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Aabdien A, Sichlinger L, Borgel Z, Jones MR, Waston IA, Gatford NJF, Raval P, Tanangonan L, Powell TR, Duarte RRR, Srivastava DP. Schizophrenia risk proteins ZNF804A and NT5C2 interact in cortical neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2102-2117. [PMID: 38279611 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The zinc finger protein 804A (ZNF804A) and the 5'-nucleotidase cytosolic II (NT5C2) genes are amongst the first schizophrenia susceptibility genes to have been identified in large-scale genome-wide association studies. ZNF804A has been implicated in the regulation of neuronal morphology and is required for activity-dependent changes to dendritic spines. Conversely, NT5C2 has been shown to regulate 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activity and has been implicated in protein synthesis in human neural progenitor cells. Schizophrenia risk genotype is associated with reduced levels of both NT5C2 and ZNF804A in the developing brain, and a yeast two-hybrid screening suggests that their encoded proteins physically interact. However, it remains unknown whether this interaction also occurs in cortical neurons and whether they could jointly regulate neuronal function. Here, we show that ZNF804A and NT5C2 colocalise and interact in HEK293T cells and that their rodent homologues, ZFP804A and NT5C2, colocalise and form a protein complex in cortical neurons. Knockdown of the Zfp804a or Nt5c2 genes resulted in a redistribution of both proteins, suggesting that both proteins influence the subcellular targeting of each other. The identified interaction between ZNF804A/ZFP804A and NT5C2 suggests a shared biological pathway pertinent to schizophrenia susceptibility within a neuronal cell type thought to be central to the neurobiology of the disorder, providing a better understanding of its genetic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afra Aabdien
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Laura Sichlinger
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Zoe Borgel
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Madeleine R Jones
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Iain A Waston
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas J F Gatford
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pooja Raval
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lloyd Tanangonan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy R Powell
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo R R Duarte
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Deepak P Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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2
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Molloy CJ, Cooke J, Gatford NJF, Rivera-Olvera A, Avazzadeh S, Homberg JR, Grandjean J, Fernandes C, Shen S, Loth E, Srivastava DP, Gallagher L. Bridging the translational gap: what can synaptopathies tell us about autism? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1191323. [PMID: 37441676 PMCID: PMC10333541 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1191323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple molecular pathways and cellular processes have been implicated in the neurobiology of autism and other neurodevelopmental conditions. There is a current focus on synaptic gene conditions, or synaptopathies, which refer to clinical conditions associated with rare genetic variants disrupting genes involved in synaptic biology. Synaptopathies are commonly associated with autism and developmental delay and may be associated with a range of other neuropsychiatric outcomes. Altered synaptic biology is suggested by both preclinical and clinical studies in autism based on evidence of differences in early brain structural development and altered glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission potentially perturbing excitatory and inhibitory balance. This review focusses on the NRXN-NLGN-SHANK pathway, which is implicated in the synaptic assembly, trans-synaptic signalling, and synaptic functioning. We provide an overview of the insights from preclinical molecular studies of the pathway. Concentrating on NRXN1 deletion and SHANK3 mutations, we discuss emerging understanding of cellular processes and electrophysiology from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) models derived from individuals with synaptopathies, neuroimaging and behavioural findings in animal models of Nrxn1 and Shank3 synaptic gene conditions, and key findings regarding autism features, brain and behavioural phenotypes from human clinical studies of synaptopathies. The identification of molecular-based biomarkers from preclinical models aims to advance the development of targeted therapeutic treatments. However, it remains challenging to translate preclinical animal models and iPSC studies to interpret human brain development and autism features. We discuss the existing challenges in preclinical and clinical synaptopathy research, and potential solutions to align methodologies across preclinical and clinical research. Bridging the translational gap between preclinical and clinical studies will be necessary to understand biological mechanisms, to identify targeted therapies, and ultimately to progress towards personalised approaches for complex neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara J. Molloy
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer Cooke
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. F. Gatford
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Medical Sciences Division, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Rivera-Olvera
