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Solomon SR, Belfiglio A, Tuton LW, Thomas NA. Training Community Leaders to Serve as Equal Partners in Research: Penn Community Scholars Program, 2015-2023. Am J Public Health 2024; 114:284-288. [PMID: 38271652 PMCID: PMC10882383 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2023.307549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
An implementation and effectiveness evaluation of the Community Scholars Program was conducted at the University of Pennsylvania to enhance community capacity to collaborate with academics in mutually beneficial, equitable, and transformative research. Mixed methods were employed using administrative data, surveys, and key informant interviews. Participants expressed high satisfaction, valued interactive learning, and identified areas for improvement. The program increased knowledge and self-confidence in research-related skills and trust in the research process. The program serves as an institutional model to create long-term, mutually beneficial community-academic partnerships. (Am J Public Health. 2024;114(3):284-288. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307549).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Solomon
- Sara R. Solomon, Andrew Belfiglio, Lucy Wolf Tuton, and Nicole A. Thomas are with the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Andrew Belfiglio
- Sara R. Solomon, Andrew Belfiglio, Lucy Wolf Tuton, and Nicole A. Thomas are with the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Lucy Wolf Tuton
- Sara R. Solomon, Andrew Belfiglio, Lucy Wolf Tuton, and Nicole A. Thomas are with the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- Sara R. Solomon, Andrew Belfiglio, Lucy Wolf Tuton, and Nicole A. Thomas are with the Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Thomas NA, Owen B, Ersig AL, Bratzke LC. Pathways and processes to the embodiment of historical trauma secondary to settler colonialism. J Adv Nurs 2023; 79:4218-4227. [PMID: 37553851 DOI: 10.1111/jan.15818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM(S) This discursive article aims to examine how systemic factors of settler colonialism influence health outcomes among Indigenous peoples in the United States through pathways and processes that may lead to the embodiment of historical trauma. DESIGN Discursive paper. METHODS We completed a comprehensive search of empirical and grey literature between September 2022 and January 2023 in PubMed, CINAHL and Google Scholar. Using these articles as a foundation, we explored factors related to the pathways and processes leading to the embodiment of historical trauma rooted in settler colonialism. RESULTS A conceptual framework of the pathways and processes of the embodiment of historical trauma secondary to settler colonialism was developed, and is presented. CONCLUSION The societal and historical context for Indigenous peoples includes harmful settler colonial structures and ideologies, resulting in stressors and historical trauma that impact health outcomes and disparities through the phenomenon of the process of embodiment. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING To provide holistic nursing care, nurses must be aware of settler colonialism as a determinant of health. They must be attuned to the pathways and processes through which settler colonial exposures may impact health among Indigenous peoples. Nurses must challenge existing structural inequities to advance health equity and social justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Thomas
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Brenda Owen
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Anne L Ersig
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lisa C Bratzke
- School of Nursing, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Moeck EK, Zhao JL, Most SB, Thomas NA, Takarangi MKT. Emotional stimuli similarly disrupt attention in both visual fields. Cogn Emot 2023; 37:633-649. [PMID: 36912595 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2023.2187353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
People often need to filter relevant from irrelevant information. Irrelevant emotional distractors interrupt this process. But does the degree to which emotional distractors disrupt attention depend on which visual field they appear in? We thought it might for two reasons: (1) people pay slightly more attention to the left than the right visual field, and (2) some research suggests the right-hemisphere (which, in early visual processing, receives left visual field input) has areas specialised for processing emotion. Participants viewed a rapid image-stream in each visual field and reported the rotation of an embedded neutral target preceded by a negative or neutral distractor. We predicted that the degree to which negative (vs. neutral) distractors impaired target detection would be larger when targets appeared in the left than the right stream. This hypothesis was supported, but only when the distractor and target could appear in the same or opposite stream as each other (Experiments 2a-b), not when they always appeared in the same stream as each other (Experiments 1a-1b). However, this effect was driven by superior left-stream accuracy following neutral distractors, and similar left- and right-stream accuracy following negative distractors. Emotional distractors therefore override visuospatial asymmetries and disrupt attention, regardless of visual field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella K Moeck
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Jenna L Zhao
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Steven B Most
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
| | - Melanie K T Takarangi
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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McLean CP, Moeck EK, Sharp G, Thomas NA. Characteristics and clinical implications of the relationship between veganism and pathological eating behaviours. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:1881-1886. [PMID: 34786670 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-021-01330-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Veganism may serve as a socially acceptable means to restrict food intake and disguise pathological eating behaviours. Studies that include vegan participants typically group them with other meat avoiders (e.g., vegetarians), potentially masking risk factors unique to veganism. METHOD We addressed this issue by recruiting two Amazon Mechanical Turk samples of 110 vegan and 118 omnivore participants, with comparable gender composition. We aimed to examine whether vegans showed higher disordered eating than omnivores, and if motives for pursuing a vegan diet impacted disordered eating. We assessed disordered eating using the Eating Attitudes Test, the Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire, and the Eating Pathology Symptom Inventory. RESULTS Vegans displayed more pathological eating behaviours than omnivores, which was significantly predicted by cognitive restraint. However, body dissatisfaction levels were higher in omnivores than vegans. Diet motives did not influence vegans' disordered eating. CONCLUSION We propose vegans have high levels of cognitive restraint, possibly due to their intention to avoid animal products. In turn, cognitive restraint subscales in eating disorder measures might be over-pathologising rates of eating disorders in vegans. Future research should monitor the progression of people's eating-related attitudes and behaviours before and after they transition to veganism to establish whether veganism increases the risk of disordered eating, or vice versa. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV, cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney P McLean
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Level 4, 607 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
| | - Ella K Moeck
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Gemma Sharp
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Level 4, 607 St Kilda Rd, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
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5
