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Nussbaum N, von Wyl T, Gandia A, Romanens E, Rühs PA, Fischer P. Impact of malt concentration in solid substrate on mycelial growth and network connectivity in Ganoderma species. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21051. [PMID: 38030880 PMCID: PMC10687231 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48203-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With its distinctive material properties, fungal mycelium has emerged as an innovative material with a diverse array of applications across various industries. This study focuses on how the growth strategies of wood fungi adapt to nutrient availability. The effect of malt extract concentration in the growth medium on radial growth kinetics, morphology, mycelium network connectivity, and mechanical characteristics of mycelium from two Ganoderma species were investigated. While an evident pattern of radial growth rate enhancement with malt concentrations was not apparent, there was a discernible trend towards denser mycelium network characteristics as revealed by spectrophotometry. Increased malt extract contents corresponded to elevated optical density measurements and were visually confirmed by denser mycelium networks in photographic images. Investigating the mechanical characteristics of mycelium cultivated on varying solid substrate concentrations, the Young's modulus exhibited a substantial difference between mycelium grown on 5 wt% malt substrate and samples cultivated on 2 wt% and 0.4 wt% malt substrates. The obtained results represent a new understanding of how malt availability influences mycelial growth of two Ganoderma species, a crucial insight for potentially refining mycelium cultivation across diverse applications, including meat alternatives, smart building materials, and alternative leather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Nussbaum
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Tabea von Wyl
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Antoni Gandia
- Planted Foods AG, Kemptpark 32, 8310, Kemptthal, Switzerland
- IBMCP (UPV-CSIC), Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, 46011, Valencia, Spain
| | - Edwina Romanens
- Planted Foods AG, Kemptpark 32, 8310, Kemptthal, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Fischer
- ETH Zürich, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Nussbaum N, Bergfreund J, Vialetto J, Isa L, Fischer P. Microgels as globular protein model systems. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 217:112595. [PMID: 35665640 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding globular protein adsorption to fluid interfaces, their interfacial assembly, and structural reorganization is not only important in the food industry, but also in medicine and biology. However, due to their intrinsic structural complexity, a unifying description of these phenomena remains elusive. Herein, we propose N-isopropylacrylamide microgels as a promising model system to isolate different aspects of adsorption, dilatational rheology, and interfacial structure at fluid interfaces with a wide range of interfacial tensions, and compare the results with the ones of globular proteins. In particular, the steady-state spontaneously-adsorbed interfacial pressure of microgels correlates closely to that of globular proteins, following the same power-law behavior as a function of the initial surface tension. However, the dilatational rheology of spontaneously-adsorbed microgel layers is dominated by the presence of a loosely packed polymer corona spread at the interface, and it thus exhibits a similar mechanical response as flexible, unstructured proteins, which are significantly weaker than globular ones. Finally, structurally, microgels reveal a similar spreading and flattening upon adsorption as globular proteins do. In conclusion, microgels offer interesting opportunities to act as powerful model systems to unravel the complex behavior of proteins at fluid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Nussbaum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jotam Bergfreund
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jacopo Vialetto
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8092, Switzerland.
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Vialetto J, Nussbaum N, Bergfreund J, Fischer P, Isa L. Influence of the interfacial tension on the microstructural and mechanical properties of microgels at fluid interfaces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:2584-2592. [PMID: 34774321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.10.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Microgels are soft colloidal particles constituted by cross-linked polymer networks with a high potential for applications. In particular, after adsorption at a fluid interface, interfacial tension provides two-dimensional (2D) confinement for microgel monolayers and drives the reconfiguration of the particles, enabling their deployment in foam and emulsion stabilization and in surface patterning for lithography, sensing and optical materials. However, most studies focus on systems of fluids with a high interfacial tension, e.g. alkanes/ or air/water interfaces, which imparts similar properties to the assembled monolayers. Here, instead, we compare two organic fluid phases, hexane and methyl tert-butyl ether, which have markedly different interfacial tension (γ) values with water and thus tune the deformation of adsorbed microgels. We rationalize how γ controls the single-particle morphology, which consequently modulates the structural and mechanical response of the monolayers at varying interfacial compression. Specifically, when γ is low, the microgels are less deformed within the interface plane and their polymer networks can rearrange more easily upon lateral compression, leading to softer monolayers. Selecting interfaces with different surface energy offers an additional control to customize the 2D assembly of soft particles, from the fine-tuning of particle size and interparticle spacing to the tailoring of mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Vialetto
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Natalie Nussbaum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jotam Bergfreund