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sahar Avazzadeh
- Physiology and Cellular Physiology Research Laboratory, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, Human Biology Building, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Judith R. Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- Physiology and Cellular Physiology Research Laboratory, CÚRAM SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices, School of Medicine, Human Biology Building, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- FutureNeuro, The SFI Research Centre for Chronic and Rare Neurological Diseases, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva Loth
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- The Hospital for SickKids, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Gatford NJF, Deans PJM, Duarte RRR, Chennell G, Sellers KJ, Raval P, Srivastava DP. Neuroligin-3 and neuroligin-4X form nanoscopic clusters and regulate growth cone organization and size. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:674-691. [PMID: 34542148 PMCID: PMC8895740 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell-adhesion proteins neuroligin-3 and neuroligin-4X (NLGN3/4X) have well described roles in synapse formation. NLGN3/4X are also expressed highly during neurodevelopment. However, the role these proteins play during this period is unknown. Here we show that NLGN3/4X localized to the leading edge of growth cones where it promoted neuritogenesis in immature human neurons. Super-resolution microscopy revealed that NLGN3/4X clustering induced growth cone enlargement and influenced actin filament organization. Critically, these morphological effects were not induced by autism spectrum disorder (ASD)-associated NLGN3/4X variants. Finally, actin regulators p21-activated kinase 1 and cofilin were found to be activated by NLGN3/4X and involved in mediating the effects of these adhesion proteins on actin filaments, growth cones and neuritogenesis. These data reveal a novel role for NLGN3 and NLGN4X in the development of neuronal architecture, which may be altered in the presence of ASD-associated variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J F Gatford
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - P J Michael Deans
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo R R Duarte
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - George Chennell
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine J Sellers
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Pooja Raval
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Deepak P Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Erli F, Palmos AB, Raval P, Mukherjee J, Sellers KJ, Gatford NJF, Moss SJ, Brandon NJ, Penzes P, Srivastava DP. Estradiol reverses excitatory synapse loss in a cellular model of neuropsychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:16. [PMID: 32066698 PMCID: PMC7026123 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of glutamatergic synapses is thought to be a key cellular pathology associated with neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (SCZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD). Genetic and cellular studies of SCZ and MDD using in vivo and in vitro systems have supported a key role for dysfunction of excitatory synapses in the pathophysiology of these disorders. Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that the estrogen, 17β-estradiol can ameliorate many of the symptoms experienced by patients. Yet, to date, our understanding of how 17β-estradiol exerted these beneficial effects is limited. In this study, we have tested the hypothesis that 17β-estradiol can restore dendritic spine number in a cellular model that recapitulates the loss of synapses associated with SCZ and MDD. Ectopic expression of wildtype, mutant or shRNA-mediated knockdown of Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) reduced dendritic spine density in primary cortical neurons. Acute or chronic treatment with 17β-estradiol increased spine density to control levels in neurons with altered DISC1 levels. In addition, 17β-estradiol reduced the extent to which ectopic wildtype and mutant DISC1 aggregated. Furthermore, 17β-estradiol also caused the enrichment of synaptic proteins at synapses and increased the number of dendritic spines containing PSD-95 or that overlapped with the pre-synaptic marker bassoon. Taken together, our data indicates that estrogens can restore lost excitatory synapses caused by altered DISC1 expression, potentially through the trafficking of DISC1 and its interacting partners. These data highlight the possibility that estrogens exert their beneficial effects in SCZ and MDD in part by modulating dendritic spine number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Erli
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 9RT UK
| | - Alish B. Palmos
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 9RT UK
| | - Pooja Raval
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 9RT UK
| | - Jayanta Mukherjee
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA UK
| | - Katherine J. Sellers
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 9RT UK
| | - Nicholas J. F. Gatford
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 9RT UK
| | - Stephen J. Moss
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA UK
| | - Nicholas J. Brandon
- grid.429997.80000 0004 1936 7531AstraZeneca Tufts Laboratory for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, MA UK ,grid.417815.e0000 0004 5929 4381Neuroscience, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA UK