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Aniulis E, Moeck EK, Thomas NA, Sharp G. The Real Ideal: Misestimation of Body Mass Index. Front Glob Womens Health 2022; 3:756119. [PMID: 35712233 PMCID: PMC9197161 DOI: 10.3389/fgwh.2022.756119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In Western cultures, the ideal body for women is thin and toned. Idealization of thinness has led many women to desire bodies with an underweight body mass index (BMI). The present study investigated women's knowledge of BMI, particularly relating to their own body ideals, to determine whether women knowingly idealize bodies categorized as “underweight.” In August 2020, one-hundred and forty-seven US women aged 18 to 25 completed two online tasks in a repeated-measures design. First, participants estimated the BMIs of a series of bodies. Then, participants selected representations of their own and ideal bodies from a figure rating scale and estimated the BMIs of their selections. Participants generally mis-estimated the BMI of bodies, but did so to a greater extent when viewing bodies as an extension of their own, i.e., following the figure rating scale task. Further, if participants selected an underweight or overweight ideal body, they were likely to estimate this body was within a “normal” weight BMI range, demonstrating that women who idealize underweight–or overweight–bodies do so unknowingly. These findings suggest misperceptions of women's own ideal body size are often greater than misperceptions of other bodies, potentially driving the tendency to idealize underweight bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Aniulis
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Ellie Aniulis
| | - Ella K. Moeck
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole A. Thomas
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gemma Sharp
- Department of Psychiatry, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Aniulis E, Nicholls MER, Thomas NA, Sharp G. The role of social context in own body size estimations: An investigation of the body schema. Body Image 2022; 40:351-357. [PMID: 35144073 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Women tend to overestimate their body size, including space needed to pass through gaps/apertures. These results were generated using static apertures resembling doorways. However, body image is influenced by other bodies around us, and how estimations of passability may be influenced by social context is unknown. To investigate, a series of apertures were created comprising two women facing each other, with the space between creating the 'doorway'. The apertures were created using either two larger-bodied or two smaller-bodied women. Non-social versions were generated using the social aperture silhouettes. Thirty-four undergraduate women viewed a series of apertures - varying in width relative to their own size - and judged whether they believed they could pass through them. State and trait body dissatisfaction measurements were also taken. Point of subjective equality (PSE) data suggested that participants did not overestimate the space needed to pass through apertures overall, but showed an overestimation of space for the larger-bodied social doorways. Correlations suggested higher levels of state body dissatisfaction associated with higher PSEs, but only in the social conditions. Results showed that participants may have been engaging in different mechanisms regarding social versus non-social doorways, and the importance of social context when investigating own body size estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Aniulis
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael E R Nicholls
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Gemma Sharp
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Abstract
Food and alcohol disturbance involves restricting, purging, or excessively exercising to compensate for the calories consumed from drinking alcohol, or to enhance intoxication levels. But these compensatory behaviors, colloquially termed "drunkorexia," have only been investigated in young adult samples-primarily college students-who are presumed to be at risk due to their high episodic drinking rates. Therefore, this study sought preliminary evidence that food and alcohol disturbance occurs in a broader age-range sample of adult drinkers. We recruited 253 participants aged 18 to 76 (Mage = 38.71) from Mechanical Turk. Rates of food and alcohol disturbance (measured by the Compensatory Eating Behaviors in Response to Alcohol Consumption) were high: 64% of the sample endorsed performing at least one compensatory behavior in the past three months. There were no gender differences in overall prevalence, though men were more likely than women to engage in food and alcohol disturbance to enhance intoxication levels. Drinking habits, drinking motivated by conformity, and abnormal eating attitudes were the strongest predictors of food and alcohol disturbance. However, eating attitudes were a stronger predictor of these behaviors in men than women, whilst drinking habits were a stronger predictor of these behaviors in women than men. The high prevalence of food and alcohol disturbance in our broad age-range sample, alongside the far-reaching health consequences of these behaviors, highlights the need for increased awareness in younger, middle, and older adults alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella K Moeck
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Carragher DJ, Thomas NA, Nicholls MER. The dissociable influence of social context on judgements of facial attractiveness and trustworthiness. Br J Psychol 2021; 112:902-933. [PMID: 33742452 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The cheerleader effect occurs when the same face is rated to be more attractive when it is seen in a group compared to when seen alone. We investigated whether this phenomenon also occurs for trustworthiness judgements, and examined how these effects are influenced by the characteristics of the individual being evaluated and those of the group they are seen in. Across three experiments, we reliably replicated the cheerleader effect. Most faces became more attractive in a group. Yet, the size of the cheerleader effect that each face experienced was not related to its own attractiveness, nor to the attractiveness of the group or the group's digitally averaged face. We discuss the implications of our findings for the hierarchical encoding and contrast mechanisms that have previously been used to explain the cheerleader effect. Surprisingly, judgements of facial trustworthiness did not experience a 'cheerleader effect'. Instead, we found that untrustworthy faces became significantly more trustworthy in all groups, while there was no change for faces that were already trustworthy alone. Taken together, our results demonstrate that social context can have a dissociable influence on our first impressions, depending on the trait being evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Carragher
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael E R Nicholls
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Aniulis E, Sharp G, Thomas NA. The ever-changing ideal: The body you want depends on who else you're looking at. Body Image 2021; 36:218-229. [PMID: 33401202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The body positivity movement-celebrating bodies beyond the thin ideal-has gained traction on social media. In an online study of North American women, we aimed to determine how ideal body perceptions shift based on the presentation of more diverse body types. In Study 1, women (n = 115, aged 19-75) responded to arrays of bodies ranging from primarily small to primarily large bodies, selecting the body closest to their ideal body. Results showed that the BMI of the ideal body increased as the body sizes in the array increased. Participants were also less likely to select an underweight ideal when viewing larger bodies. In Study 2, women responded to arrays with either primarily small (n = 132, aged 20-68) or primarily large (n = 130, aged 20-75) bodies. Results suggested that ideal body perceptions only shifted around current societal standards, and not to extremes. The participants presented with the larger-bodied arrays were more likely to select a normal weight ideal body than those who saw the smaller-bodied arrays. Results suggest ideal body size is malleable, and shifting toward a more diverse perception of the ideal body is achievable with increased exposure beyond the thin ideal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Aniulis
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Gemma Sharp
