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Carson WF, Cavassani KA, Soares EM, Hirai S, Kittan NA, Schaller MA, Scola MM, Joshi A, Matsukawa A, Aronoff DM, Johnson CN, Dou Y, Gallagher KA, Kunkel SL. The STAT4/MLL1 Epigenetic Axis Regulates the Antimicrobial Functions of Murine Macrophages. J Immunol 2017; 199:1865-1874. [PMID: 28733487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical immune cells for the clearance of microbial pathogens and cellular debris from peripheral tissues. Macrophage inflammatory responses are governed by gene expression patterns, and these patterns are often subject to epigenetic control. Chromatin modifications, such as histone methylation, regulate gene accessibility in macrophages, and macrophage polarization is governed in part by the expression and function of chromatin-modifying enzymes. The histone methyltransferase mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) preferentially modifies lysine residue 4 on the unstructured protein tail of histone H3. MLL1 expression and function have been shown to be governed by signal transduction pathways that are activated by inflammatory stimuli, such as NF-κB. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of MLL1 in mediating macrophage inflammatory responses. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice with a targeted MLL1 gene knockout (Lys2-Cre+/- MLL1fx/fx) exhibited decreased proinflammatory gene expression with concurrent decreases in activating histone methylation. However, MLL1-deficient macrophages also exhibited increased phagocytic and bacterial killing activity in vitro. RNA profiling of MLL1-knockout macrophages identified numerous genes involved with inflammatory responses whose expression was altered in response to TLR ligands or proinflammatory cytokines, including STAT4. STAT4-dependent cytokines, such as type I IFNs were able to drive MLL1 expression in macrophages, and MLL1-knockout macrophages exhibited decreased activating histone methylation in the STAT4 promoter. These results implicate an important role for MLL1-dependent epigenetic regulation of macrophage antimicrobial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Carson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
| | - Karen A Cavassani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Elyara M Soares
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Soichiro Hirai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - Nicolai A Kittan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Matthew A Schaller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Melissa M Scola
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Amrita Joshi
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Akihiro Matsukawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
| | - David M Aronoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - Craig N Johnson
- DNA Sequencing and Microarray Core, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yali Dou
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | | | - Steven L Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Shibata T, Ismailoglu UB, Kittan NA, Moreira AP, Coelho AL, Chupp GL, Kunkel SL, Lukacs NW, Hogaboam CM. Role of growth arrest-specific gene 6 in the development of fungal allergic airway disease in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2015; 51:615-25. [PMID: 24810144 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2014-0049oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth arrest-specific gene (Gas)6 is a secreted vitamin K-dependent protein with pleiotropic effects via activation of receptor tyrosine kinase Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk receptors, but little is known about its role in allergic airway disease. We investigated the role of Gas6 in the development of fungal allergic airway disease in mice. The immune response was evaluated in Gas6-deficient (Gas6-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice and in recombinant Gas6-treated WT mice during Aspergillus fumigatus-induced allergic airway disease. Gas6 plasma levels were significantly elevated in adult clinical asthma of all severities compared with subjects without asthma. In a murine model of fungal allergic airway disease, increased protein expression of Axl and Mertk were observed in the lung. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), whole lung Th2 cytokine levels, goblet cell metaplasia, and peribronchial fibrosis were ameliorated in Gas6-/- mice compared with WT mice with fungal allergic airway disease. Intranasal Gas6 administration into WT mice had a divergent effect on airway inflammation and AHR. Specifically, a total dose of 2 μg of exogenous Gas6 (i.e., low dose) significantly increased whole lung Th2 cytokine levels and subsequent AHR, whereas a total dose of 7 μg of exogenous Gas6 (i.e., high dose) significantly suppressed Th1 and Th2 cytokines and AHR compared with appropriate control groups. Mechanistically, Gas6 promoted Th2 activation via its highest affinity receptor Axl expressed by myeloid DCs. Intranasal administration of Gas6 consistently exacerbated airway remodeling compared with control WT groups. These results demonstrate that Gas6 enhances several features of fungal allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Shibata
