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Walg YP, Silveira MA, Eafergan N, Krutman Y, Baffa O, Berman A, Orion I. Characterization of novel polydiacetylene gel dosimeter for radiotherapy. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2020; 6:055017. [PMID: 33444248 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aba638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Polymer gel dosimeters are instrumental for clinical and research applications in radiotherapy. These dosimeters possess the unique ability to record dose distribution in three dimensions. A Polymer gel dosimeter is composed of organic molecules in a gel matrix, which upon irradiation polymerize to form a conjugated polymer with optical absorbance proportional to the irradiated dose. Other required characteristics of a radiotherapy clinical dosimeter are soft-tissue equivalency, linear dose-response in a range of clinical treatments, and long term stability for the duration of the analysis. The dosimeter presented in this paper is based on diacetylene bearing fatty acid aggregates embedded in a soft-tissue equivalent gel matrix, Phytagel™, which upon irradiation polymerize to form a blue phase polydiacetylene with a strong optical absorption. Initial characterization showed that PDA-gel irradiated with 160 kV x-ray responded linearly to the irradiated dose, and the calculated diffusion coefficient is [Formula: see text] what is very low. It was also found that the percentage depth dose (PDD) curve of the PDA-gel in a 4 × 4 cm2 field, irradiated with 6 MV x-rays, was with good agreement with the literature. PDA-gel has the potential to detect absorbed dose in a range of clinical radiological irradiation regimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Peleg Walg
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel. Department of Nuclear Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Kuang Y, Golan O, Preusse K, Cain B, Christensen CJ, Salomone J, Campbell I, Okwubido-Williams FV, Hass MR, Yuan Z, Eafergan N, Moberg KH, Kovall RA, Kopan R, Sprinzak D, Gebelein B. Enhancer architecture sensitizes cell specific responses to Notch gene dose via a bind and discard mechanism. eLife 2020; 9:53659. [PMID: 32297857 PMCID: PMC7213981 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch pathway haploinsufficiency can cause severe developmental syndromes with highly variable penetrance. Currently, we have a limited mechanistic understanding of phenotype variability due to gene dosage. Here, we unexpectedly found that inserting an enhancer containing pioneer transcription factor sites coupled to Notch dimer sites can induce a subset of Notch haploinsufficiency phenotypes in Drosophila with wild type Notch gene dose. Using Drosophila genetics, we show that this enhancer induces Notch phenotypes in a Cdk8-dependent, transcription-independent manner. We further combined mathematical modeling with quantitative trait and expression analysis to build a model that describes how changes in Notch signal production versus degradation differentially impact cellular outcomes that require long versus short signal duration. Altogether, these findings support a 'bind and discard' mechanism in which enhancers with specific binding sites promote rapid Cdk8-dependent Notch turnover, and thereby reduce Notch-dependent transcription at other loci and sensitize tissues to gene dose based upon signal duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Kuang
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Ohad Golan
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kristina Preusse
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Brittany Cain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Collin J Christensen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Joseph Salomone
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, United States.,Medical-Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Ian Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, United States
| | | | - Matthew R Hass
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Zhenyu Yuan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Nathanel Eafergan
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Kenneth H Moberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
| | - Rhett A Kovall
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Raphael Kopan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States
| | - David Sprinzak
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Brian Gebelein
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, United States
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