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Thomas NA, Drewry A, Racine Passmore S, Assad N, Hoppe KK. Patient perceptions, opinions and satisfaction of telehealth with remote blood pressure monitoring postpartum. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:153. [PMID: 33607957 PMCID: PMC7896378 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-03632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our aim was to conduct a post participation survey of respondent experiences with in-home remote patient monitoring via telehealth for blood pressure monitoring of women with postpartum hypertension. We hypothesized that the in-home remote patient monitoring application will be implemented with strong fidelity and have positive patient acceptability. Methods This analysis was a planned secondary analysis of a non-randomized controlled trial of telehealth with remote blood pressure patient monitoring for postpartum hypertension compared to standard outpatient monitoring in women with a hypertension-related diagnosis during pregnancy. In collaboration with survey experts, we developed a 41-item web-based survey to assess 1) perception of quality of care received, 2) ease of use/ease to learn the telehealth program, 3) effective orientation of equipment, 4) level of perceived security/privacy utilizing telehealth and 5) problems encountered. The survey included multiple question formats including Likert scale responses, dichotomous Yes/No responses, and free text. We performed a descriptive analysis on all responses and then performed regression analysis on a subset of questions most relevant to the domains of interest. The qualitative data collected through open ended responses was analyzed to determine relevant categories. Intervention participants who completed the study received the survey at the 6-week study endpoint. Results Sixty six percent of respondents completed the survey. The majority of women found the technology fit easily into their lifestyle. Privacy concerns were minimal and factors that influenced this included age, BMI, marital status, and readmissions. 95% of women preferred remote care for postpartum follow-up, in which hypertensive type, medication use and ethnicity were found to be significant factors in influencing location of follow-up. Most women were satisfied with the devices, but rates varied by hypertensive type, infant discharge rates and BMI. Conclusions Postpartum women perceived the telehealth remote intervention was a safe, easy to use method that represented an acceptable burden of care and an overall satisfying method for postpartum blood pressure monitoring. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identification number: NCT03111095 Date of registration: April 12, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Thomas
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, School of Nursing, Signe Skott Cooper Hall, 701 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
| | - Anna Drewry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Susan Racine Passmore
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Collaborative Center for Health Equity, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Nadia Assad
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Survey Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kara K Hoppe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Moeck EK, Thomas NA, Takarangi MKT. Right Hemisphere Memory Bias Does Not Extend to Involuntary Memories for Negative Scenes. Perception 2021; 50:27-38. [PMID: 33446070 DOI: 10.1177/0301006620982210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Attention is unequally distributed across the visual field. Due to greater right than left hemisphere activation for visuospatial attention, people attend slightly more to the left than the right side. As a result, people voluntarily remember visual stimuli better when it first appears in the left than the right visual field. But does this effect-termed a right hemisphere memory bias-also enhance involuntary memory? We manipulated the presentation location of 100 highly negative images (chosen to increase the likelihood that participants would experience any involuntary memories) in three conditions: predominantly leftward (right hemisphere bias), predominantly rightward (left hemisphere bias), or equally in both visual fields (bilateral). We measured subsequent involuntary memories immediately and for 3 days after encoding. Contrary to predictions, biased hemispheric processing did not affect short- or long-term involuntary memory frequency or duration. Future research should measure hemispheric differences at retrieval, rather than just encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella K Moeck
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Australia.,Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Australia
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12
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Saccone EJ, Thomas NA, Nicholls MER. One-handed motor activity does not interfere with naming lateralized pictures of tools. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 2020; 47:529-544. [PMID: 33119338 DOI: 10.1037/xhp0000863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The motor interference hypothesis posits that performing a secondary motor task with a task relevant effector (e.g., the hand) impairs performance on a primary object-naming task wherein objects are used by the same effector. However, evidence in favor of this hypothesis has been mixed. We sought to replicate findings from a lateralized object-naming paradigm, which supports the motor interference hypothesis, and to expand upon this previous research by also examining handedness. Across four experiments, we examined whether performance on a primary object-naming task is impaired by a secondary motor task where participants either squeezed a ball or continually moved their fingers in and out of a fist posture. We failed to observe any significant effects on either response times or error rates on the primary task. Furthermore, handedness did not influence performance on the primary task. Overall, our findings do not provide strong support for a functional role for motor neural resources in object naming. This could suggest that the motor activation that accompanies object recognition is a byproduct of this process. We also argue for a contextual rather than invariant activation of motor information in object processing tasks and discuss the implications of this view on theories of object conceptual representation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Carragher DJ, Thomas NA, Gwinn OS, Nicholls MER. The cheerleader effect is robust to experimental manipulations of presentation time. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1776718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Carragher
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole A. Thomas
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - O. Scott Gwinn
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael E. R. Nicholls
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Emotional crying is a uniquely human behavior, which typically elicits helping and empathic responses from observers. However, tears can also be used to deceive. “Crocodile tears” are insincere tears used to manipulate the observer and foster prosocial responses. The ability to discriminate between genuine and fabricated emotional displays is critical to social functioning. When insincere emotional displays are detected, they are most often met with backlash. Conversely, genuine displays foster prosocial responses. However, the majority of crying research conducted to date has used posed stimuli featuring artificial tears. As such it is yet to be determined how the artificial nature of these displays impacts person perception. Throughout this article, we discuss the necessity for empirical investigation of the differences (or similarities) in responses to posed and genuine tearful expressions. We will explore the recent adoption of genuine stimuli in emotion research and review the existing research using tear stimuli. We conclude by offering suggestions and considerations for future advancement of the emotional crying field through investigation of both posed and genuine tear stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Krivan
