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Strange N, Luu L, Ong V, Wee BA, Phillips MJA, McCaughey L, Steele JR, Barlow CK, Cranfield CG, Myers G, Mazraani R, Rock C, Timms P, Huston WM. HtrA, fatty acids, and membrane protein interplay in Chlamydia trachomatis to impact stress response and trigger early cellular exit. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0037123. [PMID: 38445896 PMCID: PMC11025325 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00371-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an intracellular bacterial pathogen that undergoes a biphasic developmental cycle, consisting of intracellular reticulate bodies and extracellular infectious elementary bodies. A conserved bacterial protease, HtrA, was shown previously to be essential for Chlamydia during the reticulate body phase, using a novel inhibitor (JO146). In this study, isolates selected for the survival of JO146 treatment were found to have polymorphisms in the acyl-acyl carrier protein synthetase gene (aasC). AasC encodes the enzyme responsible for activating fatty acids from the host cell or synthesis to be incorporated into lipid bilayers. The isolates had distinct lipidomes with varied fatty acid compositions. A reduction in the lipid compositions that HtrA prefers to bind to was detected, yet HtrA and MOMP (a key outer membrane protein) were present at higher levels in the variants. Reduced progeny production and an earlier cellular exit were observed. Transcriptome analysis identified that multiple genes were downregulated in the variants especially stress and DNA processing factors. Here, we have shown that the fatty acid composition of chlamydial lipids, HtrA, and membrane proteins interplay and, when disrupted, impact chlamydial stress response that could trigger early cellular exit. IMPORTANCE Chlamydia trachomatis is an important obligate intracellular pathogen that has a unique biphasic developmental cycle. HtrA is an essential stress or virulence protease in many bacteria, with many different functions. Previously, we demonstrated that HtrA is critical for Chlamydia using a novel inhibitor. In the present study, we characterized genetic variants of Chlamydia trachomatis with reduced susceptibility to the HtrA inhibitor. The variants were changed in membrane fatty acid composition, outer membrane proteins, and transcription of stress genes. Earlier and more synchronous cellular exit was observed. Combined, this links stress response to fatty acids, membrane proteins, and HtrA interplay with the outcome of disrupted timing of chlamydial cellular exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Strange
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laurence Luu
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vanissa Ong
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bryan A. Wee
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J. A. Phillips
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura McCaughey
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joel R. Steele
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher K. Barlow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles G. Cranfield
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Garry Myers
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rami Mazraani
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Charles Rock
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Peter Timms
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wilhelmina M. Huston
- Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
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Hwang J, Strange N, Mazraani R, Phillips MJ, Gamble AB, Huston WM, Tyndall JDA. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of P2-modified proline analogues targeting the HtrA serine protease in Chlamydia. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 230:114064. [PMID: 35007862 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High temperature requirement A (HtrA) serine proteases have emerged as a novel class of antibacterial target, which are crucial in protein quality control and are involved in the pathogenesis of a wide array of bacterial infections. Previously, we demonstrated that HtrA in Chlamydia is essential for bacterial survival, replication and virulence. Here, we report a new series of proline (P2)-modified inhibitors of Chlamydia trachomatis HtrA (CtHtrA) developed by proline ring expansion and Cγ-substitutions. The structure-based drug optimization process was guided by molecular modelling and in vitro pharmacological evaluation of inhibitory potency, selectivity and cytotoxicity. Compound 25 from the first-generation 4-substituted proline analogues increased antiCtHtrA potency and selectivity over human neutrophil elastase (HNE) by approximately 6- and 12-fold, respectively, relative to the peptidic lead compound 1. Based on this compound, second-generation substituted proline residues containing 1,2,3-triazole moieties were synthesized by regioselective azide-alkyne click chemistry. Compound 49 demonstrated significantly improved antichlamydial activity in whole cell assays, diminishing the bacterial infectious progeny below the detection limit at the lowest dose tested. Compound 49 resulted in approximately 9- and 22-fold improvement in the inhibitory potency and selectivity relative to 1, respectively. To date, compound 49 is the most potent HtrA inhibitor developed against Chlamydia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Natalie Strange
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rami Mazraani
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthew J Phillips
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Allan B Gamble
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
| | - Wilhelmina M Huston
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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Steele JR, Strange N, Rodgers KJ, Padula MP. A Novel Method for Creating a Synthetic L-DOPA Proteome and In Vitro Evidence of Incorporation. Proteomes 2021; 9:24. [PMID: 34073856 PMCID: PMC8162537 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes9020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinopathies are protein misfolding diseases that have an underlying factor that affects the conformation of proteoforms. A factor hypothesised to play a role in these diseases is the incorporation of non-protein amino acids into proteins, with a key example being the therapeutic drug levodopa. The presence of levodopa as a protein constituent has been explored in several studies, but it has not been examined in a global proteomic manner. This paper provides a proof-of-concept method for enzymatically creating levodopa-containing proteins using the enzyme tyrosinase and provides spectral evidence of in vitro incorporation in addition to the induction of the unfolded protein response due to levodopa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Ricky Steele
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
- Neurotoxin Research Group, School of Life Sciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Natalie Strange
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Kenneth J. Rodgers
