1
|
Jenkins LJ, Luk IY, Chionh F, Tan T, Needham K, Ayton J, Reehorst CM, Vukelic N, Sieber OM, Mouradov D, Gibbs P, Williams DS, Tebbutt NC, Desai J, Hollande F, Dhillon AS, Lee EF, Merino D, Fairlie WD, Mariadason JM. BCL-X L inhibitors enhance the apoptotic efficacy of BRAF inhibitors in BRAF V600E colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:183. [PMID: 38429301 PMCID: PMC10907349 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06478-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic BRAFV600E colorectal cancer (CRC) carries an extremely poor prognosis and is in urgent need of effective new treatments. While the BRAFV600E inhibitor encorafenib in combination with the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab (Enc+Cet) was recently approved for this indication, overall survival is only increased by 3.6 months and objective responses are observed in only 20% of patients. We have found that a limitation of Enc+Cet treatment is the failure to efficiently induce apoptosis in BRAFV600E CRCs, despite inducing expression of the pro-apoptotic protein BIM and repressing expression of the pro-survival protein MCL-1. Here, we show that BRAFV600E CRCs express high basal levels of the pro-survival proteins MCL-1 and BCL-XL, and that combining encorafenib with a BCL-XL inhibitor significantly enhances apoptosis in BRAFV600E CRC cell lines. This effect was partially dependent on the induction of BIM, as BIM deletion markedly attenuated BRAF plus BCL-XL inhibitor-induced apoptosis. As thrombocytopenia is an established on-target toxicity of BCL-XL inhibition, we also examined the effect of combining encorafenib with the BCL-XL -targeting PROTAC DT2216, and the novel BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitor dendrimer conjugate AZD0466. Combining encorafenib with DT2216 significantly increased apoptosis induction in vitro, while combining encorafenib with AZD0466 was well tolerated in mice and further reduced growth of BRAFV600E CRC xenografts compared to either agent alone. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that combined BRAF and BCL-XL inhibition significantly enhances apoptosis in pre-clinical models of BRAFV600E CRC and is a combination regimen worthy of clinical investigation to improve outcomes for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Fiona Chionh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tao Tan
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kristen Needham
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jamieson Ayton
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Camilla M Reehorst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalia Vukelic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Oliver M Sieber
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dmitri Mouradov
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David S Williams
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Pathology, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Niall C Tebbutt
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Frédéric Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amardeep S Dhillon
- The institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Erinna F Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Delphine Merino
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - W Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jenkins LJ, Luk IY, Fairlie WD, Lee EF, Palmieri M, Schoffer KL, Tan T, Ng I, Vukelic N, Tran S, Tse JW, Nightingale R, Alam Z, Chionh F, Iatropoulos G, Ernst M, Afshar-Sterle S, Desai J, Gibbs P, Sieber OM, Dhillon AS, Tebbutt NC, Mariadason JM. Genotype-Tailored ERK/MAPK Pathway and HDAC Inhibition Rewires the Apoptotic Rheostat to Trigger Colorectal Cancer Cell Death. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:52-62. [PMID: 36343387 PMCID: PMC9808369 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The EGFR/RAS/MEK/ERK signaling pathway (ERK/MAPK) is hyperactivated in most colorectal cancers. A current limitation of inhibitors of this pathway is that they primarily induce cytostatic effects in colorectal cancer cells. Nevertheless, these drugs do induce expression of proapoptotic factors, suggesting they may prime colorectal cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. As histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) induce expression of multiple proapoptotic proteins, we examined whether they could synergize with ERK/MAPK inhibitors to trigger colorectal cancer cell apoptosis. Combined MEK/ERK and HDAC inhibition synergistically induced apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell lines and patient-derived tumor organoids in vitro, and attenuated Apc-initiated adenoma formation in vivo. Mechanistically, combined MAPK/HDAC inhibition enhanced expression of the BH3-only proapoptotic proteins BIM and BMF, and their knockdown significantly attenuated MAPK/HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Importantly, we demonstrate that the paradigm of combined MAPK/HDAC inhibitor treatment to induce apoptosis can be tailored to specific MAPK genotypes in colorectal cancers, by combining an HDAC inhibitor with either an EGFR, KRASG12C or BRAFV600 inhibitor in KRAS/BRAFWT; KRASG12C, BRAFV600E colorectal cancer cell lines, respectively. These findings identify a series of ERK/MAPK genotype-tailored treatment strategies that can readily undergo clinical testing for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Y. Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - W. Douglas Fairlie
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erinna F. Lee
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Palmieri
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kael L. Schoffer
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tao Tan
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irvin Ng
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalia Vukelic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon Tran
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Janson W.T. Tse
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Nightingale
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zakia Alam
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona Chionh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - George Iatropoulos
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shoukat Afshar-Sterle
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Gibbs
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Oliver M. Sieber
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amardeep S. Dhillon
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Niall C. Tebbutt