- Department of Psychology, Applied Attention and Perceptual Processing Laboratory, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,Applied Attention and Perceptual Processing Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- Applied Attention and Perceptual Processing Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Moeck EK, Thomas NA, Takarangi MKT. Using the landmark task to test the underlying assumptions of unilateral contraction research. Laterality 2019; 25:363-389. [PMID: 31868095 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2019.1701484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The unilateral contractions procedure (i.e., squeezing a ball with one hand) supposedly enhances a wide variety of cognitive functions, from episodic recall to choking under pressure. The practicality and affordability of this procedure makes it highly appealing. But does it work? We addressed this question by testing whether intermittent and sustained unilateral contractions shifted a well-supported hemispheric asymmetry: visuospatial attention. Based on prior research, contracting the left (or right) hand should lead baseline scores on the landmark task-a visuospatial attention measure-to deviate further left (or right). We meta-analysed the results of our six experiments and showed that the unilateral contractions procedure, particularly with intermittent contractions, does not reliably shift landmark task scores measured during (Experiments 4-6) or after (Experiments 1-3 & 6) performing unilateral contractions. Although we question if and how unilateral contractions activate the contralateral hemisphere, Experiment 6 provided some support for the utility of sustained contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella K Moeck
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.,Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Melanie K T Takarangi
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Thomas NA, Aniulis E, Mattia A, Matthews E. Has Social Media Altered Our Ability to Determine If Pictures Have Been Photoshopped? J Vis 2019. [DOI: 10.1167/19.10.267c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Thomas
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University (Cairns)
| | - Ellie Aniulis
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University (Cairns)
| | - Alessia Mattia
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University (Cairns)
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Abstract
We live in a right-hander’s world. Although left-handers become accustomed to using right-handed devices, an underlying preference for objects that afford the dominant hand could remain. We employed eye tracking while left- and right-handed participants viewed advertisements for everyday products. Participants then rated aesthetic appeal, purchase intention, and perceived value. Left-handed participants found advertisements for products that more easily afforded them action to be more aesthetically appealing. They also indicated greater future purchase intention for products that were oriented towards the left hand, and gave these products a higher perceived value. Eye tracking data showed that object handles attracted attention, and were also able to retain participants’ attention. Further, across multiple eye movement measures, our data show that participant eye movements were altered by the orientation of the handle, such that this side of the image was examined earlier and for longer, regardless of handedness. Left-handers’ preferences might be stronger because they are more aware of object orientation, whereas right-handers do not experience the same difficulties. These findings highlight intrinsic differences in the way in which we perceive objects and our underlying judgments about those products, based on handedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Thomas
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Rebekah Manning
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J. Saccone
- School of Psychological and Public Health, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
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19
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Abstract
"The cheerleader effect" refers to the increase in attractiveness that an individual face experiences when seen in a group of other faces. It has been proposed that the cheerleader effect occurs because (a) the visual system rapidly summarises a group of faces into an ensemble representation, (b) which is hypothesised to be highly attractive because of its average facial characteristics, and (c) observers remember individual faces to be more alike the ensemble representation than they were, due to hierarchical structure of visual working memory. Across three experiments, we investigated whether the cheerleader effect is consistent with hierarchical encoding, by asking observers to give attractiveness ratings to the same target faces shown in groups and alone. Consistent with hierarchical encoding, the largest attractiveness increases of 1.5-2.0% occurred when target faces were presented in groups of faces that could be mentally summarised to create an ensemble representation with average facial characteristics. Surprisingly, smaller cheerleader effects still occurred in conditions that were incompatible with hierarchical encoding (i.e., groups with non-human images). Together, these results offer only limited evidence for the role of hierarchical encoding in the cheerleader effect, suggesting that alternative mechanisms must be explored in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Carragher
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - O Scott Gwinn
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mike E R Nicholls
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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20
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Abstract
Research using the irrelevant-distractor paradigm shows perceptual load influences distractibility, such that distractors are more likely to be processed and decrease reaction times during low perceptual load. In contrast, under high load, attentional resources are limited, and the likelihood of distractibility is decreased. We manipulated distractor placement to determine whether location differentially influenced distractibility. During low load, reaction times were increased equally for all distractor locations. Under high load, left distractors speeded reaction times significantly more than right distractors. We suggest two potential explanations: (1) the central focus of attention was sufficiently large to encapsulate both the distractor and the visual array during low perceptual load, leading to increased distraction—during high load, attention was split across the two visual stimuli, allowing the distractors and array to be processed independently; (2) superior executive control for stimuli in the left visual field allowed participants to ‘catch and release’ left distractors more efficiently, ultimately decreasing distraction and providing a performance benefit. Our findings represent an intriguing development in relation to visual asymmetries in distractibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Thomas
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia. .,College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Michael E R Nicholls
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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21
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Simpson A, Thomas NA. Neuroticism, schizotypy, and scale anchors influence eye movement behaviour in the visual exploration of abstract art: An exploratory study. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2018; 183:85-98. [PMID: 29353738 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The same piece of artwork can attract both admiration and rejection from different people. One potential explanation for this effect is individual differences in perceptual biases, which influence the way in which we see different aspects of the same image. We explored the relationship between individual differences (i.e., personality) and eye movements for examinations of abstract art. Images were presented for 5000ms, after which participants judged aesthetic appeal and perceived value using visual analogue scales. Scale anchor labels (Looks Good/Looks Bad; $0/$5000) were counterbalanced between participants such that positive labels were on the left half of the time and on the right half of the time. Overall, more fixations occurred to the right and upper visual fields. Neuroticism significantly predicted the proportion of fixations to the left, whereas cognitive disorganisation negatively predicted the proportion of fixations to upper space. Participants found images more aesthetically pleasing and more valuable when positive anchors were on the left. Findings demonstrate that personality traits influence fixation patterns. Further, the positioning of positive anchor labels on the left leads to higher ratings of visual stimuli.
