Effect of fluid replacement with green tea on body fluid balance and renal responses under mild thermal hypohydration: a randomized crossover study

PURPOSE

Maintaining an appropriate hydration level by ingesting fluid in a hot environment is a measure to prevent heat-related illness. Caffeine-containing beverages, including green tea (GT), have been avoided as inappropriate rehydration beverages to prevent heat-related illness because caffeine has been assumed to exert diuretic/natriuretic action. However, the influence of caffeine intake on urine output in dehydrated individuals is not well documented. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of fluid replacement with GT on body fluid balance and renal water and electrolyte handling in mildly dehydrated individuals.

METHODS

Subjects were dehydrated by performing three bouts of stepping exercise for 20 min separated by 10 min of rest. They were asked to ingest an amount of water (H2O), GT, or caffeinated H2O (20 mg/100 ml; Caf-H2O) that was equal to the volume of fluid loss during the dehydration protocol; fluid balance was measured for 2 h after fluid ingestion.

RESULTS

The dehydration protocol induced hypohydration by ~ 10 g/kg body weight (~ 1% of body weight). Fluid balance 2 h after fluid ingestion was significantly less negative in all trials, and the fluid retention ratio was 52.2 ± 4.2% with H2O, 51.0 ± 5.0% with GT, and 47.9 ± 6.2% with Caf-H2O; those values did not differ among the trials. After rehydration, urine output, urine osmolality, and urinary excretions of osmotically active substances, sodium, potassium and chloride were not different among the trials.

CONCLUSION

The data indicate that ingestion of GT or an equivalent caffeine amount does not worsen the hydration level 2 h after ingestion and can be effective in reducing the negative fluid balance for acute recovery from mild hypohydration.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ISRCTN53057185; retrospectively registered.

Endogenous Androgens Diminish Food Intake and Activation of Orexin A Neurons in Response to Reduced Glucose Availability in Male Rats

Sex steroids modify feeding behavior and body weight regulation, and androgen reportedly augments food intake and body weight gain. To elucidate the role of endogenous androgens in the feeding regulation induced by reduced glucose availability, we examined the effect of gonadectomy (orchiectomy) on food intake and orexin A neuron’s activity in the lateral hypothalamic/perifornical area (LH/PFA) in response to reduced glucose availability (glucoprivation) induced by 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) administration in male rats. Rats (7W) were bilaterally orchiectomized (ORX group) or sham operated (Sham group). Seventeen days after the surgery, food intake response to 2DG (400 mg/kg, i.v.) was measured for 4 h after the infusion. The same experiment was performed for the immunohistochemical examination of c-Fos-expressing orexin A neurons in the LH/PFA and c-Fos expression in the arcuate nucleus (Arc). Food intake induced by glucoprivation was greater in the ORX group than the Sham group, and the glucoprivation-induced food intake was inversely correlated with plasma testosterone concentration. Glucoprivation stimulated c-Fos expression of the orexin A neurons at the LH/PFA and c-Fos expression in the dorsomedial Arc. The number and percentage of c-Fos-expressing orexin A neurons in the LH/PFA and c-Fos expression in the dorsomedial Arc were significantly higher in the ORX group than the Sham group. This indicates that endogenous androgen, possibly testosterone, diminishes the food intake induced by reduced glucose availability, possibly via the attenuated activity of orexin A neuron in the LH/PFA and neurons in the dorsomedial Arc.

Substituent effects in aqueous solutions of carboxylate salts studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the oxygen K-edge

The present study aims at probing the influence of different substituents of sodium carboxylate salts R-COO^-:Na⁺ in aqueous solutions, with R = H, CH₃, C₂H₅, CH₂Cl, CF₃, and C₆H₅. X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used in the oxygen K-edge region to highlight the effect of R on the energy position of the O1s-to-π_COO* resonance of the carboxylate ion. Ab initio static exchange and ΔSCF calculations are performed and confirm the experimental observations. We qualitatively discuss the results on the basis of the polar properties of these groups as well as on the basis of the π_COO* orbital energy in the ground states, the oxygen 1s orbital ionization energy, and the O1s-to-π_COO* resonance energy.

Morphology control in polymerised high internal phase emulsion templated via macro-RAFT agent composition: visualizing surface chemistry

A series of polymerized high internal phase emulsion (polyHIPE) materials have been prepared by using a water in oil emulsion stabilized by a macro-RAFT agent, 2-(butylthiocarbonothioylthio)-2-poly(styrene)-b-poly(acrylic acid), acting as a polymeric surfactant.