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John M. Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Corresponding Author: John M. Mariadason, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, 145-163 Studley Road, Melbourne, Victoria, 3084, Australia. Phone: 613-9496-3068; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jenkins LJ, Luk IY, Fairlie WD, Lee EF, Palmieri M, Schoffer KL, Tan T, Ng I, Vukelic N, Tran S, Tse J, Nightingale R, Alam Z, Chionh F, Iatropoulos G, Ernst M, Afshar-Sterle S, Desai J, Gibbs P, Sieber OM, Dhillon AS, Tebbutt NC, Mariadason JM. Abstract B014: Genotype-tailored ERK/MAPK pathway and HDAC inhibition rewires the apoptotic rheostat to trigger colorectal cancer cell death. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.crc22-b014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The EGFR/RAS/MEK/ERK signaling pathway (ERK/MAPK) is hyper-activated in most colorectal cancers (CRCs). A current limitation of inhibitors of this pathway is that they primarily induce cytostatic effects in CRC cells. Nevertheless, these drugs do induce expression of pro-apoptotic factors, suggesting they may prime CRC cells to undergo apoptosis. As histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) induce expression of multiple pro-apoptotic proteins, we examined whether they could synergize with ERK/MAPK inhibitors to trigger CRC cell apoptosis. Combined MEK/ERK and HDAC inhibition synergistically induced apoptosis in CRC cell lines and patient-derived tumor organoids in vitro,and attenuated Apc-initiated adenoma formation in vivo. Mechanistically, combined MAPK/HDAC inhibition enhanced expression of the BH3-only pro-apoptotic proteins BIM and BMF, and their knockdown significantly attenuated MAPK/HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Importantly, we demonstrate that the paradigm of combined MAPK/HDAC inhibitor treatment to induce apoptosis can be tailored to specific MAPK genotypes in CRCs, by combining a HDAC inhibitor with either an EGFR, KRASG12C or BRAFV600 inhibitor in KRAS/BRAFWT ; KRASG12C , BRAFV600E CRC cell lines respectively. These findings identify a series of ERK/MAPK genotype tailored treatment strategies that can readily undergo clinical testing for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Citation Format: Laura J. Jenkins, Ian Y. Luk, Walter D. Fairlie, Erinna F. Lee, Michelle Palmieri, Kael L. Schoffer, Tao Tan, Irvin Ng, Natalia Vukelic, Sharon Tran, Janson Tse, Rebecca Nightingale, Zakia Alam, Fiona Chionh, George Iatropoulos, Matthias Ernst, Shoukat Afshar-Sterle, Jayesh Desai, Peter Gibbs, Oliver M. Sieber, Amardeep S. Dhillon, Niall C. Tebbutt, John M. Mariadason. Genotype-tailored ERK/MAPK pathway and HDAC inhibition rewires the apoptotic rheostat to trigger colorectal cancer cell death [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Colorectal Cancer; 2022 Oct 1-4; Portland, OR. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(23 Suppl_1):Abstract nr B014.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura J. Jenkins
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Ian Y. Luk
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Walter D. Fairlie
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Erinna F. Lee
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Michelle Palmieri
- 2Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Kael L. Schoffer
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Tao Tan
- 2Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Irvin Ng
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Natalia Vukelic
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Sharon Tran
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Janson Tse
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | | | - Zakia Alam
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Fiona Chionh
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | | | - Matthias Ernst
- 1Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia,
| | | | - Jayesh Desai
- 3Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Peter Gibbs
- 2Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia,
| | - Oliver M. Sieber
- 2Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Weickhardt AJ, Lau DK, Hodgson-Garms M, Lavis A, Jenkins LJ, Vukelic N, Ioannidis P, Luk IY, Mariadason JM. Dual targeting of FGFR3 and ERBB3 enhances the efficacy of FGFR inhibitors in FGFR3 fusion-driven bladder cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:478. [PMID: 35501832 PMCID: PMC9063072 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations and fusions in Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3) occur in 10-20% of metastatic urothelial carcinomas and confer sensitivity to FGFR inhibitors. However, responses to these agents are often short-lived due to the development of acquired resistance. The objective of this study was to identify mechanisms of resistance to FGFR inhibitors in two previously uncharacterised bladder cancer cell lines harbouring FGFR3 fusions and assess rational combination therapies to enhance sensitivity to these agents. METHODS Acquired resistance to FGFR inhibitors was generated in two FGFR3 fusion harbouring cell lines, SW780 (FGFR3-BAIAP2L1 fusion) and RT4 (FGFR3-TACC3 fusion), by long-term exposure to the FGFR inhibitor BGJ398. Changes in levels of receptor tyrosine kinases were assessed by phospho-RTK arrays and immunoblotting. Changes in cell viability and proliferation were assessed by the Cell-Titre Glo assay and by propidium iodide staining and FACS analysis. RESULTS Long term treatment of FGFR3-fusion harbouring SW780 and RT4 bladder cancer cell lines with the FGFR inhibitor BGJ398 resulted in the establishment of resistant clones. These clones were cross-resistant to the clinically approved FGFR inhibitor erdafitinib and the covalently binding irreversible FGFR inhibitor TAS-120, but remained sensitive to the MEK inhibitor trametinib, indicating resistance is mediated by alternate activation of MAPK signalling. The FGFR inhibitor-resistant SW780 and RT4 lines displayed increased expression of pERBB3, and strikingly, combination treatment with an FGFR inhibitor and the ATP-competitive pan-ERBB inhibitor AZD8931 overcame this resistance. Notably, rapid induction of pERBB3 and reactivation of pERK also occurred in parental FGFR3 fusion-driven lines within 24 h of FGFR inhibitor treatment, and combination treatment with an FGFR inhibitor and AZD8931 delayed the reactivation of pERBB3 and pERK and synergistically inhibited cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that increased expression of pERBB3 is a key mechanism of adaptive resistance to FGFR inhibitors in FGFR3-fusion driven bladder cancers, and that this also occurs rapidly following FGFR inhibitor treatment. Our findings demonstrate that resistance can be overcome by combination treatment with a pan-ERBB inhibitor and suggest that upfront combination treatment with FGFR and pan-ERBB inhibitors warrants further investigation for FGFR3-fusion harbouring bladder cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Weickhardt
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - David K Lau
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Margeaux Hodgson-Garms
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Austen Lavis
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Laura J Jenkins
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalia Vukelic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Ioannidis
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ian Y Luk
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John M Mariadason
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer and Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Austin Health, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Wellness and Research Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|