aida K Dieffenbach
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Johan G Eriksson
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Department of General Practice and Primary health Care, University of Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki University Central Hospital, Unit of General Practice, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhalsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Peter A Fasching
- University Breast Center Franconia, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dieter Flesch-Janys
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology/Clinical Cancer Registry and Institute for Medical Biometrics and Epidemiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henrik Flyger
- Department of Breast Surgery, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Lude Franke
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- National Insitute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Montserrat García-Closas
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Centre, Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eco EJ de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO + Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Centre, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 Bt, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniel F Gudbjartsson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Pascal Guénel
- Inserm (National Institute of Health and Medical Research), CESP (Center for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health), U1018, Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer, Villejuif, France
- University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France
| | - Suiqun Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Ute Hamann
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robin Haring
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Washington University, Department of Psychiatry, St.Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje J Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J Hunter
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 140 Cambridge 02142, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Karasik
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA
| | - Douglas P Kiel
- Hebrew SeniorLife Institute for Aging Research, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Julia A Knight
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute of Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veli-Matti Kosma
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Zoltan Kutalik
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Lai
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center (VRC), VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Patrik K Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Arto Mannermaa
- School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Imaging Center, Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Patrick F McArdle
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Wendy L McArdle
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Mads Melbye
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Evelin Mihailov
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Roger L Milne
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Heli Nevanlinna
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patrick Neven
- KULeuven (University of Leuven), Department of Oncology, Multidisciplinary Breast Center, University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen A Nohr
- Research Unit of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern denmark, DK
| | - Albertine J Oldehinkel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A Oostra
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Munro Peacock
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Paolo Peterlongo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Julian Peto
- Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Paul DP Pharoah
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Dirkje S Postma
- University Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneli Pouta
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Finland
| | - Katri Pylkäs
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital/NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paolo Radice
- Unit of Molecular Bases of Genetic Risk and Genetic Testing, Department of Preventive and Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (INT), Milan, Italy
| | - Susan Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Lynda M Rose
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Anja Rudolph
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Serena Sanna
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Schlessinger
- National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mellissa C Southey
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ulla Sovio
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Doris Stöckl
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians- University, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna M Storniolo
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Nicholas J Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Jonathan Tyrer
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jenny A Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Henri Wallaschofski
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qin Wang
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Winqvist
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital/NordLab Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Bruce HR Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Insitute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Australian Ovarian Cancer Study
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | - The GENICA Network
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tübingen, Germany
- Molecular Genetics of Breast Cancer, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA), Bochum, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Evangelische Kliniken Bonn gGmbH, Johanniter Krankenhaus, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty of the University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Maritime Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - kConFab
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael J Econs
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Ruth JF Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Genetics of Obesity and Related Metabolic Traits Program, The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, OX3 7LE Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, & Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, OX37LJ Oxford, UK
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Queensland Insitute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John P Rice
- Dept. of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Elizabeth A Streeten
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition - University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center (GRECC) - Veterans Administration Medical Center, USA. Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Genetic Epidemiology Unit Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Centre of Medical Systems Biology, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Behrooz Z Alizadeh
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Bergmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genetics Center and Div. of Epidemiology, University of Houston, TX
| | - Heather A Boyd
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Laura Crisponi
- Institute of Genetics and Biomedical Research, National Research Council, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo” – Trieste, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Surgical and Health, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tamara B Harris
- National Insitute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Järvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC Health Protection Agency (HPA) Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, UK
- Institute of Health Sciences, P.O.Box 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, P.O.Box 5000, Aapistie 5A, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Aapistie 1, Box 310, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Kajaanintie 50, P.O.Box 20, FI-90220 Oulu, 90029 OYS, Finland
| | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Debbie Lawlor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Oakfield House, Oakfield Grove, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Tartu, Tartu, 51010, Estonia
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Women’s and Infants’ Health, The University of Western Australia
| | - Paul M Ridker
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02215
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Harold Snieder
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thorkild IA Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospitals, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - David P Strachan
- Division of Population Health Sciences and Education, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - André G Uitterlinden
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium on Health Aging and National Genomics Initiative, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdan, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Elisabeth Widen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marek Zygmunt
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anna Murray
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK EX1 2LU
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- NHLBI’s and Boston University’s Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics,University of Cambridge,Cambridge,UK
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