- Neurotoxin Research Group, School of Life Sciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
| | - Matthew P. Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, The University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia;
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Christensen S, Halili MA, Strange N, Petit GA, Huston WM, Martin JL, McMahon RM. Oxidoreductase disulfide bond proteins DsbA and DsbB form an active redox pair in Chlamydia trachomatis, a bacterium with disulfide dependent infection and development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222595. [PMID: 31536549 PMCID: PMC6752827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium with a distinctive biphasic developmental cycle that alternates between two distinct cell types; the extracellular infectious elementary body (EB) and the intracellular replicating reticulate body (RB). Members of the genus Chlamydia are dependent on the formation and degradation of protein disulfide bonds. Moreover, disulfide cross-linking of EB envelope proteins is critical for the infection phase of the developmental cycle. We have identified in C. trachomatis a homologue of the Disulfide Bond forming membrane protein Escherichia coli (E. coli) DsbB (hereafter named CtDsbB) and-using recombinant purified proteins-demonstrated that it is the redox partner of the previously characterised periplasmic oxidase C. trachomatis Disulfide Bond protein A (CtDsbA). CtDsbA protein was detected in C. trachomatis inclusion vacuoles at 20 h post infection, with more detected at 32 and similar levels at 44 h post infection as the developmental cycle proceeds. As a redox pair, CtDsbA and CtDsbB largely resemble their homologous counterparts in E. coli; CtDsbA is directly oxidised by CtDsbB, in a reaction in which both periplasmic cysteine pairs of CtDsbB are required for complete activity. In our hands, this reaction is slow relative to that observed for E. coli equivalents, although this may reflect a non-native expression system and use of a surrogate quinone cofactor. CtDsbA has a second non-catalytic disulfide bond, which has a small stabilising effect on the protein's thermal stability, but which does not appear to influence the interaction of CtDsbA with its partner protein CtDsbB. Expression of CtDsbA during the RB replicative phase and during RB to EB differentiation coincided with the oxidation of the chlamydial outer membrane complex (COMC). Together with our demonstration of an active redox pairing, our findings suggest a potential role for CtDsbA and CtDsbB in the critical disulfide bond formation step in the highly regulated development cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Christensen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maria A. Halili
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie Strange
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Guillaume A. Petit
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wilhelmina M. Huston
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jennifer L. Martin
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Róisín M. McMahon
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
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Hurtado Silva M, Berry IJ, Strange N, Djordjevic SP, Padula MP. Terminomics Methodologies and the Completeness of Reductive Dimethylation: A Meta-Analysis of Publicly Available Datasets. Proteomes 2019; 7:proteomes7020011. [PMID: 30934878 PMCID: PMC6631386 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes7020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for analyzing the terminal sequences of proteins have been refined over the previous decade; however, few studies have evaluated the quality of the data that have been produced from those methodologies. While performing global N-terminal labelling on bacteria, we observed that the labelling was not complete and investigated whether this was a common occurrence. We assessed the completeness of labelling in a selection of existing, publicly available N-terminomics datasets and empirically determined that amine-based labelling chemistry does not achieve complete labelling and potentially has issues with labelling amine groups at sequence-specific residues. This finding led us to conduct a thorough review of the historical literature that showed that this is not an unexpected finding, with numerous publications reporting incomplete labelling. These findings have implications for the quantitation of N-terminal peptides and the biological interpretations of these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Hurtado Silva
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Iain J Berry
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
- The ithree Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Natalie Strange
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
| | - Matthew P Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility and School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway NSW 2007, Australia.
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McNaughton L, Backx K, Palmer G, Strange N. Effects of chronic bicarbonate ingestion on the performance of high-intensity work. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1999; 80:333-6. [PMID: 10483803 DOI: 10.1007/s004210050600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated whether sodium bicarbonate, taken chronically (0.5 g x kg(-1) body mass) for a period of 5 days would improve the performance of eight subjects during 60 s of high-intensity exercise on an electrically braked cycle ergometer. The first test was performed prior to chronic supplementation (pre-ingestion) while the post-ingestion test took place 6 days later. A control test took place approximately 1 month after the cessation of all testing. Acid-base and metabolite data (n = 7) were measured from arterialised blood both pre- and post-exercise, as well as daily throughout the exercise period. The work completed by the subjects in the control and pre-ingestion test [21.1 (0.9) and 21.1 (0.9) MJ, respectively] was less than (P<0.05) that completed in the post-ingestion test [24.1 (0.9) MJ; F(2,21) = 3.4, P<0.05, power = 0.57]. Peak power was higher after the 5-day supplementation period (P<0.05). Ingestion of the sodium bicarbonate for a period of 5 days resulted in an increase in pH (F(5,36) = 12.5, P<0.0001, power = 1.0) over the 5-day period. The blood bicarbonate levels also rose during the trial (P<0.05) from a resting level of 22.8 (0.4) to 28.4 (1.1) mmol x l(-1) after 24 h of ingestion. In conclusion, the addition of sodium bicarbonate to a normal diet proved to be of ergogenic benefit in the performance of short-term, high-intensity work.
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Affiliation(s)
- L McNaughton
- Sports Science, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, UK
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Olsen MF, Strange N, Kristensen L, Skovhøj I, Elverkilde L. [Democracy in the hospital system has disintegrated]. Sygeplejersken 1988; 88:15-6. [PMID: 3175914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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