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Abstract
Spatial information is tightly intertwined with temporal and valence-based information. Namely, "past" is represented on the left, and "future" on the right, along a horizontal mental timeline. Similarly, right is associated with positive, whereas left is negative. We developed a novel task to examine the effects of emotional valence and temporal distance on mental representations of time. We compared positivity biases, where positive events are positioned closer to now, and right hemisphere emotion biases, where negative events are positioned to the left. When the entire life span was used, a positivity bias emerged; positive events were closer to now. When timeline length was reduced, positivity and right hemisphere emotion biases were consistent for past events. In contrast, positive and negative events were equidistant from now in the future condition, suggesting positivity and right hemisphere emotion biases opposed one another, leading events to be positioned at a similar distance. We then reversed the timeline by moving past to the right and future to the left. Positivity biases in the past condition were eliminated, and negative events were placed slightly closer to now in the future condition. We conclude that an underlying left-to-right mental representation of time is necessary for positivity biases to emerge for past events; however, our mental representations of future events are inconsistent with positivity biases. These findings point to an important difference in the way in which we represent the past and the future on our mental timeline. (PsycINFO Database Record
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23
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Thomas NA, Churches O, White I, Mohr C, Schrag Y, Obucina S, Nicholls MER. An investigation of left/right driving rules on deviations while walking. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186171. [PMID: 29020027 PMCID: PMC5636144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When traversing through an aperture, such as a doorway, people characteristically deviate towards the right. This rightward deviation can be explained by a rightward attentional bias which leads to rightward bisections in far space. It is also possible, however, that left or right driving practices affect the deviation. To explore this possibility, Australian (left-side drivers) and Swiss (right-side drivers) participants (n = 36 & 34) walked through the middle of an aperture. To control for the sway of the body, participants started with either their left or right foot. Sway had a significant effect on participants' position in the doorway and the amount of sway was greater for Australians-perhaps due to national differences in gait. There was a significant rightward deviation for the Swiss, but not for the Australians. It is suggested that driving practices have a small additive effect on rightward attentional biases whereby the bias is increased for people who drive on the right and reduced in people who drive on the left.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Owen Churches
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ian White
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine Mohr
- Institute of Psychology Universite de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yann Schrag
- Institute of Psychology Universite de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sabrina Obucina
- Institute of Psychology Universite de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
A turn of the head can be used to convey or conceal emotion, as the left side of the face is more expressive than the right. As the left cheek moves more when smiling, the present study investigated whether perceived trustworthiness is lateralized to the left cheek, using a trust game paradigm. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to share money with male and female "virtual partners." Left-left or right-right composite faces were used to represent the partners. There were no differences in the amount shared based on composite face, suggesting trustworthiness is not lateralized in the face. However, there was a robust effect whereby female partners were perceived to be significantly more trustworthy than males. In Experiment 2, the virtual partners presented either the left or the right cheek prominently. As in Experiment 1, the amount shared with the partners did not change depending on the cheek presented. Interestingly, female partners were again sent significantly more money than males. We found no support for lateralized trustworthiness in the face, suggesting that asymmetries in the face are not large enough to influence trustworthiness judgements. Instead, more stable facial features, such as sex-typical characteristics, appear to influence perceived trustworthiness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- a School of Psychology , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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25
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Churches O, Loetscher T, Thomas NA, Nicholls MER. Perceptual Biases in the Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions are Driven by Separate Cognitive Mechanisms. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2017; 70:444-460. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1131841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Perceptual attention in healthy participants is characterized by two biases, one operating in the horizontal plane, which draws attention leftward, and the other operating in the vertical plane, which draws attention upward. Given that these biases are reliably found in the same individual, and appear similar at a surface level, a number of researchers have investigated the relationship between horizontal and vertical attentional biases. To date, these investigations have failed to find an association, and this may be due to the fact that one-dimensional vertical and horizontal stimuli were presented separately rather than being measured from a single, two-dimensional stimulus. Across three experiments, two dimensional stimuli were presented, and participants marked the centre of the stimuli. In addition, the shapes of the stimuli were manipulated to determine whether this produced the same modulation of the two biases. Across 13 stimuli and three experiments there were no correlations between the vertical and horizontal biases. In addition, manipulations of stimulus shape, which affected biases in one dimension, did not affect biases in the other dimension. There were, however, consistent correlations between the degree of bias within each dimension across the different stimuli. This study has produced converging evidence that horizontal and vertical biases in spatial judgments rely on separate cognitive mechanisms. To account for these results we discuss a model whereby horizontal asymmetries rely more on space-based mechanisms whereas vertical asymmetries rely more on object-based mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Churches
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tobias Loetscher
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nicole A. Thomas
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Thomas NA, Barone AJ, Flew AH, Nicholls ME. Cross-modal influences on attentional asymmetries: Additive effects of attentional orienting and arousal. Neuropsychologia 2017; 96:39-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nicholls ME, Hobson A, Petty J, Churches O, Thomas NA. The effect of cerebral asymmetries and eye scanning on pseudoneglect for a visual search task. Brain Cogn 2017; 111:134-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aniulis E, Churches O, Thomas NA, Nicholls MER. Representational pseudoneglect for detecting changes to Rey-Osterrieth figures. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:3381-3387. [PMID: 27461110 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4735-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
When dividing attention between the left and right sides of physical space, most individuals pay slightly more attention to the left side. This phenomenon, known as pseudoneglect, may also occur for the left and right sides of mental representations of stimuli. Representational pseudoneglect has been shown for the recall of real-world scenes and for simple, briefly presented stimuli. The current study sought to investigate the effect of exposure duration and complexity using adaptations of the Rey-Osterrieth figures. Undergraduates (n = 97) were shown a stimulus for 20 s and asked to remember it. Participants were then shown a probe and indicated whether it was the same or different. Results showed that, irrespective of whether an element was added or subtracted, changes on the left side of the remembered image were better detected. These results are consistent with representational pseudoneglect and demonstrate that this effect occurs for complex stimuli when presented for an extended period of time. Representation neglect is therefore unlikely to be the result of an initial saccade to the left-but could be related to the formation or recall of the representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Aniulis
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Owen Churches
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Michael E R Nicholls
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
