Association between individual-level socioeconomic factors and intimate partner violence victimisation in women: a systematic review protocol

INTRODUCTION

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global public health problem. Although both men and women experience IPV, the burden is more on women. To address IPV effectively, it is important to understand the factors that cause IPV including the socioeconomic factors. However, there is an inadequacy of knowledge on how socioeconomic factors at different levels affect IPV. Hence, the objective is to review the individual-level socioeconomic factors associated with IPV victimisation of women and girls.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

The search strategy was developed to identify publications from January 2010 to 30 June 2024. The selected electronic databases of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Scopus and Science Direct will be searched. The eligibility criteria for data collection are based on participants/population (women and girls), exposure (socioeconomic factors) and outcome (IPV). In primary search, the title and abstracts will be screened and reference lists of selected articles will be screened for additional studies. Two researchers will independently screen the articles, and in any disagreements, a third researcher will be consulted. The data will be tabulated to present the study and participant characteristics, comparison descriptors between victims and non-victims, inclusion and exclusion criteria, primary and secondary outcomes data, results, limitations and implications. A quality assessment will be performed on the selected studies to avoid bias. A narrative synthesis will summarise the findings.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval was waived because only secondary data are used. The protocol will be published, and the findings will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER

CRD42022373535.

Organic Material Soil Amendment Effects on Root Rot and Sugarcane Growth and Characterization of the Materials

Soil amendment with different organic materials was evaluated in greenhouse experiments for effects on root rot and growth of sugarcane. Materials included composts prepared from cotton gin trash, cottonwood bark, mixed hardwood bark, municipal solid waste, and municipal yard waste; municipal biosolids; and a sugar mill by-product, filterpress cake. Field soil, steam-treated field soil, and steam-treated soil infested with Pythium arrhenomanes were amended with nonsterile or steam-treated organic materials. A metalaxyl fungicide treatment was included for comparison. When added in nonsterile form, cotton gin trash compost, filterpress cake, and biosolids suppressed disease and increased plant growth in field soil and soil infested with P. arrhenomanes, but this ability was reduced after steam treatment. Bark composts were capable of suppressing root rot and increasing plant growth in field soil and Pythium-infested soil when added in either nonsterile or steam-treated forms. Plant growth in steam-treated soil was not promoted by nonsterile or steam-treated materials. Disease suppression provided by organic materials resulted in plant growth increases generally lower than those resulting from metalaxyl treatment in steam-treated soil infested with P. arrhenomanes, but some amendments resulted in growth increases comparable to those obtained with the metalaxyl treatment in field soil. Municipal waste composts had no effect or were detrimental to sugarcane growth. Differences in microbial community composition and chemical properties, including N content, C:N ratio, and other mineral nutrient levels, distinguished organic materials that may suppress disease and promote plant growth by different mechanisms. Microbial activity level of a material was an indicator of potential for disease suppression. The study results suggest that the severity of root rot in sugarcane may be reduced by amending soil with some organic materials.

Herbicide Effects on Sugarcane Growth, Pythium Root Rot, and Pythium arrhenomanes

ABSTRACT Six herbicides were evaluated for their effects on Pythium root rot and growth of sugarcane in greenhouse experiments and on in vitro mycelial growth rate of Pythium arrhenomanes. Pendimethalin and atrazine were most inhibitory to mycelial growth, but neither reduced root rot severity. Asulam, atrazine, and metribuzin were not phytotoxic to sugarcane and did not affect root rot symptom severity in clay loam or silt loam field soils. Atrazine and metribuzin increased shoot number, and atrazine increased total shoot weight for treated plants in silt loam soil. Glyphosate, pendimethalin, and terbacil were phytotoxic to sugarcane. These herbicides increased root rot severity, but the extent to which growth reductions resulted from increased disease severity or from direct herbicide injury was not clear. Adverse effects on plant growth and root rot severity were greater in clay loam than in silt loam soil. The results suggest that sugarcane injury from some herbicides is compounded by increased severity of root rot.

Weed Hosts of the Sugarcane Root Rot Pathogen, Pythium arrhenomanes

Weeds in the Poaceae and Cyperaceae families prevalent in sugarcane fields were evaluated as potential hosts for the root rot pathogen, Pythium arrhenomanes. In greenhouse studies, bermudagrass, broadleaf signalgrass, browntop panicum, barnyardgrass, large crabgrass, goosegrass, itchgrass, johnsongrass, Italian ryegrass, and purple nutsedge became infected when grown in steam-treated soil infested with P. arrhenomanes. However, the extent of root colonization, symptom severity, and growth reductions varied among species. Symptom severity and root colonization by P. arrhenomanes were less when weeds were grown in sugarcane field soil in the greenhouse than when weeds were grown in Pythium-infested, steam-treated field soil. Levels of root colonization by P. arrhenomanes in both experiments were greatest for johnsongrass and itchgrass and lowest for browntop panicum, goosegrass, and Italian ryegrass. For weeds collected from sugarcane fields, frequencies for colonized plants were moderate to high, but the extent of root colonization by P. arrhenomanes was low for all except johnsongrass. The results indicate that weeds can serve as hosts for P. arrhenomanes and may play roles in the epidemiology of Pythium root rot on sugarcane.