- 1 Immunology Program, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Radhakrishnan SV, Palaniyandi S, Mueller G, Miklos S, Hager M, Spacenko E, Karlsson FJ, Huber E, Kittan NA, Hildebrandt GC. Preventive azithromycin treatment reduces noninfectious lung injury and acute graft-versus-host disease in a murine model of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2014; 21:30-8. [PMID: 25445642 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Noninfectious lung injury and acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Azithromycin is widely used in allogeneic HCT recipients for pulmonary chronic GVHD, although current data appear controversial. We induced GVHD and noninfectious lung injury in lethally irradiated B6D2F1 mice by transplanting bone marrow and splenic T cells from allogeneic C57BL/6 mice. Experimental groups were treated with oral azithromycin starting on day 14 until the end of week 6 or week 14 after transplantation. Azithromycin treatment resulted in improved survival and decreased lung injury; the latter characterized by improved pulmonary function, reduced peribronchial and perivascular inflammatory cell infiltrates along with diminished collagen deposition, and a decrease in lung cytokine and chemokine expression. Azithromycin also improved intestinal GVHD but did not affect liver GVHD at week 6 early after transplantation. At week 14, azithromycin decreased liver GVHD but had no effect on intestinal GVHD. In vitro, allogeneic antigen-presenting cell (APC)- dependent T cell proliferation and cytokine production were suppressed by azithromycin and inversely correlated with relative regulatory T cell (Treg) expansion, whereas no effect was seen when T cell proliferation occurred APC independently through CD3/CD28-stimulation. Further, azithromycin reduced alloreactive T cell expansion but increased Treg expansion in vivo with corresponding downregulation of MHC II on CD11c(+) dendritic cells. These results demonstrate that preventive administration of azithromycin can reduce the severity of acute GVHD and noninfectious lung injury after allo-HCT, supporting further investigation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarinath Venniyil Radhakrishnan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana; Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Senthilnathan Palaniyandi
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Gunnar Mueller
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sandra Miklos
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Max Hager
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elena Spacenko
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fridrik J Karlsson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Elisabeth Huber
- Department of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nicolai A Kittan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Gerhard C Hildebrandt
- Division of Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah, Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah; Division of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.
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Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the presence of autoantibodies such as the rheumatoid factor and antibodies against citrullinated proteins is highly correlated with the severity of disease and bone loss. For many years, the involvement of autoantibodies in bone resorption has merely been attributed to enhanced tissue infiltration and the production of inflammatory cytokines that promote osteoclastogenesis. However, recent research provides evidence for a direct activation of osteoclasts and their precursors by autoantibodies, which is independent of inflammation. The depletion of B-cells with rituximab that substantially reduces autoantibody levels seems to be as effective as the well-established treatment with tumor necrosis factor-antagonists in RA patients that do not respond to methotrexate, highlighting the significance of autoantibodies for RA and bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Harre
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany,
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Mukherjee S, Rasky AJ, Lundy PA, Kittan NA, Kunkel SL, Maillard IP, Kowalski PE, Kousis PC, Guidos CJ, Lukacs NW. STAT5-induced lunatic fringe during Th2 development alters delta-like 4-mediated Th2 cytokine production in respiratory syncytial virus-exacerbated airway allergic disease. J Immunol 2013; 192:996-1003. [PMID: 24367028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Notch activation plays an important role in T cell development and mature T cell differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of Notch activation in a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-exacerbated allergic airway disease. During RSV exacerbation, in vivo neutralization of a specific Notch ligand, Delta-like ligand (Dll)-4, significantly decreased airway hyperreactivity, mucus production, and Th2 cytokines. Lunatic Fringe (Lfng), a glycosyltransferase that enhances Notch activation by Dll4, was increased during RSV exacerbation. Lfng loss of function in Th2-skewed cells inhibited Dll4-Notch activation and subsequent IL-4 production. Further knockdown of Lfng in T cells in CD4Cre(+)Lfng(fl/fl) mice showed reduced Th2 response and disease pathology during RSV exacerbation. Finally, we identified STAT5-binding cis-acting regulatory element activation as a critical driver of Lfng transcriptional activation. These data demonstrate that STAT5-dependent amplification of Notch-modifying Lfng augments Th2 response via Dll4 and is critical for amplifying viral exacerbation during allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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6