| | - Peter Penzes
- grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Centre for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, SE5 9RT UK ,grid.16753.360000 0001 2299 3507Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, SE1 1UL UK
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5
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Denley MCS, Gatford NJF, Sellers KJ, Srivastava DP. Estradiol and the Development of the Cerebral Cortex: An Unexpected Role? Front Neurosci 2018; 12:245. [PMID: 29887794 PMCID: PMC5981095 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex undergoes rapid folding in an "inside-outside" manner during embryonic development resulting in the establishment of six discrete cortical layers. This unique cytoarchitecture occurs via the coordinated processes of neurogenesis and cell migration. In addition, these processes are fine-tuned by a number of extracellular cues, which exert their effects by regulating intracellular signaling pathways. Interestingly, multiple brain regions have been shown to develop in a sexually dimorphic manner. In many cases, estrogens have been demonstrated to play an integral role in mediating these sexual dimorphisms in both males and females. Indeed, 17β-estradiol, the main biologically active estrogen, plays a critical organizational role during early brain development and has been shown to be pivotal in the sexually dimorphic development and regulation of the neural circuitry underlying sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors in males and females. However, whether and how estrogens, and 17β-estradiol in particular, regulate the development of the cerebral cortex is less well understood. In this review, we outline the evidence that estrogens are not only present but are engaged and regulate molecular machinery required for the fine-tuning of processes central to the cortex. We discuss how estrogens are thought to regulate the function of key molecular players and signaling pathways involved in corticogenesis, and where possible, highlight if these processes are sexually dimorphic. Collectively, we hope this review highlights the need to consider how estrogens may influence the development of brain regions directly involved in the sex-typical and socio-aggressive behaviors as well as development of sexually dimorphic regions such as the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. S. Denley
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas J. F. Gatford
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine J. Sellers
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepak P. Srivastava
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Kathuria A, Nowosiad P, Jagasia R, Aigner S, Taylor RD, Andreae LC, Gatford NJF, Lucchesi W, Srivastava DP, Price J. Stem cell-derived neurons from autistic individuals with SHANK3 mutation show morphogenetic abnormalities during early development. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:735-746. [PMID: 28948968 PMCID: PMC5822449 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Shank3 is a structural protein found predominantly at the postsynaptic density. Mutations in the SHANK3 gene have been associated with risk for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from control individuals and from human donors with ASD carrying microdeletions of SHANK3. In addition, we used Zinc finger nucleases to generate isogenic SHANK3 knockout human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines. We differentiated pluripotent cells into either cortical or olfactory placodal neurons. We show that patient-derived placodal neurons make fewer synapses than control cells. Moreover, patient-derived cells display a developmental phenotype: young postmitotic neurons have smaller cell bodies, more extensively branched neurites, and reduced motility compared with controls. These phenotypes were mimicked by SHANK3-edited ES cells and rescued by transduction with a Shank3 expression construct. This developmental phenotype is not observed in the same iPSC lines differentiated into cortical neurons. Therefore, we suggest that SHANK3 has a critical role in neuronal morphogenesis in placodal neurons and that early defects are associated with ASD-associated mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kathuria
- Cells & Behavior Unit, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - P Nowosiad
- Cells & Behavior Unit, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - R Jagasia
- CNS Discovery/F-Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Aigner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine School of Medicine University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - R D Taylor
- Developmental Neurobiology/New Hunt’s House Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London, UK,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L C Andreae
- Developmental Neurobiology/New Hunt’s House Guy’s Campus, King’s College London, London, UK,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N J F Gatford
- Cells & Behavior Unit, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - W Lucchesi
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK
| | - D P Srivastava
- Cells & Behavior Unit, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Price
- Cells & Behavior Unit, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK,Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Hertfordshire, UK,Cells & Behavior Unit, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK. E-mail:
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