Core-multishell nanocarriers: Transport and release of dexamethasone probed by soft X-ray spectromicroscopy

Label-free detection of core-multishell (CMS) nanocarriers and the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone is reported. Selective excitation by tunable soft X-rays in the O 1s-regime is used for probing either the CMS nanocarrier or the drug. Furthermore, the drug loading efficiency into CMS nanocarriers is determined by X-ray spectroscopy. The drug-loaded nanocarriers were topically applied to human skin explants providing insights into the penetration and drug release processes. It is shown that the core-multishell nanocarriers remain in the stratum corneum when applied for 100min to 1000min. Dexamethasone, if applied topically to human ex vivo skin explants using different formulations, shows a vehicle-dependent penetration behavior. Highest local drug concentrations are found in the stratum corneum as well as in the viable epidermis. If the drug is loaded to core-multishell nanocarriers, the concentration of the free drug is low in the stratum corneum and is enhanced in the viable epidermis as compared to other drug formulations. The present results provide insights into the penetration of drug nanocarriers as well as the mechanisms of controlled drug release from CMS nanocarriers in human skin. They are also compared to related work using dye-labeled nanocarriers and dyes that were used as model drugs.

Visualizing chemical states and defects induced magnetism of graphene oxide by spatially-resolved-X-ray microscopy and spectroscopy

This investigation studies the various magnetic behaviors of graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxides (rGOs) and elucidates the relationship between the chemical states that involve defects therein and their magnetic behaviors in GO sheets. Magnetic hysteresis loop reveals that the GO is ferromagnetic whereas photo-thermal moderately reduced graphene oxide (M-rGO) and heavily reduced graphene oxide (H-rGO) gradually become paramagnetic behavior at room temperature. Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and corresponding X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy were utilized to investigate thoroughly the variation of the C 2p(π*) states that are bound with oxygen-containing and hydroxyl groups, as well as the C 2p(σ*)-derived states in flat and wrinkle regions to clarify the relationship between the spatially-resolved chemical states and the magnetism of GO, M-rGO and H-rGO. The results of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism further support the finding that C 2p(σ*)-derived states are the main origin of the magnetism of GO. Based on experimental results and first-principles calculations, the variation in magnetic behavior from GO to M-rGO and to H-rGO is interpreted, and the origin of ferromagnetism is identified as the C 2p(σ*)-derived states that involve defects/vacancies rather than the C 2p(π*) states that are bound with oxygen-containing and hydroxyl groups on GO sheets.

[Thymoma with synchronous pulmonary metastasis; report of a case]

We report a resected case of thymoma with a solitary pulmonary metastasis. A 63-year-old woman had pointed out a solitary nodule in right lung field on chest X-ray. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed an anterior mediastinal tumor and a solitary lung nodule in the right lower lobe. Extended thymectomy and partial resection of right lung was performed. Pathological diagnosis showed an invasive thymoma (type B3) and a pulmonary metastasis. Post operative radiotherapy was administered and she is doing well 19 months following the resection. Thymoma with a solitary synclonous pulmonary metastasis is rare and is classified into Masaoka stage IVb. Generally, thymoma cases with distant metastasis are not indication for operation. But, if radical resection is possible, operation is recommended for good prognosis.

C 1s → π* excitation in variable size benzene clusters

The C 1s -->pi* transition in molecular benzene and benzene clusters is investigated by photoion yields at high energy resolution. The vibrationally resolved band shows the same shape in clusters as in the bare molecule, but it is redshifted by 50 meV in small clusters, i.e. near the threshold of cluster formation. This redshift increases to 70 meV with increasing cluster size. The results are assigned in comparison with ab initio calculations on model structures of dimers, trimers, and tetramers. These indicate that different carbon sites in the molecular moieties give rise to distinct spectral shifts, where carbon sites that are pointing to the pi-system of another molecule show a larger redshift than the other ones. Such structural properties are found in solid benzene, so that the gas-to-solid shift of C 1s -->pi* excited benzene is derived to be a redshift which is of the order of 100-180 meV.

Photoionization of small krypton clusters in the Kr 3d regime: Evidence for site-specific photoemission

Kr 3d ionization energies of small, variable size krypton clusters are investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy, where the size regime of clusters with an average size N< or =30 is studied. Characteristic shifts in Kr 3d ionization energies to lower binding energies are found compared to the bare atom. These are also different from those of large krypton clusters. Moreover, we find evidence for photoionization of the krypton dimer. Its 3d ionization energy is barely shifted relative to the atomic value. Results from model calculations considering different isomers and cluster sizes as well as defect sites give evidence that the experimental results can be related to photoionization from different surface sites in variable size krypton clusters. This can be related to site-specific photoemission in small Kr clusters. The results are compared to size effects in Kr 3d near-edge features of variable size Kr clusters as well as recent results on Kr 3d photoionization of large Kr clusters.