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Kittan NA, Allen RM, Dhaliwal A, Cavassani KA, Schaller M, Gallagher KA, Carson WF, Mukherjee S, Grembecka J, Cierpicki T, Jarai G, Westwick J, Kunkel SL, Hogaboam CM. Cytokine induced phenotypic and epigenetic signatures are key to establishing specific macrophage phenotypes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78045. [PMID: 24205083 PMCID: PMC3804553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (MΦ) play an essential role in innate immune responses and can either display a pro-inflammatory, classically activated phenotype (M1) or undergo an alternative activation program (M2) promoting immune regulation. M-CSF is used to differentiate monocytes into MΦ and IFN-γ or IL-4+IL-13 to further polarize these cells towards M1 or M2, respectively. Recently, differentiation using only GM-CSF or M-CSF has been described to induce a M1- or M2-like phenotype, respectively. In this study, we combined both approaches by differentiating human MΦ in GM-CSF or M-CSF followed by polarization with either IFN-γ or IL-4+IL-13. We describe the phenotypic differences between CD14(hi) CD163(hi) CD206(int) FOLR2-expressing M-CSF MΦ and CD14(lo) CD163(lo) CD206(hi) GM-CSF MΦ but show that both macrophage populations reacted similarly to further polarization with IFN-γ or IL-4+IL-13 with up- and down-regulation of common M1 and M2 marker genes. We also show that high expression of the mannose receptor (CD206), a marker of alternative activation, is a distinct feature of GM-CSF MΦ. Changes of the chromatin structure carried out by chromatin modification enzymes (CME) have been shown to regulate myeloid differentiation. We analyzed the expression patterns of CME during MΦ polarization and show that M1 up-regulate the histone methyltransferase MLL and demethylase KDM6B, while resting and M2 MΦ were characterized by DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases. We demonstrate that MLL regulates CXCL10 expression and that this effect could be abrogated using a MLL-Menin inhibitor. Taken together we describe the distinct phenotypic differences of GM-CSF or M-CSF MΦ and demonstrate that MΦ polarization is regulated by specific epigenetic mechanisms. In addition, we describe a novel role for MLL as marker for classical activation. Our findings provide new insights into MΦ polarization that could be helpful to distinguish MΦ activation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai A. Kittan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ronald M. Allen
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Abhay Dhaliwal
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Karen A. Cavassani
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Matthew Schaller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Gallagher
- Division of Vascular Surgery, University of Michigan Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - William F. Carson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sumanta Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jolanta Grembecka
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gabor Jarai
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - John Westwick
- Novartis Institutes of Biomedical Research, Respiratory Disease Area, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Steven L. Kunkel
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Cory M. Hogaboam
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Beier F, Arbter K, Kittan NA, Andreesen R, Krause SW, Holler E, Hildebrandt GC. Regression of eosinophil counts after diagnosis of chronic graft-versus-host disease as a potential marker for improved clinical outcome. Mol Clin Oncol 2013; 2:81-86. [PMID: 24649312 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2013.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilia after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) has been associated with the development of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD). However, a limited number of studies have investigated the course of eosinophil counts in relation to the onset of cGVHD. In this study, the course of relative eosinophil counts (RECs) was retrospectively analyzed in 64 patients who developed cGVHD following allogeneic HSCT in relation to overall survival (OS), relapse rate and clinical course of cGVHD. At onset of cGVHD, eosinophilia was observed in 45% of the patients and developed one week prior to cGVHD diagnosis. Furthermore, a trend towards improved OS in patients with eosinophilia was observed. Beneficial effects were most evident in patients who exhibited decreasing eosinophil counts one week after diagnosis of cGVHD. By contrast, an increase in or stable eosinophil counts one week after diagnosis were associated with significantly impaired OS and a significantly higher rate of later aggravation of cGVHD. Findings of this study suggested that the course of eosinophil counts may provide a useful parameter in the assessment of cGVHD development and activity allowing the potential identification of patient subpopulations with a good outcome and reduced cGVHD-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Beier
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg Medical Center, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Arbter
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg Medical Center, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Nicolai A Kittan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg Medical Center, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany ; ; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
| | - Reinhard Andreesen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg Medical Center, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan W Krause
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg Medical Center, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany ; ; Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Erlangen Medical Center, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ernst Holler
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg Medical Center, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard C Hildebrandt