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Thomas NA, Aniulis E, Nicholls ME. The influence of baseline directional differences in pseudoneglect on distractibility. Cortex 2016; 77:69-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Szpak A, Loetscher T, Bastian J, Thomas NA, Nicholls MER. Visual asymmetries for relative depth judgments in a three-dimensional space. Brain Cogn 2015; 99:128-34. [PMID: 26298344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our ability to process information about an object's location in depth varies along the horizontal and vertical axes. These variations reflect functional specialisation of the cerebral hemispheres as well as the ventral/dorsal visual streams for processing stimuli located in near and far space. Prior research has demonstrated visual field superiorities for processing near space in the lower and right hemispaces and for far space in the upper and left hemispaces. No research, however, has directly tested whether the functional specialisation of the visual fields actually makes objects look closer when presented in the lower or right visual fields. To measure biases in the perception of depth, we employed anaglyph stimuli where participants made closer/further judgments about the relative location of two spheres in a three-dimensional virtual space. We observed clear processing differences in this task where participants perceived the right and lower spheres to be closer and the left and upper spheres to be further away. Furthermore, no relationship between the horizontal and vertical dimensions was observed suggesting separate cognitive/neural mechanisms. Not only does this methodology clearly demonstrate differences in perceived depth across the visual field, it also opens up many possibilities for studying functional asymmetries in three-dimensional space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancrêt Szpak
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Tobias Loetscher
- School of Psychology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John Bastian
- School of Computer Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Abstract
Approach motivation leads to greater left hemisphere activation, whereas an avoidant motivational state activates the right hemisphere. Recent research, which served as the basis for the current experiment, suggests line bisection provides a simple measure of approach/avoidance lateralisation. Findings from Experiment 1 indicated that the landmark task was sensitive enough to identify lateral asymmetries evoked by happy and angry faces; however, follow-up experiments failed to replicate this finding. When task instructions were slightly modified or when a mixed design was used, motivation did not influence landmark task performance. The use of images in lieu of faces also failed to produce a significant effect. Importantly, a straight replication of Experiment 1 produced a null result. Line bisection does not appear to be a suitable measure of lateralised approach/avoidance biases, possibly due to the high individual variability inherent in visuospatial biases. Implications for null hypothesis significance testing are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Leggett
- a School of Psychology , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- a School of Psychology , Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancrêt Szpak
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Simon M. Laham
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tobias Loetscher
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Loetscher T, Chen C, Wignall S, Bulling A, Hoppe S, Churches O, Thomas NA, Nicholls MER, Lee A. A study on the natural history of scanning behaviour in patients with visual field defects after stroke. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:64. [PMID: 25907452 PMCID: PMC4417296 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0321-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A visual field defect (VFD) is a common consequence of stroke with a detrimental effect upon the survivors’ functional ability and quality of life. The identification of effective treatments for VFD is a key priority relating to life post-stroke. Understanding the natural evolution of scanning compensation over time may have important ramifications for the development of efficacious therapies. The study aims to unravel the natural history of visual scanning behaviour in patients with VFD. The assessment of scanning patterns in the acute to chronic stages of stroke will reveal who does and does not learn to compensate for vision loss. Methods/Design Eye-tracking glasses are used to delineate eye movements in a cohort of 100 stroke patients immediately after stroke, and additionally at 6 and 12 months post-stroke. The longitudinal study will assess eye movements in static (sitting) and dynamic (walking) conditions. The primary outcome constitutes the change of lateral eye movements from the acute to chronic stages of stroke. Secondary outcomes include changes of lateral eye movements over time as a function of subgroup characteristics, such as side of VFD, stroke location, stroke severity and cognitive functioning. Discussion The longitudinal comparison of patients who do and do not learn compensatory scanning techniques may reveal important prognostic markers of natural recovery. Importantly, it may also help to determine the most effective treatment window for visual rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Loetscher
- School of Psychology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Celia Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Sophie Wignall
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | - Sabrina Hoppe
- Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrucken, Germany.
| | - Owen Churches
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | | | - Andrew Lee
- Flinders Comprehensive Stroke Centre, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia.
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Szpak A, Loetscher T, Churches O, Thomas NA, Spence CJ, Nicholls MER. Keeping your distance: attentional withdrawal in individuals who show physiological signs of social discomfort. Neuropsychologia 2014; 70:462-7. [PMID: 25447057 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Being in close social proximity to a stranger is generally perceived to be an uncomfortable experience, which most people seek to avoid. In circumstances where crowding is unavoidable, however, people may seek to withdraw their attention from the other person. This study examined whether social discomfort, as indexed by electrodermal activity, is related to a withdrawal of attention in 28 (m=8, f=20) university students. Students performed a radial line bisection task while alone or together with a stranger facing them. Physiological arousal was indexed by a wrist monitor, which recorded electrodermal activity. Correlational analyses showed that individuals who displayed physiological discomfort when together showed a withdrawal of the perceived midpoint of the line towards them (and away from the stranger). Conversely, individuals who showed no discomfort exhibited an expansion of the perceived midpoint away from them. We propose that participants shift their attention away from the stranger to increase interpersonal distance and reduce anxiety/arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ancret Szpak
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Tobias Loetscher
- School of Psychology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Owen Churches
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nicole A Thomas
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Thomas NA, Loetscher T, Nicholls MER. Asymmetries in attention as revealed by fixations and saccades. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3253-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Nicholls MER, Loveless KM, Thomas NA, Loetscher T, Churches O. Some participants may be better than others: sustained attention and motivation are higher early in semester. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2014; 68:10-8. [PMID: 24842155 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2014.925481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many studies use multiexperiment designs where experiments are carried out at different times of semester. When comparing between experiments, the data may be confounded by between-participants effects related to motivation. Research indicates that course-credit participants who engage in research early in semester have different personality and performance characteristics compared to those tested late in semester. This study examined whether the semester effect is caused by internal (inherent motivation of the participant) or external (looming exams, essays) factors. To do this, sustained attention and intrinsic/extrinsic motivation was measured in groups of course-credit (n = 40) and paid (n = 40) participants early and late in semester. While there was no difference in sustained attention between the groups early in semester, the course-credit group performed significantly worse late in semester. The course-credit group also showed a significant decrease in intrinsic motivation with time whereas the paid participants showed no change. Because changes were not seen for both groups, the semester difference cannot be due to external factors. Instead, the data demonstrate that course-credit participants who engage early have high sustained attention and intrinsic motivation compared to their late counterparts, who leave their participation to the last minute. Researchers who use multiexperimental designs across semester need to control for these effects--perhaps by using paid participants who do not vary across semester.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Attention can be captured by distractors and can affect performance. To examine whether asymmetrical distractors, such as a wall, affect spatial attention, Experiment 1 required participants (n = 20) to determine the relative length of pre-bisected lines when a temporary barrier was placed close to the left or right sides of the display. Post-hoc tests showed that attention was drawn towards left, but not right, walls. Experiment 2 (n = 18) sought to increase this effect using a solid brick wall rather than a temporary barrier. Instead of strengthening the result, no effect of barrier was observed. A non-effect was also observed in Experiment 3 (n = 18) when participants moved a cursor to the line's middle. Finally, Experiment 4 (n = 26) showed that asymmetrical barriers had no effect on visual search. While the data showed some evidence that attention is distracted by walls placed to the left, this effect is weak and task-specific. PRACTITIONER SUMMARY The ability to monitor critical information on displays can be affected by asymmetrical distractors. In many workplaces, a display may be placed alongside a wall. This study explored whether a wall placed to the left/right affects spatial attention. A weak, task-specific, attraction effect was observed for walls on the left.
