Eggshell Membrane Repurposing from the Perspective of Tissue Engineering: A Non-Systematic Review

Natural resources are rich in collagen and growth factors that can perfectly fit in tissue engineering and contribute to the extracellular matrix of many tissues. The thin membrane that coats the inner surface of the eggshell is one of these resources that meets the need of tissue engineering as it contains high collagen, growth factors, and glycosaminoglycans. With advanced technology, eggshell membrane (EgS-M) has been available in many forms like powder, solution, and thin sheets for broad applications. Furthermore, integrating nanoparticles has provided a broad-spectrum EgS-M biomaterial with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, biocompatible, and biodegradable properties. Herein, we discuss the current status of EgS-M's contribution to tissue engineering of skin, cartilage, bone, periodontal, myocardium, and nerve.

Gelatin Loaded Titanium Dioxide and Silver Oxide Nanoparticles: Implication for Skin Tissue Regeneration

Treatment of burn wounds has many requirements to ensure wound closure with healthy tissue, increased vascularization, guarantee edema resolution, and control bacterial infection. We propose that titanium oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles (NPs) will be more efficient than silver dioxide (Ag₂O) in the treatment of burn wounds. Herein, gelatin loaded NPs (GLT-NPs) were evaluated for their efficacy to regenerate second-degree burn wound in rabbit skin. TEM results revealed that the average particle sizes were ⁓ 7.5 and 17 nm for Ag₂O and TiO₂ NPs, respectively. The results of the in vivo application of GLT-NPs on burn wound in the rabbit revealed that both Ag₂O and TiO₂ NPs were efficient than the control none treated (CTRL) and GLT group. In terms of the healing rate, the GLT-TiO₂ did not show any significant difference than GLT-Ag₂O (99.57% vs. 99.85%, p = 0.2). Meanwhile, the healing rate was significantly higher in both NPs' treated groups than CTRL (94.16%, p < 0.01) and GLT group (95.07%, p < 0.05). Also, the histological analysis using H&E staining showed re-epithelization, less edema, and enhanced vascularization in both GLT-NPs than CTRL and GLT groups. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis of TGF-β1 and α-SMA revealed significantly a higher expression in both GLT-NPs groups than CTRL and GLT groups at weeks 1 and 2 (p < 0.05). Interestingly, TGF-β1 and α-SMA were substantially higher in GLT- TiO₂ than GLT-Ag₂O at weeks 1 and 2 (p < 0.05), but the expression was not significant at week 3. In conclusion, GLT-NPs showed higher regenerative capacity and enhanced the healing quality after burn wound compared to CTRL and GLT. Graphical abstract.