Core excitation in O3 localized to one of two symmetry-equivalent chemical bonds: molecular alignment through vibronic coupling

Core excitation from terminal oxygen OT in O3 is shown to be an excitation from a localized core orbital to a localized valence orbital. The valence orbital is localized to one of the two equivalent chemical bonds. We experimentally demonstrate this with the Auger-Doppler effect which is observable when O3 is core excited to the highly dissociative OT1s(-1)7a1 1 state. Auger electrons emitted from the atomic oxygen fragment carry information about the molecular orientation relative to the electromagnetic-field vector at the moment of excitation. The data together with analytical functions for the electron-peak profiles give clear evidence that the preferred molecular orientation for excitation only depends on the orientation of one bond, not on the total molecular orientation. The localization of the valence orbital "7a1" is caused by mixing of the valence orbital "5b2" through vibronic coupling of antisymmetric stretching mode with b2 symmetry. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first discussion of the localization of a core excitation of O3. This result explains the success of the widely used assumption of localized core excitation in adsorbates and large molecules.

Electronic structure of bases in DNA duplexes characterized by resonant photoemission spectroscopy near the Fermi level

The electronic structure of bases in DNA duplexes was investigated by resonant photoemission spectroscopy near the Fermi level, in order to specify charge migration mechanisms. We observed a kinetic energy shift of N-KLL Auger electrons and an intensity enhancement of valence electrons on the resonant photoemission spectra for both poly(dG).poly(dC) and poly(dA).poly(dT) DNAs. These directly show the localized unoccupied states of the bases. We conclude that the charge hopping model is pertinent for electric conduction in a DNA duplex, when electrons pass through the unoccupied states.

Cluster size effects in core excitons of 1s-excited nitrogen

Cluster size effects in core excitons below the N 1s ionization energy of nitrogen clusters are reported in the energy regime 405-410 eV. These results are compared to the molecular Rydberg states as well as the corresponding bulk excitons of condensed nitrogen. The experimental results are assigned using ab initio calculations. It is found that the lowest excitons (N 1s-->3ssigma and N 1s-->3ppi) are blueshifted relative to the molecular Rydberg transitions, whereas others (N 1s-->3dpi and N 1s-->4ppi) show a redshift. Results from ab initio calculations on (N(2))(13) clearly indicate that the molecular orientation within a cluster is critical to the spectral shift, where bulk sites as well as inner- and outer-surface sites are characterized by different inner-shell absorption energies. These results are compared to the experimental spectra as well as previous work on site-selectively excited atomic van der Waals clusters, providing an improved spectral assignment of core exciton states in weakly bound molecular clusters and the corresponding condensed phase.

Resonant X-ray emission spectra of K2Ni(CN)4 x H2O at the Ni K-edge

Resonant X-ray emission spectra were measured at the Ni K-edge for a planar low-spin nickel complex K2Ni(CN)4 x H2O. In the Ni Kbeta emission spectra, a resonant X-ray Raman scattering was observed in the pre-edge region, showing linear energy dispersion of the emitted photon with the incident photon energy. No energy loss features corresponding to the ligand-to-metal charge-transfer (LMCT) was identified. The LMCT feature is characteristic of strongly correlated systems such as NiO; therefore, the LMCT effect proves to be significantly suppressed. This is consistent considering strong covalent character between low-lying pi* ligand and metal 3d (occupied) orbitals in low-spin nickel complexes.

Mg and Al K-edge XAFS measurements with a KTP crystal monochromator

There has been a strong demand for monochromator crystals with a large lattice spacing in order to measure EXAFS spectra at the Mg and Al K-edges. We have introduced a pair of KTP crystal at BL1A of the UVSOR facility and examined its performance in the energy range between 1200 and 2000eV. This crystal monochromator can supply stable photon beams enough to measure the EXAFS spectra for the Mg and Al K-edges. Advantages of the KTP crystal are discussed in comparison with a YB66 crystal monochromator.

Present Status of the UVSOR Facility - 1997

The UVSOR has been operational for nearly 14 years. In recent years, improvements to accelerators and beamlines have been carried out to obtain better performance and new scientific achievements. For example, a new type of helical undulator and a resonance transverse kicker were installed into the straight sections of the storage ring, and about one-third of the beamlines were upgraded by installing new monochromators and an interferometer. In addition, instruments and equipment were improved for research studies, with many interesting results. The most up-to-date information of the UVSOR facility is presented.