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Thomas NA, Wignall SJ, Loetscher T, Nicholls MER. Searching the expressive face: Evidence for both the right hemisphere and valence-specific hypotheses. Emotion 2014; 14:962-77. [DOI: 10.1037/a0037033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Null hypothesis significance testing uses the seemingly arbitrary probability of .05 as a means of objectively determining whether a tested effect is reliable. Within recent psychological articles, research has found an overrepresentation of p values around this cut-off. The present study examined whether this overrepresentation is a product of recent pressure to publish or whether it has existed throughout psychological research. Articles published in 1965 and 2005 from two prominent psychology journals were examined. Like previous research, the frequency of p values at and just below .05 was greater than expected compared to p frequencies in other ranges. While this overrepresentation was found for values published in both 1965 and 2005, it was much greater in 2005. Additionally, p values close to but over .05 were more likely to be rounded down to, or incorrectly reported as, significant in 2005 than in 1965. Modern statistical software and an increased pressure to publish may explain this pattern. The problem may be alleviated by reduced reliance on p values and increased reporting of confidence intervals and effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Leggett
- a School of Psychology, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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Nicholls MER, Thomas NA, Loetscher T. An online means of testing asymmetries in seating preference reveals a bias for airplanes and theaters. Hum Factors 2013; 55:725-731. [PMID: 23964413 DOI: 10.1177/0018720812471680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate asymmetrical interactions between humans and their environment using online seat booking sites. BACKGROUND Functional differences between the cerebral hemispheres affect the choices people make. For example, when asked to imagine going to a cinema, people preferentially select seats to the right We investigated whether this experimental research generalizes to online booking sites for aircraft and theaters. METHOD Occupancy rates for seats taken on the left and right sides were assessed for 100 airline flights with 12,762 available seats and 37 theater performances with 34,456 seats. On the basis of previous research, a rightward bias was predicted for aircraft and theaters. RESULTS For aircraft, contrary to expectation, occupancy rate was higher for left- compared with right-side seats. For theaters, a rightward bias was observed when the theater was less than half full.The bias was not affected by the orientation of the map. CONCLUSION For aircraft, the leftward preference could be attributable to a rightward turning bias or a "feeling" that the port seats are closer to the exit, even though they are not. For theaters, the data demonstrate that the rightward preference observed in earlier studies exists only when the theater is relatively empty. APPLICATION Asymmetrical seating may play an important role in the efficient assimilation of information from the environment, and this role should take this into account when designing effective human-environment interfaces.The online method of assessing seating used in the current study provides an informative and potentially powerful means of assessing asymmetries in human perception and action.
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Vaughn NA, Jacoby SF, Williams T, Guerra T, Thomas NA, Richmond TS. Digital animation as a method to disseminate research findings to the community using a community-based participatory approach. Am J Community Psychol 2013; 51:30-42. [PMID: 22395365 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-012-9498-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has garnered increasing interest over the previous two decades as researchers have tackled increasingly complex health problems. In academia, professional presentations and articles are major ways that research is disseminated. However, dissemination of research findings to the people and communities who participated in the research is many times forgotten. In addition, little scholarly literature is focused on creative dissemination of research findings to the community using CBPR methods. We seek to fill this gap in the literature by providing an exemplar of research dissemination and partnership strategies that were used to complete this project. In this paper, we present a novel approach to the dissemination of research findings to our targeted communities through digital animation. We also provide the foundational thinking and specific steps that were taken to select this specific dissemination product development and distribution strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Vaughn
- Department of Health Management and Policy, Philadelphia Collaborative Violence Prevention Center (PCVPC), Drexel University, School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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McDonald CC, Richmond TS, Guerra T, Thomas NA, Walker A, Branas CC, Tenhave TR, Vaughn NA, Leff SS, Hausman AJ. Methods for linking community views to measureable outcomes in a youth violence prevention program. Prog Community Health Partnersh 2012; 6:499-506. [PMID: 23221296 DOI: 10.1353/cpr.2012.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND All parties in community-academic partnerships have a vested interest prevention program success. Markers of success that reflect community's experiences of programmatic prevention success are not always measurable, but critically speak to community-defined needs. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this manuscript was to (1) describe our systematic process for linking locally relevant community views (community-defined indicators) to measurable outcomes in the context of a youth violence prevention program and (2) discuss lessons learned, next steps, and recommendations for others trying to replicate a similar process. METHODS A research team composed of both academic and community researchers conducted a systematic process of matching community-defined indicators of youth violence prevention programmatic success to standardized youth survey items being administered in the course of a program evaluation. The research team of three community partners and five academic partners considered 43 community-defined indicators and 208 items from the youth surveys being utilized within the context of a community-based aggression prevention program. At the end of the matching process, 92 youth survey items were identified and agreed upon as potential matches to 11 of the community-defined indicators. CONCLUSIONS We applied rigorous action steps to match community-defined indicators to survey data collected in the youth violence prevention intervention. We learned important lessons that inform recommendations for others interested in such endeavors. The process used to derive and assess community-defined indicators of success emphasized the principles of community-based participatory research (CBPR) and use of existing and available data to reduce participant burden.