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Regensburg Medical Center, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany ; ; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Pritschet K, Donhauser N, Schuster P, Ries M, Haupt S, Kittan NA, Korn K, Pöhlmann S, Holland G, Bannert N, Bogner E, Schmidt B. CD4- and dynamin-dependent endocytosis of HIV-1 into plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Virology 2012; 423:152-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoetic stem cell transplantation often presents the only chance for cure in a number of malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases. However, its beneficial effects are counterweighed by the development of potentially lethal complications, most importantly the development of acute and chronic graft-vs.-host disease (GVHD). Alloantigen-reactive immune responses mediate injury and destruction of GVHD target organs, including the gastrointestinal tract, the liver, the skin, and the lung. Donor leukocyte infiltration into the respective tissues is orchestrated by interactions between chemokines and chemokine receptors, which will be reviewed using a basic science - clinical comparative approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai A Kittan
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center - Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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Schuster P, Donhauser N, Pritschet K, Ries M, Haupt S, Kittan NA, Korn K, Schmidt B. Co-ordinated regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell surface receptors upon stimulation with herpes simplex virus type 1. Immunology 2009; 129:234-47. [PMID: 19824924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03176.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are crucial for innate and adaptive immune responses against viral infections, mainly through production of type I interferons. Evidence is accumulating that PDC surface receptors play an important role in this process. To investigate the PDC phenotype in more detail, a chip-based expression analysis of surface receptors was combined with respective flow cytometry data obtained from fresh PDC, PDC exposed to interleukin-3 (IL-3) and/or herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). CD156b, CD229, CD305 and CD319 were newly identified on the surface of PDC, and CD180 was identified as a new intracellular antigen. After correction for multiple comparisons, a total of 33 receptors were found to be significantly regulated upon exposure to IL-3, HSV-1 or IL-3 and HSV-1. These were receptors involved in chemotaxis, antigen uptake, activation and maturation, migration, apoptosis, cytotoxicity and costimulation. Infectious and ultraviolet-inactivated HSV-1 did not differentially affect surface receptor regulation, consistent with the lack of productive virus infection in PDC, which was confirmed by HSV-1 real-time polymerase chain reaction and experiments involving autofluorescing HSV-1 particles. Viral entry was mediated at least in part by endocytosis. Time-course experiments provided evidence of a co-ordinated regulation of PDC surface markers, which play a specific role in different aspects of PDC function such as attraction to inflamed tissue, antigen recognition and subsequent migration to secondary lymphatic tissue. This knowledge can be used to investigate PDC surface receptor functions in interactions with other cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, particularly natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schuster
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, German National Reference Centre for Retroviruses, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Kittan NA, Bergua A, Haupt S, Donhauser N, Schuster P, Korn K, Harrer T, Schmidt B. Impaired Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Innate Immune Responses in Patients with Herpes Virus-Associated Acute Retinal Necrosis. J Immunol 2007; 179:4219-30. [PMID: 17785862 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC), the main producers of type I IFNs in the blood, are important for the recognition and control of viral and bacterial infections. Because several viruses induce IFN-alpha production, severe courses of herpes virus infections in nonimmunocompromised patients may be related to numerical or functional PDC deficits. To evaluate this hypothesis, PBMC and PDC were repeatedly isolated from nine patients with acute retinal necrosis (ARN), caused by herpes simplex or varicella zoster virus. The patients experienced meningitis/encephalitis and frequent infections in childhood (n = 2), recurrent herpes virus infections at unusual localizations (n = 2), ocular surgery (n = 1), infections (n = 4), and stress around ARN (n = 6). The median percentage of isolated PDC was significantly lower in patients compared with 18 age-matched healthy controls (p < 0.001), confirmed by FACS analysis using peripheral blood, and was extremely low during acute disease. PDC counts dropped in five controls suffering from respiratory infections or diarrhea. IFN-alpha production in PDC and PBMC exposed to different stimuli was significantly lower in patients than in controls (p < 0.05). Anergy to these stimuli was observed on four occasions, in particular during acute disease. PDC of patients showed up-regulated IFN regulatory factor-7 mRNA levels and evidence of in vivo activation (CD80) and maturation (CD83) (p < 0.05). CD8+ cell responses were significantly lower in patients vs controls (p = 0.04). These data support a risk factor model in which numerical and functional deficits in PDC-mediated innate immune responses contribute to an impaired control of latent herpes virus infections and subsequent development of ARN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai A Kittan
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, German National Reference Centre for Retroviruses, Erlangen, Germany
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