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Bergfreund J, Diener M, Geue T, Nussbaum N, Kummer N, Bertsch P, Nyström G, Fischer P. Globular protein assembly and network formation at fluid interfaces: effect of oil. Soft Matter 2021; 17:1692-1700. [PMID: 33393584 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01870h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The formation of viscoelastic networks at fluid interfaces by globular proteins is essential in many industries, scientific disciplines, and biological processes. However, the effect of the oil phase on the structural transitions of proteins, network formation, and layer strength at fluid interfaces has received little attention. Herein, we present a comprehensive study on the effect of oil polarity on globular protein networks. The formation dynamics and mechanical properties of the interfacial networks of three different globular proteins (lysozyme, β-lactoglobulin, and bovine serum albumin) were studied with interfacial shear and dilatational rheometry. Furthermore, the degree of protein unfolding at the interfaces was evaluated by subsequent injection of disulfide bonds reducing dithiothreitol. Finally, we measured the interfacial layer thickness and protein immersion into the oil phase with neutron reflectometry. We found that oil polarity significantly affects the network formation, the degree of interfacial protein unfolding, interfacial protein location, and the resulting network strength. These results allow predicting emulsion stabilization of proteins, tailoring interfacial layers with desired mechanical properties, and retaining the protein structure and functionality upon adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jotam Bergfreund
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Diener
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Thomas Geue
- Laboratory of Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Nussbaum
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Nico Kummer
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland. and Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bertsch
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Gustav Nyström
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland. and Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fischer
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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Engelmann M, Nussbaum N. C - 15Psychogenic Nonepileptic Seizures: A Case Study Involving Focal Epilepsy and Trauma. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy061.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Merrill L, Lund E, Nussbaum N, Titus J. B - 40The Relationship of WISC-V Profiles with Seizure Variables in Pediatric Epilepsy. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy061.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Loblein H, Merrill L, Nussbaum N, Titus J. B - 38Fluid Reasoning in Pediatric Epilepsy: The Relationship of Executive Functioning with the WISC-V. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acy061.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Nussbaum N, George DJ, Abernethy AP, Dolan CM, Oestreicher N, Flanders S, Dorff TB. Patient experience in the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: state of the science. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2016; 19:111-21. [PMID: 26832363 PMCID: PMC4868871 DOI: 10.1038/pcan.2015.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Contemporary therapies for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) have shown survival improvements, which do not account for patient experience and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Methods: This literature review included a search of MEDLINE for randomized clinical trials enrolling ⩾50 patients with mCRPC and reporting on patient-reported outcomes (PROs) since 2010. Results: Nineteen of 25 publications describing seven treatment regimens (10 clinical trials and nine associated secondary analyses) met the inclusion criteria and were critically appraised. The most commonly used measures were the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Prostate (n=5 trials) and Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (n=4 trials) questionnaires. The published data indicated that HRQoL and pain status augmented the clinical efficacy data by providing a better understanding of treatment impact in mCRPC. Abiraterone acetate and prednisone, enzalutamide, radium-223 dichloride and sipuleucel-T offered varying levels of HRQoL benefit and/or pain mitigation versus their respective comparators, whereas three treatments (mitoxantrone, estramustine phosphate and docetaxel, and cabazitaxel) had no meaningful impact on HRQoL or pain. The main limitation of the data were that the PROs utilized were not developed for use in mCRPC patients and hence may not have comprehensively captured symptoms important to this population. Conclusions: Recently published randomized clinical trials of new agents for mCRPC have captured elements of the patient experience while on treatment. Further research is required to standardize methods for measuring, quantifying and reporting on HRQoL and pain in patients with mCRPC in the clinical practice setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Nussbaum
- Department of Genitourinary Cancers, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA.,Flatiron Health, Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | - D J George
- Department of Genitourinary Cancers, Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - C M Dolan
- CMD Consulting, Inc., Sandy, UT, USA
| | - N Oestreicher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Flanders
- Health Economics and Clinical Outcomes Research, Astellas Pharma Global Development, Inc., Northbrook, IL, USA
| | - T B Dorff
- USC Norris Cancer Hospital, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Schraegle W, Nussbaum N, Stefanatos A. B-72Memory Interference Effects on the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT-C) Differ Based on Seizure Foci in Children. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv047.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wilson K, Guy K, Nussbaum N. Relationship between block design and math skills in children with NVLD features. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2000. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/15.8.800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Nussbaum N, Browne R, Black J, Oakland T, Stanford G, Balise R. Neuropsychological characteristics of severely dyslexic children who demonstrate substantial improvement in reading. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 1999. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/14.8.686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Abstract
Fourteen patients with testicular nonseminomatous germ cell tumor, clinical stage I were entered into a surveillance study. Median age was 31 (range 18-58). Three patients had pure tumor, and 11, mixed tumor. In 2 patients, vascular invasion was noted, and in 1, involvement of the spermatic cord. Serum alpha fetoprotein and beta subunit choriogonadotropin were high in 9 and in 3 patients, respectively. In median follow-up of 21 months (range 2-63), 3 patients relapsed: 1 had inguinal lymphadenopathy and 2 had lung metastases at 12, 4, and 16 months, respectively. Salvage chemotherapy PEB and PVB achieved complete response in the latter 2 patients for 6 and 49 months. Except for 1 patient lost to follow-up, all are alive.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gez
- Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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