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Nicholls MER, Thomas NA, Loetscher T, Wignall S, Yates MJ, Forte JD, Spence CJ. The relationship between vertical stimulation and horizontal attentional asymmetries. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2012; 65:2384-96. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2012.688979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The original aim was to examine the effect of perceived distance, induced by the Ponzo illusion, on left/right asymmetries for line bisection. In Experiment 1, university students ( n = 29) made left/right bisection judgements for lines presented in the lower or upper half of the screen against backgrounds of the Ponzo stimuli, or a baseline. While the Ponzo illusion had relatively little effect on line bisection, elevation in the baseline condition had a strong effect, whereby the leftward bias was increased for upper lines. Experiment 2 ( n = 17) eliminated the effect of elevation by presenting the line in the middle and moving the Ponzo stimuli relative to the line. Despite this change, the leftward bias was still stronger in the upper condition in the baseline condition. The final experiment ( n = 17) investigated whether upper/lower visual stimulation, which was irrelevant to the task, affected asymmetries for line bisection. The results revealed that a rectangle presented in the upper half of the screen increased the leftward line bisection bias relative to a baseline and lower stimulation condition. These results corroborate neuroimaging research, showing increased right parietal activation associated with shifts of attention into the upper hemispace. This increased right parietal activation may increase the leftward attentional bias—resulting in a stronger leftward bias for line bisection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole A. Thomas
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tobias Loetscher
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sophie Wignall
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Mark J. Yates
- Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason D. Forte
- Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charles J. Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Loetscher T, Nicholls MER, Brodtmann A, Thomas NA, Brugger P. Disentangling input and output-related components of spatial neglect. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:176. [PMID: 22707937 PMCID: PMC3374575 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial neglect is a heterogeneous disorder with a multitude of manifestations and subtypes. Common clinical paper and pencil neglect tests fail to differentiate between these subtypes. For example, neglect patients typically bisect lines to the right. This bias can be caused by an underestimation of the left half of the line (input-related deficit), by the failure to direct actions toward the left side of space (output-related deficit), or by a mixture of these impairments. To disentangle these impairments, we used a test consisting of a line bisection task on a touch screen monitor (manual motor task) and the subsequent judgment of one's own bisection performance (visual perceptual task). It was hypothesized that patients with mainly output-related neglect should be better able to recognize their misbisected lines than patients with purely input-related neglect. In a group of 16 patients suffering from spatial neglect after right brain damage, we found that patients were three times more likely to suffer from a predominantly input-related than from an output-related subtype. The results thus suggest that neglect is typically an input-related impairment. Additional analysis of the line bisection task revealed that temporal (slowness in initiation and execution of contralateral movements) and spatial (insufficient movement amplitude toward the contralesional side) aspects of output-related neglect were mutually unrelated. This independence raises the possibility that a fine-grained differentiation of output-related neglect is required. That is, impairments in lateralized temporal and spatial aspects of movements may underlie different neglect subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Loetscher
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, AdelaideSA, Australia
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Nicole A. Thomas
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, AdelaideSA, Australia
| | - Peter Brugger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital ZurichZurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP)Zurich, Switzerland
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Thomas NA, Loetscher T, Nicholls MER. Central fixations with rightward deviations: saccadic eye movements on the landmark task. Exp Brain Res 2012; 220:29-39. [PMID: 22623091 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Thomas
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.
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Thomas NA, Elias LJ. Perceptual asymmetries in greyscales: Object-based versus space-based influences. Cortex 2012; 48:553-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thomas NA, Elias LJ. Upper and lower visual field differences in perceptual asymmetries. Brain Res 2011; 1387:108-15. [PMID: 21362412 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Leff SS, Thomas DE, Vaughn NA, Thomas NA, MacEvoy JP, Freedman MA, Abdul-Kabir S, Woodlock J, Guerra T, Bradshaw AS, Woodburn EM, Myers RK, Fein JA. Using community-based participatory research to develop the PARTNERS youth violence prevention program. Prog Community Health Partnersh 2010; 4:207-16. [PMID: 20729611 DOI: 10.1353/cpr.2010.0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND School-based violence prevention programs have shown promise for reducing aggression and increasing children's prosocial behaviors. Prevention interventions within the context of urban after-school programs provide a unique opportunity for academic researchers and community stakeholders to collaborate in the creation of meaningful and sustainable violence prevention initiatives. OBJECTIVES This paper describes the development of a collaborative between academic researchers and community leaders to design a youth violence prevention/leadership promotion program (PARTNERS Program) for urban adolescents. Employing a community-based participatory research (CBPR) model, this project addresses the needs of urban youth, their families, and their community. METHODS Multiple strategies were used to engage community members in the development and implementation of the PARTNERS Program. These included focus groups, pilot testing the program in an after-school venue, and conducting organizational assessments of after-school sites as potential locations for the intervention. RESULTS Community members and academic researchers successfully worked together in all stages of the project development. Community feedback helped the PARTNERS team redesign the proposed implementation and evaluation of the PARTNERS Program such that the revised study design allows for all sites to obtain the intervention over time and increases the possibility of building community capacity and sustainability of programs. CONCLUSION Despite several challenges inherent to CBPR, the current study provides a number of lessons learned for the continued development of relationships and trust among researchers and community members, with particular attention to balancing the demand for systematic implementation of community-based interventions while being responsive to the immediate needs of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Leff
- The Philadelphia Collaborative Violence Prevention Center, USA
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Abstract
It has been reliably shown that light is assumed to come from above. There is also some suggestion that light from the left might be preferred. Leftward lighting biases have been observed across various mediums such as paintings, portraits, photographs, and advertisements. As advertisements are used to persuade the public to purchase products, it was of interest to better understand whether leftward lighting would influence future intention to purchase. Participants gave preference ratings for pairs of advertisements with opposing lighting directions. Attitude towards the advertisement and the brand as well as future purchase intention was then rated. Overall, participants indicated that they preferred advertisements with leftward lighting and were more likely to purchase these products in the future than when the same products were lit from the right. Findings are consistent with previously observed leftward lighting biases and suggest that advertisements with a leftward lighting bias might be more effective.
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